Saturday 18 May 2024

Just Posted

Here's my most recently posted Trivial Biographies:


NAME: Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (known as Tony Blair)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Tony Blair is renowned for serving as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007, leading the Labour Party to three consecutive general election victories.

BIRTH: Born on May 6, 1953, in Edinburgh, Scotland.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Blair's father, Leo Blair, was a barrister and law lecturer, while his mother, Hazel Corscadden, was of Irish descent. Leo Blair's ambitions to become a Conservative MP were thwarted by a stroke. Blair's family background instilled in him the values of education and public service.

CHILDHOOD: Blair spent part of his early childhood in Adelaide, Australia, where his father taught at the University of Adelaide. The family returned to the UK, settling in Durham.

EDUCATION: Tony Blair attended the Chorister School in Durham and later Fettes College, a prestigious independent school in Edinburgh. He studied law at St John's College, Oxford, where he became interested in politics and was influenced by Christian socialism. He graduated with a Second Class Honours BA in Jurisprudence

CAREER RECORD: After graduating, Blair became a barrister. Blair once represented employers in a battle to deny female factory workers holiday pay.

After entering politics, Blair was elected as MP for Sedgefield in 1983. He became the leader of the Labour Party in 1994 and served as Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007. His tenure included significant reforms in public services, the peace process in Northern Ireland, and involvement in the Iraq War.

Tony Blair resigned as British Prime Minister on June 27, 2007 and on the same day he became a Middle East special envoy for the ‘Quartet’ – the USA, European Union, Russia, and the United Nations.

APPEARANCE: Tony Blair is known for his clean-cut, polished appearance, often seen in sharp suits and well-groomed.

Tony Blair By © European Union, 2010, Wikipedia

FASHION: While not known for being a fashion icon, Blair's style was always impeccable, reflecting his professional status.

CHARACTER: Blair is often described as charismatic, ambitious, persuasive, and a skilled orator. His leadership style is characterized by a focus on modernity and progressive policies.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Blair is known to have a subtle sense of humour, often displayed during parliamentary debates.

RELATIONSHIPS: Tony Blair married Cherie Booth, a fellow barrister, on March 29, 1980. She is the daughter of the late, actor, Tony Booth. The couple has four children: Euan, Nicky, Kathryn, and Leo.

When Leo was born on May 20, 2000, the first child born to the wife of a serving British prime minister since Rollo Russell was born to Lady Frances Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound and Lord John Russell in 1849.

Blair with wife, Cherie Booth, touring the Amber Room during a visit to Russia, 2003

His relationships within the political sphere, notably with his Labour Party colleagues and other global leaders, have also shaped his career, influencing his policies and leadership style.

MONEY AND FAME: Blair's tenure as Prime Minister brought him significant fame, and his post-political career has been lucrative, with various advisory roles and speaking engagements.

During his tenure as prime minister, Blair earned a tidy sum of £163,000 per year, more than any of his successors. Gordon Brown trimmed his own salary to £150,000, while David Cameron, not to be outdone, took a 5 percent pay cut, bringing his earnings to £142,500.

FOOD AND DRINK: Blair once revealed to a Labour Party magazine that his favorite food was good old fish and chips. However, in a culinary twist worthy of Islington, he told the Islington Cookbook that his preferred dish was “fresh fettuccine garnished with olive oil, sun-dried tomatoes, and capers.” One might say he was all things to all men, especially when it came to his palate.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Blair has shown an appreciation for rock music. He was the lead vocalist and played guitar in a band called Ugly Rumours while at university. 

On Desert Island Discs Blair chose a guitar as his luxury item.

LITERATURE: Blair has written several books, including his memoir A Journey, which provides insight into his time in office and personal reflections.

NATURE Blair has been involved in environmental initiatives, although his policies on climate change have faced criticism.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Blair enjoys playing guitar and is a fan of sports, particularly football. He has been known to play tennis and enjoys watching cricket.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Blair's government was known for its focus on education and innovation, including in the fields of science and maths.

POLITICS Tony Blair joined the Labour Party shortly after graduating from Oxford in 1975. By 1983, he found himself eyeing the newly created constituency of Sedgefield, a notionally safe Labour seat conveniently located near his childhood stomping grounds in Durham. He was elected as MP for Sedgefield that year, despite Labour’s landslide defeat in the general election.

Fast forward to July 21, 1994, when Blair was chosen as leader of the Labour Party following the untimely death of John Smith. Under his leadership, the party adopted a more centrist position, known as 'New Labour'. 

On May 1, 1997, the voters of the United Kingdom decided they’d had quite enough of the Conservative Party’s 18-year reign and welcomed the Labour Party back to power with Tony Blair at the helm. Blair, at 43 years, 11 months, and 5 days old, became the youngest occupant of Number 10 since Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool, who took office in 1812 at the sprightly age of 42 years and 1 day.

Blair didn’t just stop at one victory. He went on to win his third general election in 2005, making him the Labour Party’s longest-serving Prime Minister and the only person to have led the party to three consecutive general election victories. Quite the achievement for a lad from Edinburgh.

Tony Blair stepped down as British Prime Minister on June 27, 2007, ending a decade of leadership. 

Blair's tenure as Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007 was marked by significant policy initiatives, including the introduction of the minimum wage and devolution of powers to Scotland and Wales.


PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Blair's Christian faith, particularly his alignment with Christian socialism, has influenced his political ideology. He converted to Catholicism after leaving office and has engaged in various interfaith and philosophical discussions.

SCANDAL During his boarding school days at Fettes, Blair was arrested. He'd been mistaken for a burglar as he climbed into his dormitory using a ladder after being out late.

His time in office was not without controversy. Blair's decision to support the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 became a defining moment of his premiership, leading to widespread public and political debate. The subsequent issues surrounding weapons of mass destruction and the 'Dodgy Dossier' further complicated his legacy.

MILITARY RECORD While Blair did not serve in the military, his decisions as Prime Minister had profound impacts on the British Armed Forces. His government's involvement in military interventions, most notably in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, and Iraq, were pivotal moments in his administration.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Blair is known for maintaining good health and physical fitness, regularly exercising and following a balanced diet.

HOMES: Blair has owned several homes, including the notable Connaught Square property in London.

TRAVEL: As Prime Minister, Blair traveled extensively and continues to do so for work and speaking engagements.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Blair has been a prominent figure in media, both during and after his political career. His appearances have ranged from news interviews to more unusual cameos, such as his guest role in an episode of The Simpsons. His memoir, A Journey, and public speaking engagements have kept him in the public eye.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Blair's major achievements include the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, devolution in Scotland and Wales, and significant public sector reforms in health and education. Despite controversies, his impact on modernizing the Labour Party and British politics is widely acknowledged.



NAME Elizabeth Blackwell

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Elizabeth Blackwell is renowned for being the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States and for her pioneering work in promoting medical education for women.

BIRTH Elizabeth Blackwell was born on February 3, 1821, in Bristol, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Elizabeth was the third of nine children in a liberal-minded Quaker family. Her father, Samuel Blackwell, was a sugar refiner and an advocate for social reform, while her mother, Hannah Lane Blackwell, was a supportive and nurturing figure.

Her sister Emily Blackwell  also became a physician

CHILDHOOD Elizabeth's family moved to the United States when she was 11, settling in Cincinnati, Ohio, after financial difficulties. Witnessing her father's financial struggles instilled a strong work ethic in Elizabeth.

