Thursday, 30 October 2014

Geronimo

NAME Geronimo (Goyahkla, meaning “One Who Yawns”)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Geronimo was a legendary Apache warrior and resistance leader known for his fearless campaigns against both Mexican and United States forces in defense of Apache land, culture, and autonomy.

BIRTH Geronimo was born on June 16, 1829 (some sources suggest June 1829) in No-Doyohn Canyon (or No-doyohn Cañon), in what is now southeastern Arizona but was then part of Mexico. Some historians place his birth near present-day Clifton, Arizona, while others suggest the Gila River area in New Mexico.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Geronimo belonged to the Bedonkohe band of the Chiricahua Apache tribe. His grandfather was a chief of the Chiricahua Apache, but his father Taklishim ("the gray one") forfeited his hereditary right to leadership when he married into the Bedonkohe Apache tribe. His mother was Juana. Through marriage, Geronimo acquired significant family connections: Chief Juh of the Nedhai band was his brother-in-law, and he later married a niece of the famous Chief Cochise, making both Cochise and Chief Mangas Coloradas his uncles by marriage.

CHILDHOOD As a child, Geronimo was known as Goyahkla, meaning "One Who Yawns." He was raised in the warrior traditions of Apache life, where raiding rival tribes was seen as a mark of honor and bravery. According to legend, after making his first kill, the young Geronimo swallowed the animal’s heart to secure a lifetime of hunting success. Even in his youth, Geronimo was recognized by his people for his uncanny ability to interpret signs and foresee events, and he was soon trained as a shaman.

EDUCATION Geronimo's education followed traditional Apache customs, learning through modeling and trial and error. He was taught holy songs and prayers as part of his spiritual training as a medicine man. He learned traditional Apache skills including farming crops of corn, beans, squash, and peppers

By his coming of age, he showed talent for hunting and was admitted to the Council of Warriors at age 17 in 1846. This membership signified he was considered a man and was eligible to fight in battle and marry. He learned traditional Apache skills including farming crops of corn, beans, squash, and peppers.

CAREER RECORD Geronimo's career was defined by almost continuous warfare and resistance:

1846: Admitted to warriors' council at age 17

1851: First major tragedy when Mexican soldiers killed his mother, wife, and three children

1851-1886: Led numerous raids against Mexican and American forces

1858-1873: Period of intense warfare following family massacre

1874: Forced onto San Carlos Reservation with 4,000 other Apache He led several breakouts from reservations, including major campaigns in 1881 and 1885

1886: Final surrender to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona

1886-1909: Prisoner of war, first in Florida, then Alabama, finally Fort Sill, Oklahoma

APPEARANCE Geronimo was described as being of medium height, with a stocky build, strong features, and intense, piercing eyes. Photographs from his later life show him with a stern expression, often wearing traditional Apache clothing.

Indian agent John Clum, who arrested him in 1877, described him as standing "erect as a mountain pine, while every outline of his symmetrical form indicated strength and endurance. His abundant ebony locks draped his ample shoulders, his stern features, his keen piercing eye, and his proud and graceful posture combined to create in him the model of an Apache war-chief". (1)

Geronimo kneeling with rifle, 1887

FASHION His fashion was primarily traditional Apache attire, including buckskin clothing, moccasins, and often a warbonnet or headband adorned with feathers. In his later years, after his surrender, he adapted to wearing more Western-style clothing while maintaining some traditional elements. 

CHARACTER Geronimo was resolute, courageous, and deeply spiritual. His tenacity in battle and loyalty to his people earned him respect on both sides of the conflict.

SPEAKING VOICE Geronimo spoke in his native Apache tongue and was known for being solemn and deliberate in his speech. His words carried weight, often rooted in spiritual beliefs.

As an Apache medicine man and spiritual leader, he would have been skilled in oral tradition, storytelling, and ceremonial speaking. He dictated his autobiography to S.S. Barrett, indicating he was articulate and capable of detailed narrative. 

During his time as a prisoner, he became skilled at public speaking and appeared at various exhibitions and fairs.

SENSE OF HUMOUR There are few accounts of his humor, but later anecdotes from his appearances at fairs suggest he had a wry wit, especially when selling photographs of himself to the curious public.

RELATIONSHIPS Geronimo was married nine to ten times throughout his life, with many wives dying violently or being captured. His documented wives included:

Alope - His first wife, a Nednhi Chiricahua, married around 1840. She and their three children were killed in the March 5, 1851 massacre at Janos. Their murder was a pivotal event that fueled his lifelong hatred of Mexicans and his determination to fight.

Chee-hash-kish - Bedonkohe Chiricahua, married 1852-1853, had two children including Chappo

Nana-that-thtith - Bedonkohe Chiricahua, had one child; both killed by Mexican troops

She-gha - Nednhi Chiricahua, related to Chief Cochise, married spring 1861

Shtsha-she - Bedonkohe Chiricahua, third wife

Zi-yeh - Daughter of Pine Pitch House, married late 1879, had children named Fenton and Eva

Ih-tedda - Young Mescalero Apache

Sousche (Mary Loto) - Widow who left him in 1906

Francesca - Former Mexican captive who had survived a mountain lion attack

Ta-ayz-slath (also known as Zi-yeh or Early Morning) was the mother of a son named Fenton Geronimo and a daughter named Eva (Geronimo) Godeley

Sunsetso (Azul) - His last wife, married 1907, survived him

His family ties throughout the Apache bands were extensive and important to his leadership. (2)

Ta-ayz-slath, wife of Geronimo, and child

MONEY AND FAME Geronimo's wealth was tied to the well-being of his people and the resources of their land. His fame grew as his resistance became legendary, particularly in the United States, where he was both feared and, ironically, admired as a symbol of defiance.

