Saturday, 21 December 2024

Just Posted

Here's my most recently posted Trivial Biographies:

Louis Daguerre
Cyrus the Great
Cyril and Methodius
Georges Cuvier
George Armstrong Custer
Marie Curie


Johan Cruyff
Tom Cruise
Russell Crowe
Fanny Crosby
Bing Crosby
Posted by at No comments:

Monday, 2 December 2024

Index

Louis Daguerre
Cyrus the Great
Cyril and Methodius
Georges Cuvier
George Armstrong Custer
Marie Curie
Johan Cruyff
Tom Cruise
Russell Crowe
Fanny Crosby
Bing Crosby
Thomas Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Davy Crockett
Francis Crick
Michael Crichton
Joan Crawford


Thomas Crapper
Thomas Cranmer
William Cowper
Kevin Costner
Sergio Costa
Bill Cosby
Hernán Cortés
Aaron Copland
Nicolaus Copernicus
Gary Cooper
Bradley Cooper
Calvin Coolidge
Sam Cooke
Thomas Cook
Captain James Cook


Constantine the Great
John Constable
Joseph Conrad
Sean Connery
Confucius
Commodus
Christopher Columbus
Saint Columba
William Colgate
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
William "Buffalo Bill" Cody
William Cobbett
Kurt Cobain
Clovis I
George Clooney
Robert Clive
Hillary Clinton
Bill Clinton
Grover Cleveland
Cleopatra
Claudius


William Clark
Eric Clapton
André-Gustave Citroën
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
Cicero
Winston Churchill
John Chrysostom
Saint Christopher
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Agatha Christie
Frédéric Chopin
Thomas Chippendale
Julia Child
Louis Chevrolet
Maurice Chevalier
G. K. Chesterton
Anton Chekhov
Geoffrey Chaucer
Ray Charles
Charles VIII of France
Charles VII of France
Charles VI of France
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles III


Charles II of England
Charles I of England
Charlemagne
Charlie Chaplin
Coco Chanel
Raymond Chandler
Jackie Chan
Neville Chamberlain
Paul Cézanne
Miguel de Cervantes
Saint Cecilia
William Caxton
Henry Cavendish
Edith Cavell
Catherine the Great
Catherine, Princess of Wales
Catherine of Aragon
Fidel Castro
Butch Cassidy
Johnny Cash


Giacomo Casanova
George Washington Carver
Caravaggio
Enrico Caruso
Edmund Cartwright
Barbara Cartland
Louis-François Cartier
Jacques Cartier
Jimmy Carter
Rachel Carson
Johnny Carson
Lewis Carroll
Jim Carrey
Sabrina Carpenter
Andrew Carnegie


Thomas Carlyle
William Carey
Mariah Carey
Truman Capote
Al Capone
King Canute
Albert Camus
Queen Camilla
David Cameron
John Calvin
Maria Callas
James Callaghan
Caligula
Michael Caine
Julius Caesar


Caedmon
John Cadbury
Lord Byron
William Byrd
George W. Bush
George H. W. Bush
Richard Burton
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Aaron Burr
Robert Burns
Frances Hodgson Burnett
Edmund Burke
John Bunyan
Warren Buffet
The Buddha
James Buchanan
Kobe Bryant
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Beau Brummell
Robert Browning


Elizabeth Browning
James Brown
Gordon Brown
Capability Brown
Phillips Brooks
Mel Brooks
Louise Brooks
Garth Brooks
Rupert Brooke
Emily Brontë
Charlotte Brontë
Benjamin Britten
Leonid Brezhnev
Bertolt Brecht
Eva Braun
Richard Branson
Marlon Brando
Louis Braille
Johannes Brahms
Tycho Brahe
Don Bradman
Ray Bradbury
Robert Boyle
David Bowie
Clara Bow
Boudicca


Sandro Botticelli
Ian Botham
Alexander Borodin
Lucrezia Borgia
Cesare Borgia
Björn Borg
William Booth
John Wilkes Booth
Daniel Boone
Bono
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Saint Boniface
Pope Boniface VIII
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Usain Bolt
Simon Bolivar
Anne Boleyn
Humphrey Bogart
Boethius
Giovanni Boccaccio
Enid Blyton
Amelia Bloomer
Charles Blondin
Mel Blanc
William Blake
Tony Blair
Elizabeth Blackwell
Antoinette Brown Blackwell
Blackbeard
Georges Bizet
Otto Von Bismarck
László Bíró
Clarence Birdseye
Osama bin Laden
Billy the Kid
Simone Biles
Steve Biko
Justin Bieber
Joe Biden


Jeff Bezos
Beyoncé
John Betjeman
George Best
Chuck Berry
Yogi Berra
Leonard Bernstein
Sarah Bernhardt
Tim Berners-Lee
Bernard of Clairvaux
Saint Bernadette
Hector Berlioz
Irving Berlin
Ingrid Bergman
Karl Benz
Jeremy Bentham
E. F. Benson
St. Benedict of Nursia
Pope Benedict XVI
Giovanni Belzoni
Saul Bellow
Hilaire Belloc
Alexander Graham Bell
Isabella Beeton
Ludwig van Beethoven