Her childhood was marked by a strong emphasis on education and social justice, influenced by her father's progressive views.

EDUCATION Elizabeth pursued her early education at home through reading and attending lectures, supplemented by private tutors.

Despite facing numerous obstacles and prejudice, Blackwell was determined to pursue a career in medicine and she wasn't about to let a trifling detail like being a woman stop her from becoming a doctor.  Medical schools across the land slammed their doors in her face with all the enthusiasm of a medieval portcullis, but Blackwell was as persistent as a barnacle on a beached battleship. Finally, in 1847, Geneva Medical College in upstate New York took a chance on her. All 150 male students voted unanimously to accept her, whilst simultaneously treating her application as a joke.

Blackwell tore through her studies like a terrier with a sock, graduating on January 23, 1849 , becoming the first woman to earn a medical degree in the U.S. She then hightailed it to Paris for some extra medical training, only to wind up accidentally squirting infected gunk in her own eye. This mishap dashed her dreams of becoming a surgeon, leaving her with the kind of vision that wouldn't win her any eye tests. 


CAREER RECORD  Elizabeth Blackwell faced significant opposition in her career. Here's her resume:

Graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1849 as the first woman in America to earn a medical degree

Established a successful medical practice in New York City, catering primarily to women and children

Co-founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children (1857) - the first hospital in the US staffed by women

Opened the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary (1868) to train women doctors

Became a professor of hygiene at the London School of Medicine for Women (1875)

Authored several books on medicine and women's rights, including "Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women" (1895)

APPEARANCE Elizabeth was described as having a strong jawline, piercing blue eyes, and dark hair She maintained a professional and commanding presence.

Portrait of Elizabeth Blackwell, c. 1850–1860

FASHION Elizabeth favored practical and modest clothing that wouldn't impede her work as a doctor., often seen in simple, dark-colored dresses.

CHARACTER Elizabeth was known for her determination, resilience, and pioneering spirit. She was a trailblazer who broke through significant societal barriers with grace and tenacity. She was known for her compassion and dedication to her patients

SENSE OF HUMOUR While Elizabeth's work was serious and groundbreaking, she was known to have a dry and occasionally sharp wit, using humor as a tool to disarm and educate.

RELATIONSHIPS Elizabeth maintained close relationships with her family, particularly her sisters, who supported her endeavors as well her sister in law Antoinette Brown Blackwell

She never married but had a deep bond with colleagues and friends who shared her vision for women's rights in medicine.

She had close friendships with notable women of her time, including suffragist and abolitionist leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone.

MONEY AND FAME Elizabeth did not accumulate significant wealth, as much of her earnings were reinvested into her medical practices and educational initiatives. Her fame grew posthumously as her contributions to medicine and women's rights were increasingly recognized.

FOOD AND DRINK Elizabeth adhered to a simple and healthy diet, consistent with her views on maintaining physical well-being.

MUSIC AND ARTS Elizabeth appreciated classical music and the arts, often attending concerts and exhibitions when time permitted.

LITERATURE Elizabeth was a voracious reader, with interests ranging from medical texts to literature on social reform and philosophy.

In 1895, Blackwell published her autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women. It sold fewer than 500 copies.

NATURE Elizabeth had a profound appreciation for nature, often finding solace and inspiration in outdoor activities and natural settings.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Elizabeth enjoyed walking, which provided her with physical exercise and a mental break from her demanding career. She likely enjoyed intellectual pursuits such as reading and writing.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Elizabeth's contribution to science was significant, particularly in the field of medicine. She was a firm believer in the importance of scientific education for women.

ACTIVISM Blackwell wasn't content with just her own success.  She tirelessly championed women's rights in medicine, fighting for their rightful place in scrubs and stethoscopes.  She even teamed up with her sister, Emily, to co-found a medical college specifically for women.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY In December 1838, Blackwell converted to Episcopalianism.. However, the arrival of a charismatic Unitarian minister, William Henry Channing, the following year, 'changed her mind. Channing introduced the ideas of transcendentalism to Blackwell, who started attending the Unitarian Church. She also attended various religious services in other denominations (Quaker, Millerite, Jewish)

Elizabeth's philosophy was deeply rooted in her Unitarian beliefs, emphasizing moral responsibility, social justice, and the importance of education and self-improvement.

SCANDAL Elizabeth faced many societal and professional scandals due to her gender and unconventional career. However, she managed to navigate these challenges with integrity and resolve.

MILITARY RECORD Elizabeth contributed to the medical field during the Civil War by training nurses and advocating for sanitary conditions.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS  After graduating at Geneva Medical College  Blackwell decided to continue her studies in Europe and went to Paris. In Europe, she was rejected by many hospitals because of her sex. , When she the lost sight in her left eye, leaving her without hope of becoming a surgeon, she went to London, where she was permitted to continue her studies. 

Feeling that the prejudice against women in medicine was not as strong in the United States, Blackwell returned to New York City in 1851, only to be met with more slammed doors from established hospitals.  Being a female doctor, it seemed, wasn't exactly in vogue. So, she did what any self-respecting medical pioneer would do: she started her own darn hospital!  The New York Infirmary for Women and Children, staffed largely by women, became a beacon of hope for those seeking medical care without a side order of sexism.

In 1869 Blackwell set sail for England, where she continued to chip away at the granite wall of medical prejudice for women.  She even managed to snag a spot on the British Medical Register in 1859, becoming Europe's first modern female doctor.   


On November 4, 1849, when Blackwell was treating an infant with ophthalmia neonatorum, she accidentally squirted some contaminated fluid into her own eye and contracted the infection. She lost sight in her left eye, requiring its surgical extraction.

In her later years, she faced health challenges, including a severe stroke that left her partially paralyzed.

HOMES Elizabeth lived in various places throughout her life, including England, Ohio, New York, and later in Hastings, England, where she retired.

TRAVEL Elizabeth traveled extensively, both for education and work, visiting Europe multiple times to further her medical training and to advocate for women's medical education.

DEATH Elizabeth Blackwell died on May 31, 1910, in Hastings, England, after suffering a stroke that had left her mentally and physically weakened.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Elizabeth's life has been the subject of numerous biographies, documentaries, and articles celebrating her contributions to medicine and women's rights.

ACHIEVEMENTS Paved the way for future generations of women in medicine

Championed social reform and women's rights

Established groundbreaking institutions that educated women doctors

Dr. Blackwell was commemorated on an American postage stamp in 1974, designed by Joseph Stanley Kozlowski.