As a prisoner of war, Geronimo became quite entrepreneurial and achieved considerable fame. He appeared at major expositions including the 1898 Trans-Mississippi International Exposition in Omaha, the 1901 Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, and the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. He participated in President Theodore Roosevelt's inaugural parade in 1905. Geronimo received money for these appearances and became skilled at selling autographed photographs and handmade items to tourists. He was described as "a Pioneer in self-branding by selling his own autographs" and became quite successful at capitalizing on his fame.

FOOD AND DRINK Traditional Apache diet included farming crops like corn, beans, squash, and peppers. The Apache also relied on hunting, gathering wild foods, and occasionally raiding for livestock. 

As a prisoner at Fort Sill, Geronimo reportedly supported a whiskey habit, selling handmade bows and arrows to tourists to fund his drinking. His final illness was precipitated by a drinking binge when he fell from his horse and contracted pneumonia after lying in cold weather all night.

MUSIC AND ARTS Geronimo was trained in traditional Apache spiritual practices, which included learning "holy songs and prayers". As a medicine man and spiritual leader, he would have been well-versed in ceremonial music and chanting. 

During his captivity, he became skilled at making traditional crafts including bows and arrows, which he sold to tourists and collectors. He also participated in Wild West shows, which would have involved some theatrical and performance elements.

Geronimo with traditional Apache bow and arrow.

LITERATURE Geronimo dictated his autobiography, Geronimo: His Own Story, to S.S. Barrett, which was published in 1906. Despite being unable to read or write, he was an accomplished storyteller in the oral tradition of his people. The book provides his personal account of his life, beliefs, and experiences. 

His story has been the subject of numerous books, films, and other media representations since his death.

NATURE Geronimo had an intimate knowledge of the natural world, essential for survival and warfare in the Southwest. His spiritual beliefs were deeply connected to nature, the land, and the spirits that inhabited them.

PETS Horses were essential to Apache life and warfare. The Apache were skilled horsemen, and Geronimo's final accident occurred when he fell from his horse during a drinking episode.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Geronimo's life was primarily consumed by warfare and survival. His "hobbies" would have included traditional Apache activities like hunting, tracking, and perhaps participating in tribal ceremonies and games that honed physical and strategic skills.

During his imprisonment at Fort Sill, he became skilled at making traditional crafts for sale to tourists.  He enjoyed participating in fairs and exhibitions, suggesting he found some entertainment value in these public appearances.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Geronimo possessed extraordinary practical knowledge of navigation, weather prediction, and survival skills. His ability to track, evade pursuit, and find resources in harsh desert conditions demonstrated sophisticated understanding of natural phenomena. As a medicine man, he would have had extensive knowledge of herbal medicines and healing practices.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Geronimo's spiritual beliefs evolved significantly during his lifetime. Originally, he followed traditional Apache religion centered on Ussen (the Creator) and believed in spiritual powers including visions and prophetic dreams. He claimed to have heard a voice promising "No gun will ever kill you. I will take the bullets from the guns of the Mexicans... and I will guide your arrows".

In 1903, Geronimo converted to Christianity, specifically joining the Reformed Church of America (related to the Dutch Reformed Church). He publicly confessed his past actions and urged his people to "give up dancing and other worldly amusements and repent of their sins". However, his conversion was viewed skeptically by many who saw it as an attempt to gain favor with President Roosevelt for clemency. He was later expelled from the church for gambling. In his autobiography, he wrote: "Believing that in a wise way it is good to go to church, and that associating with Christians would improve my character, I have adopted the Christian religion". (3)

Photograph by Frank Rinehart, 1898

POLITICS Geronimo's entire adult life was defined by political resistance to U.S. and Mexican government policies. He embodied Apache resistance to forced relocation and the reservation system. His repeated escapes from reservations were political acts defending Apache rights to their traditional way of life and homeland. Geronimo made numerous appeals to President Roosevelt for clemency and the right to return to Arizona. 

His ultimate political goal was the freedom and self-determination of the Apache people. Geronimo's  resistance lasted longer than almost any other Native American leader, making him a symbol of Indigenous rights that continues to inspire movements today.

SCANDAL The main scandal involving Geronimo centers on allegations that members of Yale University's Skull and Bones society, including Prescott Bush (grandfather of President George W. Bush), stole his skull from his grave at Fort Sill in 1918. This led to a 2009 lawsuit by his descendants seeking to recover his remains. The alleged grave desecration carries significant political and cultural implications.

Additionally, controversy arose in 2011 when the U.S. military used "Geronimo" as the code name for the mission that killed Osama bin Laden. Native American leaders criticized this usage, arguing it perpetuated negative stereotypes and was inappropriate to associate a Native American hero with a terrorist.

Geronimo's expulsion from the Dutch Reformed Church for gambling was a noted blot in his twilight years. He also clashed with some other Apache leaders who disagreed with his continued resistance or decisions.

MILITARY RECORD Geronimo’s military career—if one can call a lifetime of running rings around vastly larger armies a “career”—spanned nearly forty years and was essentially one long, defiant middle finger to two national governments.

He first popped up during the Bascom Affair in 1861 and again at the Battle of Apache Pass in 1862—minor sparks that ignited what would become the protracted Apache Wars. From 1863 to 1872, he fought shoulder to shoulder with the equally legendary Cochise in a long, furious war of vengeance. This was followed by the most extraordinary stretch of all: the years 1876 to 1886, a full decade in which Geronimo repeatedly surrendered, escaped, reappeared, disappeared, and made generals tear their hair out in frustration.

The climax came in 1885–86, during what became known as the Geronimo Campaign—a mad, expensive, and often humiliating chase in which over 5,000 U.S. soldiers and 3,000 Mexican troops were dispatched to capture Geronimo’s ragtag group of just 38 people. That’s not a typo. Thirty-eight.