Lyman Beecher
Henry Ward Beecher
Catherine Beecher
The Venerable Bede
David Beckham
Samuel Beckett
Thomas Becket
Boris Becker
Franz Beckenbauer
Sidney Bechet
William Beaumont
Warren Beatty
John Bartram
Clara Barton
Karl Barth
J. M. Barrie
P. T. Barnum
Thomas John Barnardo
Brigitte Bardot
Samuel Barber
Saint Barbara
Joseph Banks
Lucille Ball
Arthur Balfour
Stanley Baldwin
Josephine Baker
John Logie Baird
Douglas Bader
Robert Baden-Powell
Roger Bacon
Francis Bacon
Johann Sebastian Bach
Lauren Bacall


Charles Babbage
Gladys Aylward
Gene Autry
Jane Austen
Marcus Aurelius
Augustus
St. Augustine of Canterbury
St. Augustine of Hippo
Saint Audrey
Clement Attlee
Attila the Hun
Charles Atlas
Rowan Atkinson
Æthelstan
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
John Jacob Astor
Philip Astley
Fred Astaire
H. H. Asquith
Isaac Asimov
Ashoka the Great
Laura Ashley
Francis Asbury
King Arthur
Chester A. Arthur
Benedict Arnold
Neil Armstrong


Louis Armstrong
Lance Armstrong
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Giorgio Armani
Richard Arkwright
Aristotle
Aristophanes
Elizabeth Arden
Archimedes
Jeffrey Archer
Yasser Arafat
Thomas Aquinas
Johnny Appleseed
Nicolas Appert
Marcus Gavius Apicius
Mark Antony
Susan B. Anthony
Anthony of Padua
Anthony the Great
Anselm of Canterbury
Saint Ansgar
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne Of Cleves
Maya Angelou
Saint Andrew
Posted by at No comments:
Labels:

Saturday, 11 May 2013

Louis Daguerre

NAME Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre

WHAT FAMOUS FOR 

Louis Daguerre is famous for inventing the daguerreotype, the first practical photographic process.

BIRTH Born on November 18, 1787, in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, a small town near Paris, France.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Louis Jacques Daguerre was born to Louis Jacques Daguerre and Anne Antoinette Hauterre. Raised in a middle-class household, his family relocated to Orléans during his childhood. His father, a known royalist, even named one of Daguerre's sisters after Queen Marie Antoinette during the turbulent French Revolution.

CHILDHOOD Daguerre's interest in art and design became apparent at a young age.

EDUCATION Daguerre's formal education was somewhat limited due to the political upheaval of the time. However, he displayed a natural talent for drawing from a young age. At thirteen, he began an apprenticeship with a local architect. Recognizing his son's artistic potential, his father encouraged further study, arranging for Daguerre to apprentice with Pierre Prévost, the pioneer of panoramic painting, in Paris at the age of sixteen.

CAREER RECORD Daguerre began his career as a stage designer for the Paris Opera, known for his innovative and spectacular scenery. Daguerre worked there on theatrical illusions and dioramas. 

In 1829, he partnered with inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to develop a photographic process. After Niépce’s death, Daguerre continued their work, culminating in the invention of the daguerreotype in 1837.

Daguerre spent his final years in Bry-sur-Marne, having retired there in 1840. He continued to be active in his profession even in retirement, painting diorama tableaux for local churches

APPEARANCE Daguerre possessed a distinctive appearance. He had a head of curly hair and bright, "shiny" eyes. 

In his self-portrait daguerreotype, he is seen wearing a vest with visible creases, and his hands appear sinewy. He sported a carefully manicured beard and accessorized with a wide-brimmed hat and stylish foulards.

Interestingly, some accounts describe Daguerre's later-life appearance as "subversively defiant" and "disarmingly modern," with his style even being compared to that of a contemporary hipster by some observers.

Portrait of Louis Daguerre 

FASHION He adhered to the fashionable styles of the mid-19th century, often seen in tailored suits.

Daguerre wore a wide-brimmed hat and also wore debonair foulards (a type of necktie or scarf). 

CHARACTER Daguerre is described as a meticulous and dedicated scientist, driven to perfect his photographic process. He was also known for his artistic talent and innovative spirit.

SENSE OF HUMOUR  Daguerre’s contemporaries noted his charm and wit during social gatherings.

RELATIONSHIPS DeGuerre married Louise Georgina Smith in 1810. At the time of his marriage, Daguerre was still developing his career as an artist and theatrical designer. Their relationship supported his creative pursuits, though they lived a relatively private life.

MONEY AND FAME Following the announcement of the daguerreotype on January 7, 1839  to the French Academy of Sciences, Daguerre achieved widespread fame and financial security. The French government awarded him an annuity of 6,000 francs annually.

MUSIC AND ARTS Daguerre began his professional career at the Opéra de Paris as a set designer, mentored by I. E. M. Degotti. He also showcased his dancing skills by working as a stage extra.  

His talents extended beyond set design, as he became a renowned lighting director for several Parisian theaters. 

Daguerre gained a significant reputation for his innovative stagecraft, particularly his ability to create breathtaking theatrical scenery, especially atmospheric landscapes and captivating night effects.

LITERATURE He inspired the first photography magazine, the Daguerreian Journal, published in New York in 1856

NATURE His dioramas often featured natural scenes, showcasing his appreciation for landscapes and light effects.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Daguerre enjoyed painting and designing theatrical sets, which were both his profession and hobby.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Daguerre’s invention of the daguerreotype required a deep understanding of chemistry and optics.