Saturday 4 May 2024

Index

Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Robert Browning
Elizabeth Browning
Emily Brontë
Charlotte Brontë
Johannes Brahms
Boudicca
William Booth
Simon Bolivar
Anne Boleyn
William Blake
Tony Blair
Elizabeth Blackwell
Antoinette Brown Blackwell
Blackbeard
Georges Bizet
Otto Von Bismarck
Osama bin Laden
Billy the Kid
Steve Biko
Justin Bieber
Joe Biden
Jeff Bezos
Beyoncé
John Betjeman
George Best
Chuck Berry
Yogi Berra
Leonard Bernstein
Sarah Bernhardt
Tim Berners-Lee
Bernard of Clairvaux
Saint Bernadette
Hector Berlioz
Irving Berlin
Ingrid Bergman
Karl Benz
Jeremy Bentham
E. F. Benson
St. Benedict of Nursia
Pope Benedict XVI
Saul Bellow
Hilaire Belloc
Alexander Graham Bell
Isabella Beeton
Ludwig van Beethoven
Henry Ward Beecher
Catherine Beecher
The Venerable Bede
David Beckham
Samuel Beckett
Thomas Becket
Boris Becker
Sidney Bechet
Warren Beatty
John Bartram
Clara Barton
Karl Barth
J. M. Barrie
P. T. Barnum
Thomas John Barnardo
Brigitte Bardot
Samuel Barber
Saint Barbara
Joseph Banks
Lucille Ball
Arthur Balfour
Stanley Baldwin
Josephine Baker
John Logie Baird
Douglas Bader
Robert Baden-Powell
Roger Bacon
Francis Bacon
Johann Sebastian Bach
Lauren Bacall
Charles Babbage
Gladys Aylward
Gene Autry
Jane Austen
Marcus Aurelius
Augustus
St. Augustine of Canterbury
St. Augustine of Hippo
Saint Audrey
Clement Attlee
Attila the Hun
Charles Atlas
Rowan Atkinson
Æthelstan
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
John Jacob Astor
Fred Astaire
H. H. Asquith
Isaac Asimov
Ashoka the Great
Laura Ashley
Francis Asbury
King Arthur
Chester A. Arthur
Benedict Arnold
Neil Armstrong
Louis Armstrong
Lance Armstrong
Edwin Howard Armstrong
Giorgio Armani
Aristotle
Aristophanes
Elizabeth Arden
Archimedes
Jeffrey Archer
Yasser Arafat
Thomas Aquinas
Johnny Appleseed
Marcus Gavius Apicius
Mark Antony
Susan B. Anthony
Anthony of Padua
Anthony the Great
Anselm of Canterbury
Saint Ansgar
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne Of Cleves
Maya Angelou
Saint Andrew
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Hans Christian Anderson
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Roald Amundsen
Idi Amin
Saint Ambrose
Isabel Allende
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby
Woody Allen
Richard Allen (bishop)
Muhammad Ali
Alfred The Great
Alexandra of Denmark
Cecil Frances Alexander
Alexander the Great
Alexander II of Russia
Alexander I of Russia
Buzz Aldrin
Alcuin of York
Louisa Alcott
Prince Albert
Akhenaten
Aidan of Lindisfarne
Saint Agnes of Rome
Andre Agassi
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex
Aesop
Ælfric of Eynsham
Pope Adrian IV
Adele
Joseph Addison
John Quincy Adams
John Adams
Douglas Adams
Ansel Adams
Abigail Adams
Robert Adam
Abraham
Peter Abelard

Thursday 10 August 2017

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

NAME Isambard Kingdom Brunel

WHAT FAMOUS FOR British civil and mechanical engineer who was a key figure of the Industrial Revolution.

BIRTH born April 9, 1806 in Britan Street, Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England

FAMILY BACKGROUND  Isambard Kingdom Brunel  was the only son of the French engineer and inventor Sir Marc Isambard Brunel  (1769-1849). His father settled in Britain and married Sophia Kingdom, an English woman whom he had known in France in earlier days.

He was born in Portsmouth, where his father was working on block-making machinery.

EDUCATION  Brunel was sent to France at the age of 14 to study mathematics and science at the at the College of Caen in Normandy and the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris. Two years later he returned to England to work with his father.

CAREER RECORD At the age of 20 Brunel was appointed resident engineer under his father's direction when work on the Thames Tunnel at Rotherhithe began. He held the post for over two years, when a sudden inundation almost drowned him and brought the work to a standstill. Work recommenced in 1835 and was finally finished in 1843.

The Wapping to Rotherhithe tunnel was the world’s first underwater walkway. By the end of its first year of operation, a million people had passed through.

He once staged a dinner party in the Thames Tunnel at Rotherhithe for businessmen in 1827 wearing full evening dress.

During his recuperation, Brunel submitted designs for a competition to build a bridge across the Avon Gorge at Bristol. His graceful suspension design, with a record-breaking main span of 192 m (630 ft) eventually won the competition, and work began on the piers. Lack of money, however, meant that the Clifton Suspension Bridge was not finally completed until 1864, after Brunel's death.

Brunel was an innovative and hardworking engineer. He customarily worked an 18-hour day, sleeping at the office, rising at 4am.

He employed a huge number of subcontractors, and treated them all in a high-handed and sometimes brutal manner. People whom Brunel considered incompetent received abusive letters.

APPEARANCE Brunel was only five foot tall. Because of his small size he always wore a reinforced top hat to make himself look taller.


RELATIONSHIPS Brunel married Mary Horsley in 1836. Their son, Henri Marc Brunel, also enjoyed some success as a civil engineer.

HOBBIES AND INTERESTS Brunel had a conjuring trick where he made a half-sovereign coin vanish into his mouth and emerge from his ear. In 1843, while performing it for the amusement of his children, Brunel accidentally swallowed a coin which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of forceps failed to remove it as did a machine to shake it loose devised by Brunel himself. After several weeks of coughing himself sick, Brunel designed a hinged table to which he was strapped, face down, and upended until his head was pointing towards the floor. The press issued daily reports on the progress of the coin, and eventually it was jerked free. When the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay read the good news, he ran along the street yelling, “It’s out! It’s out!” and nobody asked him what he was talking about.

SCANDAL In the long slog to hack and blast the celebrated Box Tunnel through two miles of solid rock between Bath and Swindon, 100 men were killed.

MILITARY RECORD Brunel worked on the improvement of large guns and designed a floating armoured barge used for the attack on Kronshtadt in 1854 during the Crimean War.

RAILWAYS He was responsible for building more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of railway in the West Country, the Midlands, South Wales, and Ireland. Brunel  constructed two railway lines in Italy and was an adviser on the construction of the Victorian lines in Australia and the Eastern Bengal Railway in India.

Brunel had one big failure — an atmospheric railway with trains running on a vacuum tube from Exeter, which closed after troubled trials.

STEAMSHIPS Brunel’s 236 ft steamship Great Western left Bristol on her maiden voyage to New York on April 8, 1838, halving the journey time to 15 days.

Brunel made outstanding contributions to marine engineering with his three ships, the Great Western, Great Britain (1843), and Great Eastern (originally called Leviathan; 1858), each the largest in the world at its date of launching.

The Great Western, a wooden paddle vessel, was the first steamship to provide regular transatlantic service. It confounded critics who asserted that such a vessel would never be able to carry sufficient coal to make the crossing.

The Great Western's maiden departure from Bristol in 1838.

During the Great Western’s maiden voyage to America, Brunel issued instructions from his sickbed after falling off a ladder.

The SS Great Britain was launched on July 19, 1843. It was the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller.
Launch of Great Britain at Bristol, July 1843.

When launched, the Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat. She was the longest passenger ship in the world until 1854.

Great Britain was the first iron steamer to cross the Atlantic, She did so for the first time in 1845, in the time of 14 days.

The Great Eastern was propelled by both paddles and screw and was the first ship to utilize a double iron hull.