His war parties, rarely more than 30 to 50 warriors, were astonishingly effective, reportedly killing over 5,000 enemies while taking very few casualties themselves. Geronimo was wounded several times but, crucially, never defeated in battle. He finally surrendered—for the last time—on September 4, 1886, at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona. And thus ended one of the most improbable and stubborn military resistances in American history.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Geronimo maintained remarkable physical fitness throughout most of his life, as required by his nomadic warrior lifestyle. The Apache were lean, muscular, broad-shouldered with exceptional endurance. Apache war parties could travel 40 miles per day on foot across difficult terrain. 

Geronimo was wounded multiple times in battle but always recovered. His belief that no bullets could kill him seemed validated by his survival of countless engagements.

His health declined in his final years at Fort Sill. He developed a drinking problem and died from pneumonia after he fell from his horse during a drinking episode and lay in the cold all night before being found.

HOMES Geronimo's "homes" were the vast, rugged territories of the Apache in what is now Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. He lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic existence, residing in temporary wickiups or camps, always on the move to evade enemies or hunt.

From 1874, he was forced to live on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona, nicknamed "Hell's Forty Acres."

After his final surrender, he was held as a prisoner of war at various locations, including Fort Pickens, Florida (1886-1888), Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama (1888-1894) and Fort Sill, Oklahoma (1894-1909). At Fort Sill, he lived in prisoner housing and took up farming as required. The area now known as Fort Sill includes housing on Geronimo Road, commemorating his long residency there.

TRAVEL  Geronimo's travels were dictated by the movements of his band, either for hunting, raiding, or evading capture. 

During Warfare (1850-1886): His raiding parties traveled throughout Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. The Geronimo Trail in southeastern Arizona commemorates his routes. His ability to navigate this harsh terrain and evade capture across such vast distances was legendary.

As Prisoner (1886-1909): Transported by railroad from Arizona to Florida, then Alabama, and finally Oklahoma. Despite being a prisoner, he traveled extensively within the U.S. for exhibitions and fairs.

Exhibition Tours: Appeared at major events across the country including Omaha, Buffalo, St. Louis, and Washington D.C.. These travels made him one of the most widely-seen Native Americans of his era.

Geronimo departing for Florida from Fort Bowie, Arizona

DEATH Geronimo died on February 17, 1909, at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, at the age of 79-80. The cause of death was pneumonia. The illness was precipitated when he fell from his horse during a drinking binge and spent the night lying in cold weather before being found by a friend.

According to reports, his final words were: "I should have never surrendered. I should have fought until I was the last man alive". 

He was buried in the Apache cemetery at Fort Sill. 

His last wife, Azul, survived him and later moved to the Mescalero Reservation in New Mexico.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Geronimo has appeared extensively in popular culture since his lifetime:

Early Films: One of the earliest films about his life, Geronimo's Last Raid, appeared in 1912, just three years after his death.

Books: His autobiography Geronimo: His Own Story (1906) and numerous biographies including Angie Debo's Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place (1976).

Films: Major Hollywood productions including Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) starring Wes Studi, directed by Walter Hill.

Literature and Academic Works: William M. Clements' Imagining Geronimo: An Apache Icon in Popular Culture (2013) explores his extensive media representations.

Children's Literature: The character name has been used for the popular "Geronimo Stilton" children's book series, though this is unrelated to the historical figure.

Contemporary References: His name has been used for everything from military operations to commercial products, making him one of the most recognized Native American names in popular culture. The cry “Geronimo!” as a symbol of fearlessness was popularized by American paratroopers, inspired by a 1939 film about him. 

Actor Nicholas Colasanto kept a picture of Geronimo in his dressing room while filming Cheers; it now hangs in the show's bar set in his honor. (4)

ACHIEVEMENTS Prolonged Resistance: Led one of the longest and most effective resistances against U.S. and Mexican expansion, holding out for decades when many other Native American groups had been subdued.

Master of Guerrilla Warfare: Demonstrated exceptional skill in guerrilla tactics, repeatedly outmaneuvering and evading vastly superior forces.

Spiritual Leadership: Maintained a powerful role as a shaman and spiritual leader, inspiring and guiding his people through immense hardship.

Symbol of Resistance: Became an enduring international symbol of Native American resistance, courage, and the fight for freedom and self-determination against overwhelming odds.

Preservation of Apache Culture (in part): Though his people were ultimately confined, his actions contributed to the preservation of some aspects of Apache identity and history.

Sources: (1) Encyclopedia.com (2) True West magazine (3) Historynet (4) Encyclopaedia of Trivia

Monday, 27 October 2014

Richard Gere

NAME Richard Tiffany Gere

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Richard Gere is a celebrated American actor known for his leading roles in romantic dramas such as Pretty Woman (1990), An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), and Chicago (2002), as well as his humanitarian work and commitment to Tibetan Buddhism.

BIRTH August 31, 1949, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Richard Gere is the second of five children born to Homer George Gere and Doris Anna (née Tiffany). His father was an agent for the National Farmers Union Insurance Co., and his mother was a homemaker. He has three sisters, Susan, Laura, and Joanne, and one brother, David. His ancestry includes English, and smaller amounts of Scots-Irish (Northern Irish), Welsh, Dutch, Scottish, and French.

CHILDHOOD Gere grew up in Syracuse, New York, after his family settled there. During his high school years, he was actively involved in various activities, including playing the trumpet, participating in musicals, and gymnastics.

EDUCATION Richard Gere attended North Syracuse Central High School (now Cicero-North Syracuse High School), graduating in 1967. He was voted “Most Musical” and lettered in gymnastics. 