Daguerre viewed photography as a harmonious fusion of science and art. He firmly believed that the most valuable scientific instruments were those that simultaneously inspired artistic endeavors. This philosophy underpinned his development of the daguerreotype, which he saw as both a scientific breakthrough and a powerful artistic medium.

INVENTIONS Now, Louis Daguerre – that was a fellow who really knew how to capture the moment. You see, before Daguerre came along, if you wanted a picture of yourself, you were pretty much stuck with a grumpy-looking portrait painted by some guy who probably smelled of linseed oil. But Daguerre changed all that. He invented this thing called the daguerreotype, and let me tell you, it was a sensation.

Imagine, if you will, a perfectly polished silver plate – like a tiny mirror. Daguerre figured out how to make this plate sensitive to light, then popped it in a box with a hole in it (they called it a camera, fancy that!). After a bit of fiddling around with some nasty-smelling chemicals – iodine, bromine, mercury fumes, the lot – you'd end up with a picture. A real, honest-to-goodness picture!

It was revolutionary, absolutely revolutionary. Before the daguerreotype, pictures were rare, precious things. But now, suddenly, anyone could have their likeness captured for posterity. And the detail! You could see every wrinkle, every freckle, every stray hair. It was incredible.

Of course, Daguerre wasn't just a one-trick pony. He also dabbled in these things called dioramas – basically, giant, immersive paintings with clever lighting that made them seem to come alive. And he was a bit of a tinkerer with cameras too, always trying to improve them, make them smaller, make them see further.

So, the next time you snap a selfie with your phone, spare a thought for Louis Daguerre. He's the reason you can even do that. The man was a true visionary, a pioneer, a… well, a bit of a whiz with a camera, if you ask me."

View of the Boulevard du Temple, taken by Daguerre in 1838 in Paris

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Daguerre's exploration of light in photography carried a distinct spiritual undertone. His famous exclamation, "I have seized the light – I have arrested its flight!" suggests a quasi-divine power in capturing the ephemeral nature of light. Moreover, his use of putti (cherub-like figures) in his still-life compositions symbolically linked his work to Phaëthon, the Greek god of light.

Christian themes also subtly emerged in Daguerre's later work. In 1842, he created his final diorama for the Church of St. Gervais-St. Protais at Bry. Furthermore, he had plans to paint another religious diorama, depicting a cavalry, for the church at Perreux shortly before his death in 1851.

Daguerre's work and the broader cultural context of 19th-century France reveal a worldview that seamlessly integrated scientific innovation, artistic expression, and elements of Christian tradition.

POLITICS Daguerre was not politically active but benefitted from the French government’s patronage.

SCANDAL No major scandals are associated with Daguerre’s life.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS The process of creating daguerreotypes involved working with chemicals such as mercury vapor, which could have had potential health risks. However, he lived to the age of 63, which was notable for his time.

HOMES Daguerre resided in Paris, where he conducted much of his work, including experiments with photography.

In 1840, Daguerre retired to Bry-sur-Marne, a small town about 7 miles outside of Paris He purchased a large property across the street from the church of Saint-Gervais-Saint Protais de Bry.

TRAVEL Daguerre traveled within France, particularly between Paris and Châlon-sur-Saône, where Niépce was based.

DEATH Louis Daguerre died on July 10, 1851, in Bry-sur-Marne, France of a heart attack.

He is Interred in the cemetery at Bry-sur-Marne. The grave became a point of interest, with images of it circulating as early as 1900.

Daguerre's name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower, recognizing his significant contributions to French culture and science. 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA The documentary The Birth of Photography explores the early history of photography, highlighting Daguerre’s invention of the daguerreotype and its impact on the world.

BBC's The Genius of Photography, a series about photography's history and its pioneers, including a segment on Daguerre.

 Daguerre’s daguerreotypes are often included in museum collections, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Musée d'Orsay.

ACHIEVEMENTS Invented the daguerreotype. His invention was gifted “free to the world” by the French government on August 19, 1839. 

Daguerre's work laid the foundation for modern photography.

Posted by at No comments:
Labels: , , ,

Monday, 6 May 2013

Cyrus the Great

NAME Cyrus the Great (c. 600–530 BC)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Cyrus the Great is celebrated as the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the largest empire of its time, and for his enlightened policies of governance. He respected the cultures of those he conquered, abolished slavery, and allowed freedom of religion.

BIRTH Cyrus was born around 600 BC (some accounts suggest 576 BC) in the region of Anshan, Persia (modern day Iran).

FAMILY BACKGROUND Cyrus the Great hailed from a prominent Persian royal family. His father was Cambyses I, King of Anshan, and his mother was Mandane, daughter of Astyages, the last king of the Median Empire. This royal lineage placed him in a position of power and privilege. 

CHILDHOOD The details of Cyrus's early life are shrouded in a mix of historical accounts and legendary tales. Herodotus, the Greek historian, recounts a dramatic story of Cyrus being abandoned as a baby due to a prophecy but was raised by a herdsman. He later returned to claim his rightful place as a leader.. Ctesias, another ancient source, offers a different narrative, claiming Cyrus had humble origins. These conflicting accounts highlight the challenges in separating historical fact from myth in ancient sources.