DEATH The huge and costly effort of launching the Great Eastern sideways into the Thames in January 1858, and the preparation for its first sea trials the following September, caused Brunel to suffer a stroke. His habit of smoking over 40 cigars a day probably contributed to his stroke.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel by the launching chains of the SS Great Eastern

Brunel died ten days later on September 15, 1859 and is buried, like his father, at Kensal Green Cemetery in London.

ACHIEVEMENTS  Brunel came second to Sir Winston Churchill in the BBC’s 1999 poll to find the Greatest ever Briton.

Monday 16 May 2011

Robert Browning

NAME Robert Browning

WHAT FAMOUS FOR English poet

BIRTH May 7, 1812 Southampton Way, Camberwell, London, England

FAMILY BACKGROUND Robert's father Robert Browning, a man of fine intellect and character, was a well-off clerk for the Bank of England, earning about £150 per year. Browning's father had been sent to the West Indies to work on a sugar plantation. Revolted by the slavery there, he returned to England and became an abolitionist.
Robert's mother, Sarah Anna Wiedemann, was a devout non conformist Scot. The daughter of a German shipowner who had settled in Dundee, she was a talented musician,to whom Robert was very close.
Robert was bought up with his younger sister Sarianna in Camberwell. Sarianna, also gifted, became her brother's companion in his later years.

CHILDHOOD Robert was an extremely bright child and voracious reader and his father encouraged his interest in literature and the arts. By the age of twelve, Browning had written a book of poetry which he later destroyed when no publisher could be found.
His childhood hero was the poet, Shelley.

EDUCATION After being at one or two private schools, and showing an insuperable dislike to school life, Robert was educated at home by a tutor via the resources of his father's extensive library. He was a rapid learner and by the age of fourteen he was fluent in French, Greek, Italian and Latin. At the age of sixteen, Robert studied Greek at University College London but dropped out after his first year to pursue his own reading at his own pace. His mother’s staunch evangelical faith prevented his studying at either Oxford University or Cambridge University, both then open only to members of the Church of England. However, in later years he was awarded an honorary degree by Oxford University.

CAREER RECORD Robert refused a formal career and ignored his parents' remonstrations, dedicating himself to poetry. His earliest poem Pauline (1833) achieved little.


CHARACTER Elizabeth Browning said of Robert (see left)in a letter "Robert's goodness and tenderness are past speaking of.... He reads to me, talks and jests to make me laugh." But then she was biased. (1)

RELATIONSHIPS In 1846 Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning were secretly married in St Marylebone church after correspondence in praise of her poetry led to their meeting and courtship. He called Elizabeth "A soul offire in a shell of pearl."
Six years his elder and an invalid, Elizabeth could not believe that the vigorous and worldly Robert Browning really loved her as much as he professed to. Browning imitated his hero Shelley by spiriting his beloved off to Italy in September 1846, which became her home almost continuously until her death. As Elizabeth had some money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italy, and their relationship together was harmonious. The Brownings were well respected in Italy, and even famous. Elizabeth grew stronger and in 1849, at the age of 43, she gave birth to a son, Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. He became an artist and critic, got married but had no legitimate children, so there are apparently no direct descendants of the two famous poets.
After Elizabeth's death, Robert had many flirtatious relationships. He was fond of writing tender, nonsensical verses to his many lady friends.
In 1869 he proposed marriage to Lady Ashburton only to be rejected. This proposal, an example of his propensity towards social climbing, embarrassed Browning in society and shamed him over his infidelity over his dead wife.

MONEY AND FAME Robert stayed at home until the age of 34, financially dependant on his family until his marriage. His father sponsored the publication of his son's poems.
Robert's wife was the better known poet during their life time, but he kept going in the rat race and gradually acquired a considerable and enthusiastic public fan base. Published separately in four volumes from November 1868 through to February 1869, The Ring and the Book was a huge success both commercially and critically, and finally brought Browning the renown he had sought and deserved for nearly thirty years of work. By the time of his death he was ranked as the leading poet of his time along with Tennyson.

FOOD AND DRINK Robert became a vegetarian aged 14 like his hero Shelley, which he gave up later.

MUSIC AND ARTS In 1830 Robert met the actor William Macready and tried several times to write verse drama for the stage - not very successfully. His most successful play was the 1837 Strafford.
Robert inherited substantial musical ability through his mother, and composed arrangements of various songs.

LITERATURE Robert's father was a literary collector, and he amassed a library of around 6,000 books, many of them rare. As a result, he was raised in a household of significant literary resources.
Some of Robert's early work was very heavy going. When members of the London Poetic Society asked Browning for an interpretation of a particularly obscure passage, he read it, twice shrugged his soldiers and said "When I wrote that, God and I knew what it meant, but now God alone knows."
Here's a list of some of Browning's major works
1833 Pauline Browning's career began with the publication of this anonymous poem. The piece, which disappeared without notice, would embarrass him for the rest of his life.
1835 Paracelsus The critics adored it but the public ignored it.
1841 Pippa Passes A beautiful collection of dramatic scenes.
1842 The Pied Piper of Hamelin This update of the medieval legend was one of Browning's most popular poems. It is probably the most famous verse written about rats until Michael Jackson sang about a rat called Ben.
1855 Men and Women This collection of fifty-one poems is now generally considered to contain some of the best of Browning's poetry. However, at the time it was not received well and sold poorly.
1868-69 The Ring and The Book This long blank-verse poem is considered by many to be Browning's greatest work. Based on a convoluted murder case from 1690s Rome, it tells the story of the murder in long dramatic monologues from 12 points of view.
1871 Balaustion's Adventure An adaptation of a play by Euripides about Ademtus and his devoted wife, Alcestis.
When challenged to find rhymes for orange, Browning came up with "From the Ganges to the Blorenge comes the Rajah once a month. Sometimes chewing on an orange. Sometimes reading from his Grunth. " (Blorenge is a small mountain in Wales. Grunth is a Sikh Holy Book.)


NATURE A couple of quotes: "And the muttering grew to a mumbling. And the grumbling grew to a mighty rumbling. And out of the houses the rats came tumbling." (The Pied Piper of Hamelin)
"That's the wise thrush; he sings each song twice over,
Lest you think he ever could recapture
The first fine careless rapture." (Home Thoughts From Abroad)

HOBBIES AND SPORTS In his poem about the unfortunate Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, who ran 26 miles to announce the Greek's glorious victory over the Persians before dropping dead, Browning wrote sympathetically, "Bursting his veins, he died, The bliss!"

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY When he was a teenager, Browning shocked his evangelical mother when he declared himself like his hero Shelley, an atheist. In later life he looked back on this as a passing phase and he became a knowledgeable Bible reader but always denied any Christian faith.
"God's in his Heaven. Alls right with the world." (Pippa Passes")

SCANDAL Browning's father in Law didn't smell a rat until Robert eloped with Elizabeth to Italy.

HOMES Browning was brought up at Southampton Way, Camberwell.
After he eloped to Italy with Elizabeth, they lived at Casa Guidi, Florence, which is now a home available to be rented.
After the death of Elizabeth in 1861 he spent the "season" in London and rest of time in the country or abroad. Between 1861 and 1887, his London address was 19 Warwick Crescent in Little Venice, Maida Vale. It is thought it was Browning who coined the name 'Little Venice.'