Gere went on to the University of Massachusetts Amherst on a gymnastics scholarship, where he majored in philosophy. However, he did not complete his university education, dropping out after two years to pursue acting.

CAREER RECORD Gere’s film career began in the 1970s and rose to prominence with American Gigolo (1980). He solidified his leading-man status in An Officer and a Gentleman and Pretty Woman, in which he beat out Sam Neill, Tom Conti, and Charles Grodin for the role of Edward Lewis. He later starred in Chicago, which earned him a Golden Globe.

APPEARANCE Richard Gere is 5′ 10″/1.77 m with an athletic build and expressive eyes. He is known for his distinctive silver hair, which became a signature part of his mature leading man image. Gere possesses a poised and appealing screen presence, often noted for his "silky walk and fluid gestures." . In 1991, he was voted "Sexiest Man Alive" by People Magazine. (1)

Gere at the 2024 Venice Film Festival by Harald Krichel 

FASHION Gere’s Armani wardrobe in American Gigolo helped globalize unstructured Italian tailoring, spawning the modern power-suit trend and cementing the actor as a menswear icon. Off-screen he favors understated linen jackets and washed denim, befitting his Buddhist minimalism. (2)

CHARACTER Often described as introspective and deeply spiritual, Gere is known for his humility, political engagement, and quiet charisma off-screen.

Colleagues describe him as disciplined, curious and wryly self-deprecating. Longtime director Oren Moverman calls him “fearless yet endlessly patient” on set. 

SPEAKING VOICE Gere’s voice is a warm, mid-range baritone—smooth, calming, and slightly husky—well-suited to his roles as romantic leads and introspective protagonists. Vocal coaches describe it as “distinctive but not operatic,” though it sometimes slips regionally, as noted in critiques of his Northern Irish accent in The Jackal

SENSE OF HUMOUR Dry and sardonic, Gere has a sharp wit and a flair for improvisation—most famously ad-libbing the iconic jewelry-box snap in Pretty Woman. His frequent on-air jokes about his own movie lines show a relaxed sense of humor and an ease with self-parody.

RELATIONSHIPS Richard Gere has been married three times. He was famously married to supermodel Cindy Crawford. They wed on December 12, 1991, at the Little Church of the West in Las Vegas, in a ceremony officiated by Rev. Wes McPherson. The marriage ended in divorce in 1995/

He tied the knot with actress Carey Lowell in November 2002 in a private outdoor ceremony at their weekend home in Pound Ridge, New York. The only guests were reportedly their two-year-old son Homer and Lowell's daughter from a previous marriage. Their marriage ended in divorce in 2016.

His third marriage is to Spanish publicist and activist Alejandra Silva. The ceremony took place at Richard Gere’s estate in Pound Ridge, New York in April 2018. They later celebrated with family and friends the following month. They have two children. 

Gere with Alejandra Silva in 2024 by Harald Krichel 

MONEY AND FAME Gere has achieved significant financial success through his prolific acting career. His net worth is estimated to be in the tens of millions, largely from acting and real estate.

While never drawn to fame, Gere became one of Hollywood’s most bankable stars in the 1980s and 1990s. He has also leveraged his fame for various philanthropic and activist causes. He is a strong advocate for issues like HIV/AIDS and the human rights crisis in Tibet, establishing the Gere Foundation to support global humanitarian issues.

FOOD AND DRINK Richard Gere isn’t strictly vegetarian but follows a largely plant-based diet, occasionally eating fish and chicken while avoiding red meat. He’s expressed a desire to eventually cut out all animal products, favoring high-fiber, low-cholesterol meals. One favorite: chef Joe Monnich’s brown-butter Scottish salmon with spaghetti squash, featured in People magazine. He also enjoys the occasional gourmet cake, courtesy of neighbor Martha Stewart. (3)

ACTING CAREER Richard Gere has had the sort of acting career most people only daydream about while stuck in traffic or doing the dishes. It has now merrily stretched over five decades, hopping from Broadway to blockbuster and occasionally pausing to win awards or charm the French. Along the way, he's played everything from a high-powered corporate tycoon to a tap-dancing lawyer, to a man romantically entangled with a dog. (Sort of.)

Gere began his career in the early 1970s, when people still used typewriters and thought disco was a reasonable lifestyle choice. He took to the stage first, of course—as all proper actors are supposed to do—before easing into film roles like Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977) and Days of Heaven (1978), where he showed off a kind of smoldering intensity that suggested he might either recite Shakespeare or steal your girlfriend.

Then came American Gigolo (1980), which did for Gere what Saturday Night Fever did for Travolta—made him a style icon and a bit of a sex symbol, all while wearing truly alarming suits. By the time An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) rolled around, he was firmly entrenched in the public imagination as the sort of man who could carry Debra Winger out of a factory and look good doing it.

The 1990s were very good to Richard Gere. Pretty Woman (1990) arrived and turned him into something even bigger than a movie star: a rom-com legend. Paired with Julia Roberts, he managed to make playing a billionaire with commitment issues seem strangely noble. He also famously improvised the jewelry-box snap, proving he could be funny even in Armani.

The rest of the decade saw a string of varied performances in Sommersby (1993), Primal Fear (1996), The Jackal (1997), and Runaway Bride (1999). These roles often cast him as intelligent, tortured, or both—sometimes while wearing glasses, which in Hollywood means the character reads books.

Gere kicked off the new millennium with Unfaithful (2002) and The Mothman Prophecies (2002), films that reminded audiences he could still seethe and brood with the best of them. Then came Chicago (also 2002), a film that allowed him to sing, dance, and twirl a cane like a vaudeville Houdini. It won Best Picture, and Gere took home a Golden Globe, proving that yes, sometimes justice is real.