EDUCATION Despite the uncertainty surrounding his childhood, it is clear that Cyrus received a comprehensive education befitting a future ruler. He was likely trained in Persian traditions, including horsemanship, archery, and the values of truthfulness and justice. 

Military training was crucial, preparing him for the challenges of warfare. He may have also learned valuable leadership principles from his father, such as the importance of understanding and caring for one's subordinates. Furthermore, his time at the Median court provided him with insights into Median customs and governance. Given the multicultural nature of his upbringing, Cyrus may have been exposed to various languages and cultures, a valuable asset for a future leader of a vast and diverse empire.

CAREER RECORD Cyrus founded the Achaemenid Empire in 550 BC, uniting the Medes and Persians. His reign saw the conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, where he freed the Jews and allowed them to return to Jerusalem.

APPEARANCE Cyrus the Great's physical appearance remains largely unknown, as no contemporary portraits exist. However, based on historical context and limited evidence, we can make some educated guesses:

As a Persian ruler, Cyrus likely possessed physical characteristics typical of ancient Iranians. His skin tone was probably similar to that of modern Iranians, which often ranges from olive to light brown. Contrary to some popular misconceptions, there's no evidence to suggest that ancient Iranians, including Cyrus, predominantly had blonde hair or blue/green eyes.

A depiction of Cyrus the Great Playground

While direct portraits are lacking, some artistic depictions offer clues. Reliefs at Pasargadae, Cyrus's capital city, depict figures believed to represent him, although these are stylized and not realistic likenesses. Additionally, a cylinder seal impression, thought to portray Cyrus, shows him wearing Elamite dress, suggesting his adoption of local customs.

FASHION Cyrus's attire reflected Persian royal customs, including elaborately embroidered robes and a distinctive headdress. 

Cyrus may have adopted some Median styles of dress and ornamentation4.

Historical accounts suggest Cyrus wore Elamite clothing, showing his willingness to embrace local customs.

CHARACTER Cyrus was described as a charismatic, just, and merciful ruler. He was known for his diplomacy and ability to win the loyalty of conquered peoples.

SENSE OF HUMOUR While not much is known about his humor, his diplomacy suggests a charismatic and approachable personality.

RELATIONSHIPS Cyrus married Cassandane, a Persian noblewoman, in the mid-6th century BC, possibly around 555 BC.  This union served multiple purposes: it solidified political alliances within the Achaemenid dynasty, strengthening the foundation of the Persian Empire. Moreover, it appears to have been a deeply affectionate union, with Cassandane reportedly stating that leaving Cyrus was more bitter than death itself.

Together, Cyrus and Cassandane had several children, including Cambyses II, who succeeded Cyrus as king, and Bardiya. Their daughters, particularly Atossa, played crucial roles in the royal family. Atossa's marriage to Darius I further strengthened the dynasty's continuity.

Cassandane's death in 538 BCE deeply affected Cyrus. He declared a period of public mourning throughout his empire between March 21-26 538 BC, reflecting her importance as queen and the profound impact of their personal loss.

Cassandane and Cyrus Playground

While some sources suggest Cyrus may have had other marriages for political reasons, his marriage to Cassandane remains central to his legacy. It highlights not only his political acumen but also his capacity for deep personal devotion.

MONEY AND FAME Cyrus the Great's wealth and fame were legendary, a testament to his military conquests and benevolent rule. He amassed immense riches through victories over powerful kingdoms like Babylon and Lydia. The conquest of Babylon granted him access to the city's vast treasures, while the defeat of Lydia brought him the spoils of a kingdom renowned for its wealth. The Persian Empire itself was rich in natural resources, further contributing to Cyrus's wealth.

Cyrus's fame, however, extended beyond his material wealth. He was renowned for his humane treatment of conquered peoples, allowing them to maintain their customs and religions. His liberation of the Jews from Babylonian captivity and his support for the rebuilding of their temple in Jerusalem further solidified his reputation as a just and benevolent ruler.

Cyrus and his successors implemented several economic and administrative reforms that contributed to the empire's prosperity. These included the introduction of a standardized coinage system, the development of a comprehensive road and postal network, and the adoption of Aramaic as the official language, streamlining administration and trade across the vast empire.

Cyrus's legacy as a wealthy and benevolent ruler has endured for millennia. His name became synonymous with wealth and power, influencing political thought and serving as a model for leadership long after his time.

FOOD AND DRINK Cyrus the Great's diet reflected the opulence and sophistication of the Achaemenid Empire. As the ruler of a vast and diverse empire, his meals incorporated culinary influences from Persia and the conquered territories. The imperial kitchens, a symbol of his power and wealth, were highly organized and staffed to prepare elaborate feasts.

Cyrus's diet likely included a variety of meats, including lamb, goat, poultry, and game. Grains like wheat and barley formed the foundation of his meals, often served as fine white bread, a symbol of elite status. Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products complemented these staples. Seasonings like cumin, dill, and saffron added flavor to his dishes. Wine, often served in luxurious vessels, was an important part of royal dining.

The imperial kitchens were centers of culinary activity, processing raw ingredients through labor-intensive methods. Cyrus dined alone, emphasizing his unique position within society. The organization of palace provisions ensured not only the sustenance of the royal household but also the provision of rations for bodyguards, bureaucrats, and artisans.