TRAVEL Browning travelled widely, joining a British diplomatic mission to St Petersburg, Russia in 1834, later journeying to Italy 1838 and 1844.
When the Brownings eloped from Wimpole Street, Robert was unable to work out the train and ferry timetables for their journey to Le Havre on their way to Italy. Elizabeth had to return to Wimpole Street for several days to take charge of organising the details of their elopement herself.
In 1878, he returned to Italy for the first time since Elizabeth's death, and returned there on several occasions
"Oh to be in England. Now that April's here." (Home Thoughts From Abroad 1845).

DEATH Browning died on 12 December 1889 at his son's apartment in the Ca' Rezzonico, Venice of bronchitis. He was brought back to London for burial in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey; his grave now lies immediately adjacent to that of Alfred Tennyson.


APPEARANCES IN MEDIA 1. The classic 1936 Hollywood movie The Barretts of Wimpole Street was based on a 1930 play by Rudolf Besier of the same title. Norma Shearer who played Elizabeth was Oscar-nominated, while Fredric March portrayed Robert Browning. In 1957 it was Jennifer Jones and Bill Travers turn to portray the same twosome.

2. John Lennon & Yoko Ono were inspired by the poetry of Robert and Elizabeth Browning. They often joked they were the reincarnated spirits of "Bob and Liz". Two tracks, "Let Me Count The Ways" and "Grow Old with Me" on the Milk and Honey album were inspired by the poetry of Bob and Liz.

3. Clifford T Ward's "Home Thoughts From Abroad" is a tribute to Robert Browning. "You know, Home Thoughts From Abroad is such a beautiful poem
And I know how Robert Browning must have felt. 'Cause I'm feeling the same way about you."

ACHIEVEMENTS (1) Browning's innovative works incorporated psychological analysis and obscure historical characters and perfected the dramatic monologue. They have influenced many 20th century poet's such as Ezra Pound.
(2) His literary status was recognised by the award of an honorary fellowship at Balliol College, Oxford in 1867

Sources 1.800 years of Women's Letters Olga Kenyon
2. Wikipedia

Tuesday 10 May 2011

Elizabeth Browning


NAME Elizabeth (Moulton) Barrett Browning. Elizabeth and her siblings all had nicknames - Elizabeth's was "Ba".

WHAT FAMOUS FOR English poet famous for her love poetry.

BIRTH March 6, 1806 Coxhoe Hall, nr Durham (demolished in 1980s.)

FAMILY BACKGROUND Elizabeth's parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke, who married at St Nicholas Church, Gosforth (Tyne and Wear). His family, some of whom were part Creole, had lived for centuries in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and relied on slave labour. Her mum came from a wealthy Newcastle family, also derived in part from slave labour. Liz lost her mother when she was 22.
Elizabeth was the eldest of their 12 children (eight boys and four girls). All the children lived to adulthood except for one girl, who died at the age of four when Elizabeth was eight. In 1840 her oldest and favorite brother Edward was tragically drowned.

CHILDHOOD Elizabeth was baptized at the age of 3 at Kelloe Parish Church, though she had already been baptized by a family friend in the first week after she was born. Later that year, their father bought Hope End, a 500-acre estate near the Malvern Hills in Ledbury, Herefordshire. Elizabeth had "a large room to herself, with stained glass in the window, and she loved the garden where she tended white roses in a special arbour by the south wall". (1) Liz lived a privileged childhood riding her pony round the grounds visiting other families in the neighbourhood and arranging family theatrical productions with her 11 brothers and sisters. She was a lively child until she suffered a spinal injury at the age of 15.
Liz's first known poem was written at the age of six or eight, On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man. As a present for her fourteenth birthday her father underwrote the publication of her epic Homeric poem entitled The Battle of Marathon .

EDUCATION Liz was educated at home and attended lessons with her brother's tutor. This gave her a good education for a girl of that time. She was an intensely studious, precocious child and had read passages from Paradise Lost and Shakespearean plays, and the histories of England, Greece and Rome before the age of ten.
In her teen years went through the principal Greek and Latin authors in their original languages and learnt enough Hebrew to read the Old Testament from the beginning to the end.

CAREER RECORD 1820 Elizabeth's first published work, The Battle of Marathon.
1825 The Rose and Zephyr is published in the Literary Gazette.
1838 The Seraphim and other Poems is the first volume of Browning's poetry to appear in her name.

APPEARANCE Elizabeth (see left) was pretty and personable. Mary Russell Mitford wrote of her about the time she'd turned 20, "A slight, delicate figure, with a shower of dark curls falling on each side of a most expressive face; large, tender eyes, richly fringed by dark eyelashes, and a smile like a sunbeam." Her Creole ancestry gave Liz a slightly exotic look. Anne Thackeray Ritchie described her as, "Very small and brown" with big, exotic eyes and an overgenerous mouth.

FASHION Browning forced her 12 year old son to wear frilly knickerbockers and shoulder length ringlets.

CHARACTER Large minded, intelligent, quietly sympathetic manner, neurotic, emotional.

RELATIONSHIPS By 1844 Elizabeth had been an invalid for many years, spending most of her time in her upstairs room, spending much of her time writing. Her 1844 Poems made her one of the most popular writers in the land at the time and inspired well known poet Robert Browning to write to her, telling her how much he loved her poems. A family friend Kenyon arranged for Robert Browning to meet Elizabeth in May 1845, and so began one of the most famous courtships in literature.
The courtship and marriage between Robert Browning and Elizabeth were carried out secretly. Six years his elder and an invalid, she could not believe that the vigorous and worldly Robert Browning really loved her as much as he professed to. After a private marriage at St. Marylebone Parish Church, making her Bobby's girl, Browning imitated his hero Shelley by spiriting his beloved off to Italy in September 1846, which became her home almost continuously until her death. Elizabeth's loyal nurse, Wilson, who witnessed the marriage, accompanied the couple to Italy.
Her father disinherited Elizabeth, as he did each of his children who married. She repeatedly sought a reconciliation with her father but he returned her letters unopened.
As Elizabeth had some money of her own, the couple were reasonably comfortable in Italy, and their relationship together was harmonious. The Brownings were well respected in Italy, and even famous. Elizabeth grew stronger and in 1849, at the age of 43, she gave birth to a son, Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. Their son became an artist, got married but had no legitimate children, so there are apparently no direct descendants of the two famous poets.
"I love thee with a love, I seemed to lose with my lost Saints
I love thee with the breath, smiles, tears of all my life!
And if God chose I shall but love thee better after death." from Sonnets from the Portuguese "Portuguese" was a pet name her husband used.

MONEY AND FAME Elizabeth's extraordinary poems brought admirers (including Browning) to the room where she languished in her bed after her spinal injury. In her day she was more highly regarded poetry wise than Robert and was the most highly regarded female poet of her day. However her 1860 Political Poems Before Congress injured her popularity as many disapproved of the Browning version of Italian political matters.

LITERATURE Liz's first known poem was written at the age of six or eight, On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man. As a present for her fourteenth birthday her father underwrote the anonymous publication of her epic Homeric poem entitled The Battle of Marathon .
1838 The Seraphim and other Poems is favourably reviewed.
1844 Poems An important collection in Victorian literature. So highly regarded that when Wordsworth died she was tipped by many to be the next Poet Laureate.
1850 Sonnets from the Portuguese. (From Robert Browning's pet name for her "The Portuguese".) Elizabeth's most famous work was inspired by her love for her husband. At the time she was still in a hot flush over the mere mention of his name.
1857 Aurora Leigh, her verse novel about the subjection of women to the dominating male.
1861 The North and the South. The last poem she wrote before her death. An admirer of Hans Christian Anderson, her last poem was written for him shortly before her death.
In 1913 500 letters written by Elizabeth and Robert were sold for £32750 at an auction.