He followed with Shall We Dance? (2004), The Hoax (2006), I'm Not There (2007), and Hachi: A Dog's Tale (2009)—a film so emotionally effective it should come with tissues printed directly onto the DVD case. Critics took renewed notice with Arbitrage (2012) and Norman (2016), both of which showcased his ability to play morally ambiguous men with unsettling grace.

Gere continued to be film-active in the 2020s. Projects include Maybe I Do (2023), Oh, Canada (2024), and Longing (2024), proving that audiences are still quite happy to watch him do, well, anything.

He’s also ventured back into television, starring in and producing the BBC’s MotherFatherSon (2019) and the espionage thriller The Agency (2024), which may or may not have included him looking thoughtfully into the distance while wearing a trench coat.

Before all the film glory, Gere made his bones on stage, most notably in the 1979 production of Bent, and has occasionally returned to theatrical roots with the sort of intensity that makes you sit up straighter in your seat. He is, quite simply, a man who takes his craft seriously, even when he’s doing it while wearing tap shoes.

Over the years, Gere has collected a Golden Globe for Chicago, numerous nominations, and several lifetime achievement and humanitarian honors. He’s known nearly as much for his work off-screen as on it—an actor, yes, but also an advocate, activist, and surprisingly good piano player (he wrote and performed the solo in Pretty Woman, a fact that deserves to be on his business card).

MUSIC AND ARTS Music has been a significant part of Richard Gere's life since his youth. In high school, he was an avid musician, playing four instruments (including the trumpet) and composing scores for amateur musical shows. He has showcased his musical talents in several films, notably playing his own music compositions in Pretty Woman, The Cotton Club, and Runaway Bride. His role in Chicago also demonstrated his singing and dancing abilities. He has a deep appreciation for jazz music.

Gere is a passionate photographer; he's published Tibetan photo-essays donated to charity. 

He’s a passionate collector of Tibetan art.

He produces independent films and Broadway revivals; Gere executive-produced Time Out of Mind (2014) and Hachi: A Dog’s Tale (2009).

LITERATURE Gere is widely read in philosophy and spiritual literature, particularly Tibetan Buddhist texts. He has spoken about how books have guided his humanitarian path.

Richard Gere has contributed to literature, including forewords or contributions to books related to Buddhism and humanitarian causes. For example, he has contributed to works like Sadness, Love, Openness and A Profound Mind.

NATURE  A devoted environmentalist, Gere treasures natural spaces and often retreats to peaceful, rural settings far from the glare of Hollywood. On his North Salem estate, he cultivates organic gardens and wildflower meadows, creating a private sanctuary that reflects his ecological values. He actively campaigns against deforestation through Survival International and regularly journeys to Bodh Gaya, India, where he joins outdoor teachings with the Dalai Lama beneath the Bodhi tree.

PETS Richard Gere starred in and co-produced the heartwarming Hachi: A Dog’s Tale, a film celebrating the deep bond between man and dog. He called the three Akitas who played the title role “the real stars.”

HOBBIES AND SPORTS As a teenager, Richard Gere was a state champion gymnast and played the trumpet. 

He practices Iyengar yoga and daily 60-minute meditation sits. 

Gere enjoys horseback riding on his estate trails.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Gere's philosophical pursuits, particularly in Buddhism, often intersect with concepts of the mind and reality that can be explored through a scientific lens. He has been involved in discussions about how meditation changes the mind, brain, and body, aligning with scientific inquiry into consciousness.

Gere advocates neuroplasticity research and funds contemplative-science studies through Healing the Divide. 

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A Zen student since the early 1970s, Gere embraced Tibetan Buddhism after a 1978 Nepal journey and has been a dedicated follower and student of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, since the early 1980s. His faith is a central pillar of his life, influencing his worldview, activism, and daily practices, including meditation.  He often discusses the Buddhist concept of illusion and the nature of self.

Gere espouses inter-faith dialogue and nonviolent ethics in global forums.

Gere with Lobsang Nyandak during the Tibet Fund annual gala in 2016, by Timofeytv 

POLITICS Richard Gere is a prominent political activist, particularly known for his advocacy for human rights in Tibet and his strong criticism of China's occupation of the region. He is a co-founder of the Tibet House US and chairman of the Gere Foundation, which is dedicated to promoting Tibetan culture and supporting the Tibetan people. His outspoken political views have sometimes led to professional repercussions, such as being banned from the 1993 Academy Awards after speaking out against China's policies. 

He also advocates for global humanitarian issues and HIV/AIDS awareness.

Gere frequently endorses Democratic initiatives and AIDS funding bills.

SCANDAL Despite some media curiosity in his private life and tabloid rumors, Gere has largely avoided major scandals. His outspokenness on Tibet has led to political backlash but not personal controversy. Hollywood’s reticence to cast him in China-funded blockbusters is more tangible, stemming from his political stance.

MILITARY RECORD Gere’s naval-aviator portrayal in An Officer and a Gentleman remains one of cinema’s definitive uniformed roles.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Richard Gere maintains his health and physical fitness through practices like meditation. He has spoken about how meditation has positively impacted his mind, brain, and body, helping him manage emotions like anger. 

HOMES Richard Gere has owned various properties. His current primary residence is a 35-acre horse farm, North Salem, New York,

He has been the4 co-owner since 2007 of the Bedford Post Inn, an eight-room boutique hotel and yoga center.

He reportedly acquired an €11 million mansion in the La Moraleja region of Madrid, Spain, a beautiful residential area. This three-story property boasts 1,000 square meters of space, a luxury heated pool, and a wine cellar. 

He previously owned a significant estate in Pound Ridge, New York, which he sold in 2022.

TRAVEL Richard Gere's travel is often linked to his activism and spiritual pursuits. He makes regular pilgrimages to Dharamshala, Bodh Gaya and Kathmandu for Buddhist teachings, to meet with the Dalai Lama and engage with Tibetan Buddhist communities. 