MUSIC AND ARTS Music played a significant role in ancient Persian society. It was integral to rituals, celebrations, and royal events, with instruments like lutes, harps, and drums frequently used. Music would have accompanied significant events during Cyrus's reign, such as triumphant entries into conquered cities and religious observances.

Cyrus's reign witnessed a blending of artistic styles from across his empire, incorporating Median, Babylonian, and Elamite influences. This cultural synthesis resulted in a distinctive Achaemenid artistic style that celebrated both local traditions and imperial unity.

Cyrus's appreciation for the arts is evident in his patronage of architecture. He founded Pasargadae, his capital, which featured impressive gardens and palatial architecture, reflecting an appreciation for aesthetics and design that would influence subsequent Persian architectural styles.

LITERATURE While we cannot say with absolute certainty that Cyrus could read and write, the evidence strongly suggests that as the ruler of a sophisticated empire with a developed bureaucracy, he was likely literate. His education, position, and the demands of ruling a vast empire all point to Cyrus possessing reading and writing skills.

Below is carved in a column in Pasargadae: "I am Cyrus the king, an Achaemenid." in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian languages. 

By Truth Seeker (fawiki) 

Cyrus is a prominent figure in ancient Persian and Greek literature. The Greek historian Herodotus's Histories, chronicled Cyrus's life and conquests, presenting a mix of historical facts and legendary tales. Xenophon’s Cyropaedia isa semi-fictional biography that portrays Cyrus as an ideal ruler and military strategist. This work significantly influenced political philosophy and leaders like Thomas Jefferson.

In the Bible, Cyrus is celebrated as a liberator for allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. He is specifically mentioned in the Books of Ezra and Isaiah.

NATURE Cyrus valued harmony with nature, as seen in the gardens of Pasargadae, which followed the concept of paradise. These meticulously designed gardens, with their water channels and fountains, showcased the Persian kings' ability to create lush landscapes in arid regions.

PETS Cyrus had a deep connection with horses, which were central to Persian culture and military strategy. He was described as an excellent horseman, skilled in riding and managing horses

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Hunting was one of Cyrus's favorite activities. He enjoyed pursuing wild animals, such as deer and lions, both for sport and as a way to demonstrate courage and skill. 

Hunting was not only a pastime but also a royal tradition in Persian culture, symbolizing strength and leadership.

Cyrus Hunting Wild Boar by Claude Audran the Younger, Palace of Versailles Wikipedia

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cyrus supported advancements in engineering, evidenced by the canal system used to conquer Babylon.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Cyrus the Great's philosophy and theology were characterized by a remarkable degree of tolerance and respect for diverse cultures, setting him apart from many other ancient rulers.

Cyrus demonstrated a remarkable degree of religious tolerance. He allowed people within his empire to freely practice their own religions, visiting and contributing to the upkeep of temples of various faiths. While likely a follower of Zoroastrianism, he did not impose his religion on his subjects, demonstrating a pragmatic approach to governance that recognized the importance of religious diversity.

Cyrus appears prominently in the Bible, where he is referred to as God's "shepherd" and "anointed one." Ezra 1:1-4 and 2 Chronicles 36:22-23 record Cyrus's decree allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. It portrays him as an instrument of God's will, despite not being a follower of Yahweh. His actions in freeing the Jews from Babylonian captivity are seen as fulfilling biblical prophecy. 

Cyrus the Great liberated the Jews from the Babylonian captivity

POLITICS Cyrus championed a philosophy of governance that emphasized tolerance, respect, infrastructure development, fair taxation. and the well-being of his subjects. He allowed conquered peoples to maintain their customs and religions, rejecting the common practice of enslaving or killing defeated populations. He advocated for a government that benefited its subjects, implementing one of the first known constitutions and judicial systems. Furthermore, Cyrus actively sought to combine the strengths, customs, and values of conquered territories with Persian culture, fostering a sense of cultural synthesis.

Cyrus establishment of satrapies (provinces) and efficient systems of communication suggest that he took great interest in the practicalities of ruling.

The Cyrus Cylinder, often regarded as an early declaration of human rights, demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of governance and cultural integration. This suggests an appreciation for art as a medium for conveying political messages and promoting cultural unity.

SCANDAL No significant scandals are associated with Cyrus, reflecting his reputation as a just ruler.

MILITARY RECORD Cyrus the Great was a brilliant military strategist whose campaigns established the Achaemenid Empire as the largest the world had seen up to that time. His military record is marked by innovative tactics, strategic alliances, and a combination of diplomacy and force.

Conquest of Media (553–550 BC): Cyrus's revolt against his Median overlord, Astyages, marked the beginning of his rise to power. With the defection of a key Median general, Harpagus, Cyrus successfully seized the Median capital, Ecbatana, uniting the Medes and Persians under his rule. This victory laid the foundation for the Achaemenid Empire.

Conquest of Lydia (547–546 BC): Facing Croesus, the wealthy king of Lydia, Cyrus employed an innovative tactic by using camels to disrupt the Lydian cavalry. This, coupled with a decisive victory at the Battle of Thymbra, led to the swift fall of Sardis, the Lydian capital. The conquest of Lydia significantly expanded Cyrus's empire and brought him access to immense wealth. Below is Here is an artistic depiction of the Battle of Thymbra, capturing the intensity and strategic brilliance of Cyrus the Great's forces against the Lydian army led by Croesus.