NATURE Flush, a red cocker spaniel was the only companion allowed to the invalid Elizabeth by her tyrannical father. The first time Robert visited Elizabeth at Wimpole Street, Flush bit him. She took Flush with her to Italy with Robert and the mutt was immortalised by her the poem To Flush my Dog. Virginia Woolf later wrote his life story.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Elizabeth was bought up by a family that attended services at the nearest dissenting chapel and her father was active for years in Bible missionary societies. Liz herself went through an evangelical “phase” and it is not clear how much she retained her faith as she developed an interest in spiritualism. However, she wrote a number of pieces about social injustice including the slave trade in America, the labor of children in the mines and mills of England and the restrictions placed upon women. Paine, Voltaire and Rousseau influenced her concern for human rights.
Elizabeth was fascinated by Italian politics and she supported (theoretically) Italian unity.

SCANDAL During her time as an invalid, Elizabeth became addicted to opium due to the pain of her spinal condition. She knocked back laudanum, a cocktail of opium and alcohol to help her to sleep. Robert Browning used Chianti to wean and cure his Elizabeth of her addiction to laudanum.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS I've touched on Elizabeth's invalid condition previously in this trivial biography, but here's her full medical bulletin.
At the age of 15 Liz fell from a pony and injured her spine. She was slow to recover so a Dr Coker prescribed opium for a nervous disorder and she carried on taking it for the next 25 years. However it only made her worse and for much of the time she was bedridden, especially after 1838 when a burst blood vessel made her seriously ill.
Elizabeth's health forced her to move to Torquay on Devonshire coast, where her brother Edward accompanied her. His death by drowning was a massive blow and she returned to Wimpole Street and became a permanent recluse seeing only a few people.
In 1846, in preparation for her elopement with Robert, Elizabeth began to free herself of the habits acquired as an invalid practising standing without help and then walking where she had previously been carried.
She finally got better in Italy away from her oppressive father.

HOMES Elizabeth was brought up at the 240 acre Hope End, Herefordshire, near the Malvern Hills, which inspired some of her early poetry.
1832-37 The family moved three times due to Mr Barrett's financial losses, first Sidmouth, then 99 Gloucester Place, London, then 50 Wimpole Street, London.
1838-41 Due to her illness, Elizabeth moved back to Torquay (1 Beacon Terrace), and the sea air.
1846 Browning eloped to Italy, at Casa Guidi, Florence, now a home available to be rented. She lived in Florence until her death.

DEATH At the death of an old friend, G.B. Hunter, and then of her father, Elizabeth's health faded again, centering around deteriorating lung function. When news of the death of Elizabeth’s sister Henrietta reached her, in 1860, she became weak and depressed. Her faithful husband never left her bedside and she spent the last day of her life asleep in his arms. Elizabeth died on 29 June 1861 at Casa Guidi, and was buried in Florence's Protestant Cemetery.
She became gradually weaker and died on 29 June 1861
Died 1861 in Florence. Shortly after hearing of her father's death she suffered a complete physical collapse. Her faithful husband never left her bedside & she spent the last day of her life asleep in his arms. (2) She fell ill and died at Casa Guidi, and was buried in Florence's Protestant Cemetery.



APPEARANCES IN MEDIA 1. The classic Hollywood movie 1936 The Barretts of Wimpole Street was based on a 1930 play by Rudolf Besier of the same title. Norma Shearer who played Elizabeth was Oscar-nominated, while Charles Laughton portrayed the formidable Mr Browning. In 1957 it was Jennifer Jones and John Gielgud's turn to portray the same twosome.
2. John Lennon & Yoko Ono were inspired by the poetry of Robert and Elizabeth Browning. They often joked they were the reincarnated spirits of "Bob and Liz". Two tracks, "Let Me Count The Ways" and "Grow Old with Me" on the Milk and Honey album were inspired by the poetry of Bob and Liz.

ACHIEVEMENTS A plaque in Kelloe church, where she was christened describes Elizabeth as "a great poetess, a noble woman, a devoted wife."

Sources (1) Rosalie Mader Mrs Browning: The Story of Elizabeth Barrett
(2)
Wikipedia

Sunday 1 May 2011

Emily Brontë

 NAME Emily Brontë

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Author

BIRTH b 30 July 1818 at Thornton, Bradford, Yorkshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Emily was bought up by her father, Patrick, an eccentric Irish Clergyman, who was in the habit of carrying a loaded pistol in his pocket and an Aunt, who was her mother’s unmarried sister. Her Cornish mother, Maria died in 1821 at the age of 37 of cancer. The Aunt who came down to look after them was a Calvinist Methodist. Although they appreciated her efforts, she apparently did not become a second mother to them.
Emily had four sisters including Charlotte (1818-1848) who wrote Jane Eyre and Anne (1820-49) who wrote Agnes Grey . Her one brother Patrick (1817-1848) (always known simply as Branwell, so that's how I will refer to him), was addicted to opium and alcohol and often used to frequent the Nelson Inn at Luddenden Foot, West Yorks. He was the black sheep of the family. Her two other sisters Maria and Elizabeth also died of consumption, both in 1825. Her father outlived all his children.
CHILDHOOD In 1826 Mr Brontë bought home a box of wooden soldiers for Branwell to play with. Emily (left) and her sisters joined in and together they used the soldiers to create an imaginary kingdom called Angria. When Emily was 13, she and Anne withdrew from participation in the Angria story and began a new one about Gondal, a large island in the North Pacific. She filled thousands of pages of miniature books writing about her imaginary kingdom, continuing to do so until 1845.

EDUCATION In August 1824, Emily was sent with three of her sisters, Charlotte, Maria, and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire, (which Charlotte would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). As borders there cruelty, poor hygiene and starvation made life horrific and hastened the deaths of their older sisters, Maria and Elizabeth ho died of tuberculosis in June 1825. Soon afterwards Emily's father removed her and Charlotte from the school. Their father undertook to educate them himself, although this education seems to have been largely self-administered by Charlotte.
At the age of seventeen, Emily became a pupil at Miss Wooler's school at Roe Head, Mirfield, West Yorkshire, where Charlotte was a teacher, but managed to stay only three months before being overcome by extreme homesickness. She returned home and Anne took her place. At this time, the girls' objective was to obtain sufficient education to open a small school of their own

CAREER RECORD Emily took up various positions as governesses and teachers to earn money to pay for an art education for her brother Branwell. her CV reads thus:
1838-9 Emily became a teacher at Law Hill School in Halifax beginning in September 1838, when she was twenty. Her health broke under the stress of the 17-hour work day and she returned home in April 1839.
1839-42 A stay-at-home daughter, doing most of the cooking and cleaning and teaching Sunday school. She taught herself German out of books and practiced piano.
1842-43 Emily accompanied Charlotte to Brussels, Belgium, where they attended a girls' academy run by Constantin Heger. They planned to perfect their French and German in anticipation of f returning to Yorkshire to establish a school of their own.
1844 Using a small inheritance from her aunt Emily set up with Charlotte a school for girls in their home village of Haworth. Although they advertised they received no pupils, so the sisters turned to their poems and novels which they had been writing.
1846 It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by her family that led her and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1846. The following year, Emily's only novel, Wuthering Heights was published.