In the early 1980s he made medical-aid trips to Central America war zones.

Gere claimed in a 1973 London Evening Standard interview to promote Chicago, that he brought a 750cc Triumph T140V Bonneville from the Triumph's Meriden factory with his first pay check while touring with the stage production of Grease. (4)

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Beyond his film career, Richard Gere has been a frequent presence on programs like TODAY, CNN, and the BBC, and has been profiled in People magazine’s “Life in Photos” features. In 2001, he appeared as himself—in animated form—on The Simpsons, guiding Lisa on her spiritual journey. In 2023, Conan O’Brien jokingly revived the long-debunked gerbil myth on his podcast, poking fun at tabloid absurdity with Gere’s public image as the straight-faced counterpoint.

ACHIEVEMENTS Gere has received numerous accolades, including a Golden Globe for Chicago, humanitarian awards, and lifetime achievement honors. His work for Tibet and human rights has earned him global respect.

Sources: (1) The Sheila Variations (2) GQ Magazine (3) CelebWell (4)  Encyclopaedia of Trivia

Friday, 24 October 2014

Saint George

NAME Saint George

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Saint George is most famous as a Christian martyr, legendary dragon-slayer, and the patron saint of England. His red cross on a white background is a national emblem.

BIRTH Saint George was born approximately 270-280 AD in Cappadocia, an area in what is now modern-day Turkey. Some sources suggest he may have been born around 275-281 AD. There is some scholarly debate about whether he was born in Cappadocia or Syria Palaestina, but most sources agree he was at least partly raised in the Lydda area of Palestine.

FAMILY BACKGROUND George came from a Christian noble family. His father was Gerontius (or Gerontios), a Roman army official from Cappadocia. His mother was Polychronia, a Christian and Greek native from Lydda in Palestine. Both parents belonged to noble Christian families of the Anici and were of Greek heritage.

CHILDHOOD George's father died when he was approximately fourteen years old. Following his father's death, he returned with his mother to her homeland of Syria Palestina/Lydda, where she provided him with an education. He was secretly baptized by his mother without his father's knowledge according to some accounts.

EDUCATION His mother provided him with an education in Lydda after they moved there following his father's death. As a member of a noble family, he would have received appropriate training for his social status.  This would have included Latin and Greek languages, rhetoric, history, and potentially military strategy and tactics, preparing him for a career in the Roman army. His Christian upbringing would have also involved a significant theological education within his family.

CAREER RECORD George enlisted in the Roman Army at age 17 and followed his father's profession as a soldier. He rose rapidly through the military ranks due to his courage, chivalry and charity. By his late twenties, he had achieved the rank of Tribunus Militum (Tribune), commanding a regiment of 1,000 men. He became a member of Emperor Diocletian's personal guard at Nicomedia.

APPEARANCE George was described as having tall stature and fair hair, suggesting he was probably of Darian origin. He was noted for his handsome good looks and military bearing. Some later accounts describe him as youthful and beardless with rows of curly brown hair. He was depicted as having the physical characteristics typical of a Roman cavalryman. (1)

Portrait by Hans von Kulmbach, circa 1510

FASHION  George wore typical Roman military attire as befitting his rank as a Tribune. In iconography, he is traditionally shown dressed as a soldier and sometimes depicted wearing a jeweled diadem on his head, representing a Near-Eastern version of a royal crown relating to his "crown of martyrdom". (2)

CHARACTER Saint George is universally characterized by his unwavering faith, courage, and integrity. He was renowned for his moral fortitude and his refusal to renounce his Christian beliefs, even under torture and the threat of death. He embodies bravery, chivalry, and a strong sense of justice, as demonstrated in the dragon legend where he protects the innocent. 

SPEAKING VOICE George was noted for making an eloquent and courageous speech when he appeared before Emperor Diocletian. He stirred the populace with his powerful and convincing rhetoric against the Imperial Decree to persecute Christians. (1)

RELATIONSHIPS  Limited information exists about George's personal relationships beyond his family. 

Saint George’s legendary marriage to Princess Sabra is a late-medieval and early-modern romance episode that does not appear in the earliest hagiographies but became enormously popular through Renaissance prose fiction and, later, Victorian art. 

Most modern tellings of the wedding derive from Richard Johnson’s Elizabethan bestseller The Seven Champions of Christendom (1596). In Johnson’s expansive prose romance, George rescues Sabra—re-christened an “Egyptian” princess—from the dragon, catechises and baptises her, defeats a rival suitor who betrays him, and finally weds her in a feast that unites Egypt’s court with George’s fellow Champions. 

The episode hybridises chivalric romance, crusader myth, and Protestant hagiography, making Sabra both bride and convert. From there, the wedding migrated into chapbooks, children’s editions, stained glass cycles, and, most famously, Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s 1857 water-colour The Wedding of St George and Princess Sabra.

The Wedding of St George and Princess Sabra by Dante Gabriel Rossetti 

Some accounts mention that his courage and faith made him a martyr convinced Empress Alexandra and Athanasius, a pagan priest, to become Christians, suggesting he had influence over others through his witness.

MONEY AND FAME As a high-ranking Roman officer, George would have earned a respectable salary and enjoyed a certain degree of material comfort. Before his arrest and execution, George disposed of his property to the poor and freed his slaves. He gave his money to the poor in preparation for his death. 

His fame is entirely posthumous, stemming from his martyrdom and the widespread adoption of his legend. He achieved enduring fame as a saint and a symbol of Christian valor, far surpassing any earthly renown he might have had during his lifetime.

MUSIC AND ARTS Saint George has inspired countless works of medieval art and iconography, especially in depictions of the dragon legend.