Battle of Thymbra

Conquest of Babylon (539 BC):  On October 12, 539 BC, Cyrus's troops entered Babylon without resistance. Cyrus himself made a triumphant entry into Babylon on October 29, 539 BC, detaining Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This remarkable feat was achieved through a clever military maneuver. Utilizing a basin previously dug by Queen Nitokris to defend Babylon against Median attacks, the Persian army diverted the Euphrates River into a canal. This significantly lowered the water level in the riverbed, enabling the Persian forces to march directly through the river and enter Babylon at night.

This victory, achieved with minimal bloodshed, further solidified his empire and earned him a reputation for respect for local customs and religions.

Eastern Campaigns (545–540 BC): Cyrus's campaigns extended Persian control into Central Asia, conquering Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, and parts of western India, establishing vassal states in these regions.

Final Campaign and Death (530 BC): Cyrus's final campaign against the Massagetae, a nomadic tribe, proved to be his last. Although initially successful, he was ultimately defeated and killed in battle.

Cyrus was renowned for his innovative military tactics, such as the use of camels against cavalry and the ingenious diversion of the Euphrates River. He effectively combined military force with diplomacy, forging alliances and respecting the customs of conquered peoples. His armies were diverse, reflecting the multicultural nature of his expanding empire.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS As a warrior and ruler, Cyrus likely maintained good physical fitness to lead his armies.

HOMES Cyrus the Great established several significant residences during his reign, with Pasargadae serving as the most notable. This city, founded shortly after his victory over the Median king, Astyages, became the first capital of the Achaemenid Empire and stands as a testament to Cyrus's architectural vision and urban planning.

Located in the fertile Murghab plain of present-day Iran, Pasargadae featured the main residence of Cyrus, known as Palace P. This impressive structure showcased a blend of Persian and Median architectural styles, featuring a central hall surrounded by porticoes and offering views of beautifully designed gardens.

In addition to Pasargadae, Cyrus had access to other residences. Ecbatana, the summer capital of the Medes, offered palatial structures reflecting Median architectural styles. Furthermore, Cyrus was born in Anshan, which served as an important early residence before his expansion of territory.

TRAVEL Cyrus traveled extensively during his military campaigns, covering vast territories from the Indus Valley to the Balkans.

DEATH The death and burial of Cyrus the Great remain subjects of historical debate, with various accounts offering differing details.

Cyrus the Great died around 530 BC, likely during a military campaign in the eastern part of his empire. While the exact circumstances surrounding his death remain uncertain, several accounts exist:

According to Herodotus, Cyrus died in battle against the Massagetae, a nomadic tribe led by Queen Tomyris. After Cyrus killed Tomyris's son, she is said to have defeated him and placed his severed head in a bag of blood.

Ctesias suggests that Cyrus was mortally wounded in battle against the Derbices, possibly with the aid of Indian allies. He reportedly survived for three days after the battle, during which he organized his empire before succumbing to his injuries.

Some sources indicate Cyrus died fighting the Dahae or Daai, another Saka tribe similar to the Massagetae. In contrast, Xenophon claimed that Cyrus died peacefully.

The tomb of Cyrus the Great is located in Pasargadae, in present-day Iran. This remarkable structure consists of a six-step stone platform supporting a chamber made of limestone blocks with a gabled roof.

According to ancient accounts, the tomb originally contained a golden sarcophagus, Cyrus's arms, jewelry, and a cloak. However, the tomb was later looted, and its current contents remain unknown. An inscription allegedly found on the tomb read: "O man, whoever you are and wherever you come from, for I know you will come, I am Cyrus who won the Persians their empire. Do not therefore begrudge me this bit of earth that covers my bones."

The tomb of Cyrus the Great is considered one of the oldest examples of base-isolated structures, demonstrating advanced earthquake engineering for its time. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a place of cultural importance in Iran.

Tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae by Bernd81 Wikipedia

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cyrus is often featured in documentaries about ancient Persia, such as National Geographic's explorations of the Achaemenid Empire or BBC’s historical series.

Cyrus appears as a leader in Sid Meier’s Civilization games, where his traits reflect his historical legacy of diplomacy and conquest.

Cyrus is frequently depicted in museums and historical recreations, highlighting his leadership and grandeur.

ACHIEVEMENTS Cyrus founded the Achaemenid Empire, liberated the Jews, and authored policies of tolerance that have influenced governance for millennia. His tomb inscription at Pasargadae reflects his humility and enduring legacy.

Posted by at No comments:
Labels: , ,

Friday, 3 May 2013

Cyril and Methodius

NAME Cyril (born Constantine) and Methodius

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Known as the "Apostles of the Slavs," Cyril and Methodius were Byzantine missionaries who brought Christianity, literacy, and cultural influence to the Slavic nations. They created the Slavonic alphabet, a precursor to the Cyrillic script, and translated Scripture and liturgy into Old Church Slavonic.

BIRTH Cyril: c. 826-827, Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire

Methodius: c. 815, Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire

FAMILY BACKGROUND They were born into a noble and devout Greek family in Thessalonica, a city with a significant Slavic population. Their father, Leo, was a high-ranking Byzantine military officer and magistrate, while their mother, Maria, was possibly of Slavic descent. The brothers were part of a large family with seven children, with Cyril being the youngest.