CHARACTER Emily was a silent, reserved woman almost to the point of rudeness with strangers. In private she was somewhat wacky, preferring to live in her imaginary land of Gondal, and mystical to the extent that Charlotte had to tone down her image after she died. There's nowt as queer as folk.

RELATIONSHIPS The introverted Emily was a loner and never socialised well. She had few friends outside her family.


MONEY AND FAME Whilst Charlotte was widely acclaimed straight away for Jane Eyre, Emily's fame was wholly posthumous. Within a few years of her death, Brontë mania had started and people were flocking to Haworth.

FOOD AND DRINK Emily and her sisters were keen on berries. When not, er, berrying themselves in writing they ate blackberries, gooseberries, elderberries and other moorish berries.

LITERATURE After leaving school, Emily and her sisters read widely at home including Byron & Scott. They wrote magazines in imitation of Blackwoods Magazine. In 1844, Emily began going through all the poems she had written, recopying them neatly into notebooks. In the fall of 1845, Charlotte discovered the notebooks and insisted that the poems be published. Emily, furious at the invasion of her privacy, at first refused, but relented when Anne brought out her own manuscripts and revealed she had been writing poems in secret as well.
In 1846, the sisters' poems were published in one volume as Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Only two copies were sold. The next year the three sisters each sent a novel to the publishers, and Emily's Wuthering Heights along with Anne's Agnes Grey, were both accepted.
The ideas for Wuthering Heights evolved from Gondal, her fantasy world set on a Pacific island. Her classic, poetic story was about Heathcliffe's doomed, obsessional love for Cathy located on the Yorkshire moors that Emily knew so well. The 'Wuthering Height’'s building itself is said to be modelled on a local farm house.
The critics were initially shocked by the novel's immoral passion, unusual construction and violent nature. One referred to it as "brutal, coarse & vulgar”. The book subsequently became an English literary classic.



PETS Emily had a a large mastiff dog called Keeper who was so beloved that she rose from her sickbed the evening before her death to feed him . When she died, Keeper followed her coffin and then according to Charlotte, came into the church with the family, “lying in the pew couched at [their] feet while the burial service was being read”
She also had a cat called Tiger who played at Emily’s feet while she wrote Wuthering Heights.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Emily and her sisters kept fit by walking over those desolate moors.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Emily was a silent, reserved, emotionally bound up woman. In private she preferred to live in her imagined land of Gondal rather than the real world. The mystical writer was obsessed by death and her classic, poetical story, Wuthering Heights, about Heathcliffe’s doomed, obsessional love for Cathy shocked many critics with its immoral passion, unusual construction and violent nature.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Throughout her last consumptive illness, Emily refused all drugs and medical attention despite being in extreme pain during its later stages.

HOMES Until 1820 Emily lived at a bleak, Georgian Vicarage in Market Street, Thornton, West Yorks. She moved to Haworth Rectory, in Church Street, Haworth (see left) where Emily and her sisters were bought up in isolation on the Yorkshire moors. The rectory is now a museum. Today over 200,000 tourists visit Haworth a year. Charlotte's father gave the first tour in the 1850s

DEATH Emily's health, like her sisters', had been weakened by unsanitary conditions at home and at school. Having caught She caught a cold during the funeral of her brother in September 1848, she grew very thin and ill, but rejected medical help and refused all proffered remedies, saying that she would have "no poisoning doctor" near her. She died on 19 December 1848 at about two in the afternoon. Emily was interred in the Church of St. Michael and All Angels family vault, Haworth, West Yorkshire.


APPEARANCES IN MEDIA 1. Wuthering Heights The 1939 movie with with Larry Olivier as Heathcliffe and Merle Oberon as Cathy is by far the finest of several film versions of Emily's classic novel. "No matter what I ever do or say Heathcliffe, this is me-now-standing on this hill with you. This is me, forever," said Merle Oberon memorably. The second best version was probably the 1970 one with Timothy "007" Dalton and Anna Calder-Marshall (what happened to her?) The 1992 version with Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche with remarkably Sinead O'Connor as Emily was a Bernard Matthews. We mustn't forget Sir Cliff's 1995 musical version and the Monty Python semaphore version.
2. Kate Bush's 1978 UK #1 Wuthering Heights was the single that introduced her to the public. (Incidentally Kate Bush shares the same birthday as Emily).
3. Devotion, a 1946 film about the Brontës where Branwell has an American accent and the Rev Nicholls a German/Austrian one.

ACHIEVEMENTS 


1. Wuthering Heights is the best selling Penguin Classic in the UK.
2. The success of the Brontës helped the equality for women cause. You could say Emily's tragic masterpiece was a great weep forward.

REFERENCES Wikipedia and my knowledge.

Wuthering Heights

Charlotte Brontë

 NAME Charlotte Brontë

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Author

BIRTH  April 21, 1816 at Thornton, Bradford, Yorkshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Charlotte was bought up by her father, Patrick, an eccentric Irish Clergyman, who was in the habit of carrying a loaded pistol in his pocket and an Aunt, who was her mother’s unmarried sister. Her Cornish Mother, Maria died in 1821 at the age of 37 of cancer. The Aunt who came down to look after them was a Calvinist Methodist. Although they appreciated her efforts, she apparently did not become a second mother to them.
Charlotte had four sisters including Emily (1818-1848) who wrote Wuthering Heights and Anne (1820-49) who wrote Agnes Grey . She acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters." Her one brother Patrick (1817-1848) (always known simply as Branwell, so that's how I will refer to him), was addicted to opium and alcohol and often used to frequent the Nelson Inn at Luddenden Foot, West Yorks. He was the black sheep of the family. Her two other sisters Maria and Elizabeth also died of consumption, both in 1825. Her father outlived all his children.

CHILDHOOD In 1826 Mr Brontë bought home a box of wooden soldiers for Branwell to play with. Charlotte (left) and her sisters joined in and together they used the soldiers to create an imaginary kingdom called Angria. Over the next ten years, she filled thousands of pages of miniature books imagining and chronicling the fantastic world of Angria.

EDUCATION In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters, Emily, Maria, and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). As borders there cruelty, poor hygiene and starvation made life horrific and hastened the deaths of their older sisters, Maria and Elizabeth who died of tuberculosis in June 1825. Soon afterwards Charlotte's father removed her and Emily from the school. I'm told the Clergy Daughters' School still exists, though it was moved to Casterton shortly after the scandal.
Afterwards their father undertook to educate them himself, although this education seems to have been largely self-administered by her. In 1831 14-year-old Charlotte became a pupil at Miss Wooler's school at Roe Head, Mirfield, West Yorkshire, but left the following year to teach her sisters at home.

CAREER RECORD Charlotte took up various positions as governesses & teachers to earn money to pay for an art education for their brother Branwell. Her CV reads thus:
1835-8 A teacher at her old school at Roe Head.
1839 A governess with Sidgwick family near Skipton
1841 A governess with a family at Rawdon
1842-43 Studied languages and school management at Brussels and taught at a boarding school, the Pensionnat Héger, in the hope of returning to Yorkshire to establish a school of their own.
1844 Using a small inheritance from her aunt Charlotte set up with Emily a school for girls in their home village of Haworth. Although they advertised they received no pupils, so the sisters turned to their poems and novels which they had been writing.
1846 It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by her family that led her, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1846. The following year, Charlotte's first novel, Jane Eyre was published.
1850s Charlotte cared for her aged father.