LITERATURE . Posthumously, Saint George became a central figure in hagiography (the writing of saints' lives) and medieval romances. The most famous literary work associated with him is The Golden Legend by Jacobus de Varagine (13th century), which popularized the dragon legend and greatly influenced his veneration across Europe.

NATURE George is strongly associated with a dragon—though mythical, this creature represents his relationship to the forces of nature and chaos, which he subdues.

Saint George the Dragon-Slayer, 16th century, by Georgios Klontzas

HOBBIES AND SPORTS As a Roman soldier, Saint George's training would have involved physical exercises, combat drills, and equestrian skills, which could be considered forms of "sports" or "hobbies" for a soldier.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY You have to hand it to Saint George. While most of us struggle to stay patient in traffic or not mutter something regrettable when someone takes the last biscuit at Bible study, George — dear brave soul — went and stood up to the entire Roman Empire.

Yes, properly. Not just sent a slightly annoyed scroll to the council. He publicly declared he was a Christian when it was the absolute worst time to do so. Emperor Diocletian was not, shall we say, in a particularly open-minded phase. Christians were being hunted down, and there were all sorts of unpleasant things happening to those who didn’t play ball.

So what did George do? Quietly blend in and keep his head down? Not a bit of it. He marched in, tore up the emperor’s anti-Christian edict (as one does), and announced that he was, is, and always would be, a follower of Christ. No amount of threats, bribes, flattery, or well-meaning suggestions that he just "pretend to go along with things" could budge him.

The Romans offered him status, money, safety — and a slightly less grisly end — if he’d just sacrifice to a few gods he didn’t believe in anyway. But George, bless him, declined. Politely, firmly, and with what we must assume was quite a lot of internal trembling.

Before he was arrested, he actually went through his worldly belongings and gave them away to the poor. Even freed his servants. That’s the sort of thing that always sounds lovely in a sermon but hits quite differently when you realise he genuinely did it. No dramatic music, no Instagram post. Just quiet, premeditated, Christ-like generosity.

Now, if we’re being honest, what happened next was unspeakably grim. The stories talk of wheels, poison, boiling — basically, things you would not want to come across in a church fête raffle. But through it all, George simply refused to deny his faith.

There’s a story — and we may allow a little poetic license — that even during his tortures, people watching, including Empress Alexandra herself, were so moved by his calm confidence and refusal to hate anyone that they declared themselves Christians too. Some were martyred on the spot. Not the outcome you'd hope for at your first church meeting, but still — what an impression he made.

He died, as expected, but not before becoming the sort of person whose example lingers. In both Eastern and Western traditions, he’s known as a “Great Martyr.” Personally, I think "Greatly Brave, Slightly Mad, and Deeply Devoted" would also work.

And what of the dragon? Ah yes, the dragon. Legend tells of George rescuing a town in Libya from a devilish beast by killing it and converting the lot of them. The dragon likely symbolises evil, or perhaps bureaucracy. Either way, it made for an excellent story, especially in The Golden Legend, which was the medieval equivalent of a bestseller, only with fewer jokes.

These days, Saint George is the patron saint of England, Bulgaria, Georgia, scouts, and anyone trying to summon courage on a Monday morning. His red cross on a white background is still flying from flagpoles, scout neckerchiefs, and the occasional overambitious sock design.

What’s left to say, really? Saint George stood firm when the world turned ugly. He followed Jesus all the way to the end. And if nothing else, that’s worth remembering the next time you’re tempted to grumble during the intercessions. 

POLITICS George's political stance was opposition to the persecution of Christians under Emperor Diocletian. He tore down the notice of the Emperor's edict against Christians and publicly confessed his Christian faith, which was a direct political challenge to imperial authority.

SCANDAL The "scandal" surrounding Saint George, from the Roman perspective, was his refusal to worship the Roman gods and his open confession of Christianity, which was seen as an act of treason and disobedience to the Emperor's decrees. This led to his arrest, torture, and execution. From a Christian perspective, this was an act of profound faith and heroism..

MILITARY RECORD George had a distinguished military career, rising to the rank of Tribune (Tribunus Militum) and serving as a member of Emperor Diocletian's personal guard. He was highly honored for his courage in battle and had established a reputation among his peers for his virtuous behavior and physical strength.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS George was noted for his physical strength and military bearing. He demonstrated remarkable endurance under torture, surviving being lacerated on a wheel of swords and requiring resuscitation three times before his final execution.

HOMES George lived in Cappadocia during his early years, then moved to Lydda, Palestine with his mother after his father's death. As a member of Diocletian's guard, he would have been stationed at Nicomedia.

TRAVEL Due to his military career, Saint George would have traveled extensively throughout the Roman Empire, particularly within the eastern provinces, potentially including Cappadocia, Syria, and Nicomedia (where Diocletian's court often resided).

DEATH Saint George was executed on April 23, 303 AD at Nicomedia (some sources say near Lydda in Palestine). He was tortured extensively, including being lacerated on a wheel of swords, before being beheaded. He died as a Christian martyr for refusing to renounce his faith. His body was returned to Lydda for burial.

The martyrdom of Saint George, by Cornelis Schut, 1643

VENERATION If you’ve ever wondered how a possibly real, possibly slightly apocryphal Roman soldier with an allergy to idolatry ended up as the poster boy for English patriotism, Bulgarian barbecues, and the international scouting movement, then congratulations — you’re thinking along the right lines.

Saint George, you see, became very famous for something he may or may not have done: slaying a dragon.

Now, according to the best available medieval sources — which is to say, well-meaning monks with vivid imaginations and lots of time on their hands — George turned up in a deeply distressed pagan town in Libya that had a dragon problem. This wasn’t your standard grumpy-lizard-in-the-garden sort of issue. No, this beast was terrifying the locals to the extent that they were feeding it sheep to keep it away from the high street. When they ran out of sheep, they switched to sacrificing members of the community. (Understandably, this did little to lift civic morale.)