CHILDHOOD The brothers grew up in a multicultural environment, exposed to both Greek and Slavic cultures, which likely influenced their later work as missionaries to the Slavs.  

EDUCATION Both brothers received a rigorous education. Cyril, in particular, excelled academically and was sent to the prestigious Imperial School of Constantinople at the age of 14. There, he studied theology, grammar, arithmetic, geography, astronomy, music, poetry, rhetoric, and languages such as Latin, Hebrew, and Syriac. His intellectual brilliance earned him the title "the Philosopher" and a position as a librarian at the Church of Hagia Sophia and a professor of philosophy at the University of Magnaura.

Methodius, while also well-educated, pursued a different path. He initially worked as an administrator in Macedonia but later renounced worldly pursuits to become a monk, adopting the name Methodius.

CAREER RECORD 851: Cyril (then Constantine) undertook a diplomatic mission to the Caliph of Baghdad

859-861: Cyril and Methodius led a successful missionary expedition to the Khazars near the Caspian Sea

863: Cyril and Methodius began their work among the Slavs in Moravia

863-867: The brothers created the Glagolitic alphabet and translated religious texts into Old Church Slavonic

869: Pope Adrian II formally authorized the use of the Slavic liturgy

870: Methodius was consecrated as Archbishop of Sirmium by Pope Adrian II

870-873: Methodius was imprisoned by German clergy

873: Methodius was liberated by Pope John VIII's intervention1

880: Methodius was summoned to Rome and received papal approval for using the Slavonic liturgy1

882: Methodius visited Constantinople to strengthen his position in the Eastern church.

APPEARANCE Descriptions of their appearance are sparse, but Cyril is often depicted as scholarly and ascetic, while Methodius is shown as strong and resolute. As Byzantine Greeks from Thessalonica, they likely had Mediterranean features common to that region.

Saints Cyril and Methodius - fresco in Troyan Monastery

FASHION Cyril is often depicted wearing a monastic habit, reflecting his status as a monk. Methodius is usually shown vested as a bishop with an omophorion, indicating his role as an archbishop

CHARACTER Cyril was intellectual and visionary, while Methodius was pragmatic and determined. Together, they complemented each other in their missionary work.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cyril had a quick wit: When challenged about creating a liturgy in the Slavic language, Cyril responded with a sharp retort, asking if his critics thought God was "so weak that he cannot grant it, or so envious that he does not wish it?"

RELATIONSHIPS Neither Saint Cyril or Saint Methodius ever married. Both brothers dedicated their lives to religious service and missionary work.

The brothers had a strong bond, collaborating closely on their missions. Their relationship with the Byzantine Emperor Michael III and Patriarch Photius was also pivotal.

MONEY AND FAME While they gained significant renown for their missionary work, they lived modestly as monks and dedicated their lives to their faith.

FOOD AND DRINK Their diet would have been typical of Byzantine monks: simple and consisting mainly of bread, vegetables, and water.

MUSIC AND ARTS  Cyril and Methodius were well-educated in music and "enriched the Moravian Church with chant and spiritual songs. " They supported the use of Slavic chant in liturgical practices, integrating local traditions into Christian worship. Their approach of using local language and cultural elements in worship was praised by Pope Adrian II, who authorized the use of the Slavonic liturgy

LITERATURE Cyril and Methodius were deeply committed to translating religious texts into the Slavonic language.  To facilitate their translation efforts, the brothers created the Glagolitic alphabet, a writing system specifically designed for the Old Church Slavonic language. Cyril initiated this monumental task by translating the opening lines of John's Gospel: "In the beginning was the Word..." Subsequently, they collaborated to translate the four Gospels, the epistles of Paul, and the book of Psalms. Methodius later completed the translation of the entire Bible, excluding the apocryphal books of Maccabees. Additionally, they translated liturgical books and prayers into Slavonic.

Their translations were renowned for their precision and natural flow. They coined numerous new words and expressions, significantly expanding the Slavic lexicon. Their work laid the groundwork for the development of Slavic literature and formal education. They even authored the first Slavic Civil Code for use in Great Moravia.

The enduring legacy of their efforts is the development of Church Slavonic, a language still employed in certain Eastern Christian liturgies.

The Baška tablet is an early example of the Glagolitic from Croatia

Early writings about their lives and missions, such as The Life of Cyril and The Life of Methodius, detail their theological and cultural contributions.

Modern biographies like Cyril and Methodius: Founders of Slavic Literacy highlight their impact on language, religion, and education.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Their lives were devoted to religious and scholarly pursuits, leaving little time for leisure activities.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cyril’s philosophical education included logic and other disciplines, which would have encompassed basic elements of science and mathematics as understood in Byzantine times.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Cyril and Methodius's theological and philosophical framework was deeply rooted in their Byzantine Christian heritage and their unwavering commitment to evangelization. Their approach can be encapsulated in several key aspects:

They believed in adapting Christianity to local cultures, particularly through language. To facilitate this, they created the Glagolitic alphabet to transcribe Old Church Slavonic and translated numerous religious texts, including parts of the Bible, into Slavonic.