APPEARANCE Charlotte was a wee slip of a girl with brown hair, a square heavily featured face, bad complexion, fine eyes and spectacles. GH Lewis, (George Eliot's lover) described Charlotte as "a little plain, provincial, sickly looking old maid." She was very self-conscious about her teeth and never smiled with her mouth open. .

CHARACTER When at home, Charlotte was a saintly drudge, a long suffering victim of duty, but away a passionate, manipulative, dynamic, emotional rebellious lady who was criticised as being un-befitting a clergyman's daughter. By Gum they were a sensitive lot up there.

RELATIONSHIPS For years Charlotte thought she was too plain to marry and was consequently eloquent about the loneliness of a single woman. She fell in love several times herself including one Monsieur Héger, a choleric, small professor of logic whom she met whilst teaching in Belgium. When she returned to Haworth she continued to correspond with him, despite the fact he was married already, until he ceased the letters. Charlotte was heartbroken.
However, all was not lost. Charlotte actually received four proposals of marriage before, on 29th June 1854, she married her father's curate, the Reverend Arthur Nicholls after initial violent objections from her dad. Charlotte wore a white muslin wedding dress with delicate green embroidery and a lace trimmed bonnet. It was said she looked like a "snowdrop".
Arthur was faithful, pleasant ans indomitable and Charlotte at first merely admired but later grew to love her hubby. He did not share their intellectual interests but made her happy. They had nine months of an increasingly happy marriage as Charlotte found joy in domestic love. But in March 1855 Charlotte died.
The extroverted Charlotte had many friends including her future biographer, Mrs Gaskell.

MONEY AND FAME Charlotte was widely acclaimed straight away for Jane Eyre, William Makepiece Thackery was especially keen. Within a few years Brontë mania had started and people were flocking to Haworth. An American bought up part of Charlotte’s discarded sash window & carried it on his back to Keighley station.
The frenchified Brontë (with the accent over the "E") was Arthur Nicholls idea.

FOOD AND DRINK Charlotte and her sisters were keen on berries. When not, er, berrying themselves in writing they ate blackberries, gooseberries, elderberries and other moorish berries.

LITERATURE After leaving school, Charlotte and her sisters read widely at home including Byron & Scott. They wrote magazines in imitation of Blackwoods Magazine. Charlotte used the pseudynomn "Currer Bell" when she published her first two novels.

Charlotte was the first to try to get something published, a small book of poems written by her, Emily & Anne under the names Currer, Ellis & Acton Bell (named thus so as not to reveal their gender). Only two copies were sold. The next year the three sisters each sent a novel to the publishers, Charlotte, The Professor, which only came out posthumously in 1857, Emily, Wuthering Heights and Anne, Agnes Grey, which were both accepted. The disappointed Charlotte quickly raced off Jane Eyre, which actually got published before her sister's novels.

In case you don't know, Jane Eyre is about an orphan girl who grew up to become a governess in a mysterious neighbourhood. The first half was written whilst Charlotte nursed her father through the aftermath of a dangerous eye operation in a hotel. The plucky, plain downtrodden Jane was partly based on Charlotte's own experiences and Rochester supposedly on Lord Byron. The Morton to which Jane fled from Thornfield Hall corresponds to the village of Hathersage in the Peak District. The deserted Wycollier Hall on Brontë Way was Jane Eyre's Ferndean Manor. Lowood School was based on Cowan Bridge School.

  
Other novels were:
1849 Shirley The heroine was based on Emily
1853 Villette, which was written as a result of Charlotte's heartbreak over Monsieur Héger.
Charlotte left several unfinished novels when she died including Emma, which was eventually finished and published in 1980 by "Charlotte Brontë and Another Lady.",

PETS After Branwell, then Emily, and then Anne died within months of each other, Emily's dog Keeper and Anne's dog Flossey provided Charlotte some solace in her grief.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Charlotte and her sisters kept fit by walking over those desolate moors.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY The saintly, long-suffering Charlotte Brontë was an Anglican feminist and a passionate anti-Catholic who had been influenced by her Wesleyan family background with its belief that only complete adherence to God’s will brings salvation. These themes stand out in her Jane Eyre, where only after the brooding romantic Mr Rochester’s blindness, like St Paul, and his subsequent repentance to God can the book's heroine and Rochester be bought together.
Politically a Tory, Charlotte preached tolerance rather than revolution. Despite her shyness in company, she was always prepared to argue her beliefs.

SCANDAL The extent of Charlotte Brontë's feelings for Monsieur Héger were not fully realised until 1913, when her letters to him were published for the first time. These letters, referred to as the 'Héger Letters', had been ripped up at some stage by Héger, but his wife had retrieved the pieces from the wastepaper bin and had meticulously sewn them back together.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS The sickly Charlotte believed her time at the poorly run Cowan Bridge School, where two of her sisters both died of consumption permanently ruined her health.

HOMES Until 1820 Charlotte lived at a bleak, Georgian Vicarage in Market Street, Thornton, West Yorks. She moved to Haworth Rectory, in Church Street, Haworth (see left) where Charlotte and her sisters were bought up in isolation on the Yorkshire moors. The rectory is now a museum. Today over 200,000 tourists visit Haworth a year. Charlotte's father gave the first tour in the 1850s.

TRAVEL A favorite walk of the sisters lead for two miles west to the Brontë waterfall, by no means Niagara size, just a mere trickle. Charlotte came here to mourn the loss of her sisters.
In view of the enormous success of Jane Eyre, Charlotte was persuaded by her publisher to occasionally visit London, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in a more exalted social circle. However, she never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as she did not like to leave her ageing father's side.
In 1851 Charlotte visited the Great Exhibition in London and attended lectures by Thackery. The same year she also journeyed to the Lake District and Scotland and Manchester

DEATH Charlotte found she was pregnant not long after her marriage, and it was felt she would have a difficult pregnancy due to previous ill-health. Despite this, her husband insisted on her accompanying him to visiting the Brontë waterfall in the rain. The ground underneath was extremely damp and Charlotte caught a chill, leading to pneumonia. She died on 31 March 1855 at Haworth House & are buried at St Michael’s Church there.




APPEARANCES IN MEDIA 1. Loads of TV and movie versions of Jane Eyre including one in 1943 where Joan Fontaine and Orson Welles starred as those famous fictional Brits, Jane Eyre and Rochester. In 1970 the lovely Susannah York played the supposedly plain Jane and George C "Patton" Scott, Rochester. There was also a 2006 BBC version, starring Ruth Wilson and Toby Stephens, which you can see below.
2. Mrs Gaskill's Life of Charlotte (1857), is one of the classic biographies, and helped promote the Brontë legend.
3. Devotion a 1946 film about the Brontës where Branwell has an American accent and the Rev Nicholls a German/Austrian one.

ACHIEVEMENTS 1. In 1994 Jane Eyre was the 7th most borrowed classic from a library (I bet you didn't know that!) Jane was the first plain heroine in English literature.
2. The success of the Brontës helped the equality for women cause.