Cyril and Methodius were strong advocates for the use of local languages in worship, opposing the "Heresy of the Three Languages" which restricted liturgy to Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Their efforts led to papal approval for Slavonic liturgy, although this was later contested.

Cyril, renowned as "the Philosopher," excelled in teaching theology and philosophy. They emphasized the importance of educating both clergy and laity in their native tongue.

They maintained strong connections to Byzantine theology and spirituality, introducing Byzantine liturgical practices to Slavic regions.

Cyril and Methodius worked to bridge Eastern and Western Christian traditions, seeking approval for their mission from both Constantinople and Rome.

Their missionary strategy centered on encountering and understanding local cultures before evangelizing. They believed in the universality of the Christian message, applicable to all peoples and languages.

They composed works on Christian dogmas in Slavonic. Cyril, in particular, engaged in theological debates, including discussions on the Trinity with the Abbasid Caliph.

Cyril and Methodius' philosophical and theological approach prioritized making Christianity accessible and relevant to new cultures while preserving doctrinal integrity. This philosophy of inculturation and vernacular worship had a lasting impact on Slavic Christianity and culture.

POLITICS They were deeply involved in the politics of their time, navigating tensions between the Byzantine Empire and Rome while advancing their mission.

SCANDAL Their work faced resistance from some Latin-speaking clergy, who opposed the use of Slavonic in liturgy, but the brothers were eventually vindicated by papal support.

MILITARY RECORD They had no direct military involvement but operated within the context of the Byzantine Empire’s strategic interests in the Balkans.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cyril’s health was reportedly fragile, leading to his death at a relatively young age. Methodius lived longer, despite the hardships of missionary life.

HOMES They spent much of their lives traveling for their missions, residing in monasteries and mission outposts.

TRAVEL Cyril and Methodius embarked on extensive missionary journeys across Eastern and Central Europe. Their primary goal was to spread Christianity and develop Slavic culture and literacy.

Between 860 and 861, Cyril led a mission to the Khazars near the Caspian Sea. In 863, both brothers initiated their mission to Great Moravia. Later, from 867 to 868, they journeyed to Rome to seek papal approval for their work.

Their travels took them through various routes. They journeyed from Constantinople to Moravia, traversing Pannonia. They also explored Slavic territories in present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia. Their southeast route led them through Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, North Macedonia, and other Balkan countries. Additionally, they took a southwest route to Rome, passing through Austria, Bavaria, Slovenia, and Italy. It's also possible that they visited Lesser Poland and Eastern Silesia.

Given the historical context, they likely traveled on foot for shorter distances, by horseback or horse-drawn carts for longer overland journeys, and by boat when crossing rivers or seas. Their journeys were undoubtedly challenging, involving long distances across diverse terrains and climates, often in regions with limited infrastructure.

Beyond the geographical aspect, Cyril and Methodius' travels facilitated cultural and spiritual exchange. They brought relics of Saint Clement to Rome, disseminated the Glagolitic alphabet and Slavonic liturgy, and forged connections between Byzantine, Slavic, and Roman Christian traditions.

Today, the Cyril and Methodius Route, certified as a Cultural Route of the Council of Europe, invites modern travelers to follow in the footsteps of these influential missionaries, exploring the rich cultural heritage they left behind across numerous European countries.

DEATH Cyril died on February 14, 869, in Rome at the age of 42. Shortly before his death, he became a monk, taking the name Cyril. He was initially buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome but was later transferred to the Basilica of San Clemente. His remains were kept there until the late 18th century when they were removed during the French establishment of the Roman Republic. A small relic of St. Cyril was discovered in the 1960s and is now housed in the Basilica of San Clemente.

Methodius died on April 6, 885, in Velehrad, now part of the Czech Republic. He passed away after completing the translation of almost the entire Bible into Slavonic. He was buried in the main cathedral church of Great Moravia, but the exact location of his burial remains unknown due to uncertainty about the location of the main cathedral at that time.

While their physical presence ended, the legacy of Cyril and Methodius continued to shape Slavic Christianity and culture for centuries to come.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cyril and Methodius are celebrated in Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, often depicted in religious art. 

Cyril and Methodius, painting by Jan Matejko, 1885

They are commemorated in films, books, and educational materials highlighting their contributions to Slavic culture and Christianity.

FEAST DAYS Saints Cyril and Methodius have feast days that are celebrated in various Christian traditions:

May 11 (Julian Calendar): This is their primary feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorating their work as missionaries and their creation of the Old Church Slavonic language and alphabet.

Roman Catholic Church February 14: Celebrated as their feast day in the Roman Catholic Church, recognizing their contributions as co-patrons of Europe (a title given to them by Pope John Paul II in 1980).

July 5: In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, their feast day is observed as a national holiday, honoring their role as the "Apostles to the Slavs" and their impact on Slavic culture and Christianity.

May 24: Known as Saints Cyril and Methodius Day, this date is widely celebrated in Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and other Slavic countries as a tribute to their contributions to literacy and education through the creation of the Cyrillic script.

ACHIEVEMENTS Creation of the Glagolitic alphabet

Translation of religious texts into Slavic languages

Development of a Slavic liturgical tradition

Spread of Christianity among Slavic peoples

Laying the foundation for the cultural and literary development of Slavic nations

Source Carpatho


Posted by at No comments:
Labels: , , , ,
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)