Eventually, the king’s daughter — a sort of symbolic stand-in for the Church — drew the short straw. She was all ready to become dragon brunch when along came George, full of faith and presumably rather good at sword-fighting. He killed the dragon, converted the town to Christianity, and left people wondering why they hadn’t asked him to drop by earlier.

That was the story — give or take a few embellishments — and it spread like wildfire. By the 5th century, Christians in Syria and Egypt were building churches in his name. Western Europe caught the bug a century later. In 494, Pope Gelasius, hedging his bets, described George as one of those saints “whose names are justly reverenced among men but whose actions are known only to God.” Which is a lovely way of saying, “We’re fairly certain he was marvellous, but don’t ask us for details.”

Then came the Crusaders — men of faith, zeal, chainmail, and very little sunscreen — who brought George’s story back to England like a souvenir snow globe, only significantly bloodier. By 1222, the Council of Oxford had decided we should all be celebrating his feast day, and by the time The Golden Legend was published in the 13th century (a sort of medieval celebrity magazine for saints, complete with dragons, martyrdoms, and occasional resurrections), George was firmly installed as a spiritual superstar.

And then came the cheerleaders: "St George for England!" became the war cry of King Edward III and his troops, which does make one wonder what Saint George, who gave away all his possessions and was martyred for preaching peace, would have made of his name being used as a battlefield chant. Still, such is the mystery of sainthood.

Edward III made it official around 1348: Saint George was now the patron saint of England, demoting poor old Saint Edmund the Martyr (who barely had a dragon to his name). George’s red cross on white became our flag, our army standard, and eventually something you see painted on teenage faces during major football tournaments.

April 23rd — the traditional date of George’s martyrdom — was confirmed as the grand day of celebration. In 1415, the Church gave it the full treatment: a festum duplex, which is Latin for “this one really counts.” Even the Reformation, which wasn’t exactly kind to saints or feast days, made an exception and kept St George’s Day on the calendar. (Let’s be honest — even reformers liked a good story with a dragon in it.)

Of course, as time passed, a few people began to ask awkward questions. Historical ones. Scholarly ones. Questions like: Did Saint George actually exist? This led to a rather awkward moment in 1969 when Pope Paul VI quietly demoted George to “optional worship” — the liturgical equivalent of putting someone on the substitute bench and hoping no one notices.

But in a joyful act of ecclesiastical common sense (and perhaps fondness), Pope John Paul II reinstated him fully in 2000. Because let’s face it — dragon or no dragon, martyrdom, courage, and turning down power and wealth to follow Christ are all still worth remembering.

And it’s not just England that holds him dear. He’s also the patron saint of Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Georgia, Malta, Portugal, and Slovenia. Bulgarians, in fact, celebrate St George’s Day on May 6th, traditionally with a full roasted lamb, which strikes me as the sort of feast George would have pretended not to enjoy while secretly going back for seconds.

Even the Scouts have claimed him, seeing April 23rd as the ideal first day of the camping season. Which seems about right. If you’re going to spend a night in the wilderness armed only with faith, a torch, and half a packet of custard creams, who better to have watching over you than a saint who once wrestled a metaphorical (or possibly literal) dragon into submission?

In the end, Saint George remains — whether as man, myth, or mix of both — a symbol of faithful courage in the face of fear, a quiet refusal to bow to the easy option, and a champion of Christ-like heroism that still inspires us today.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA The legend of Saint George has appeared in numerous works throughout history, including Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (13th century), Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, and countless artistic depictions by masters like Raphael, Albrecht Dürer, Peter Paul Rubens, and Salvador Dali. Modern adaptations include the Ben 10 animated series 

His image is central to the flag of England (St. George's Cross) and various coats of arms and emblems worldwide. He also appears in stained glass, paintings, sculpture, folklore, and children’s books. The image of George slaying the dragon has become an enduring motif across cultures.

ACHIEVEMENTS

– Martyrdom for his Christian faith

– Patron saint of England and numerous other countries

– Iconic dragon-slaying legend symbolising good overcoming evil

– Lasting place in religious, military, and cultural traditions around the world

Sources (1) Royal Society of Saint George (2) Icon Reader

Tuesday, 21 October 2014

George VI

NAME Albert Frederick Arthur George (later George VI)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR King George VI is most famous for leading the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth through World War II, his unexpected ascension to the throne following his brother Edward VIII's abdication, and his significant personal struggles with a stammer, which he largely overcame.

BIRTH King George VI was born on December 14, 1895, at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, England. His birth coincided with the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather Prince Albert, Prince Consort. He was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham on February 17, 1896.

FAMILY BACKGROUND He was the second son of King George V (then Prince George, Duke of York) and Queen Mary (then Victoria May, the Duchess of York, formerly Mary of Teck). At birth, he was fourth in line to the throne after his grandfather, father, and elder brother Edward. His paternal grandparents were the future King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, while his maternal grandfather was Francis, Duke of Teck.

The photo below shows Edward VII (far right); his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left); and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear); and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908

CHILDHOOD Albert's childhood was notably difficult and unhappy. He suffered from various physical ailments including knock knees, for which he wore corrective leg braces, and he was naturally left-handed but forced to write with his right hand. 

His relationship with his parents was challenging - his father King George V was described as harsh and critical, while affection from his mother was not always reciprocated. 

He developed a severe stammer around age eight and was described as often ill, easily frightened, and prone to tears and tantrums. Albert was reportedly bullied and abused by his nannies for several years before anyone discovered the mistreatment. (1)

EDUCATION Prince Albert received a private education, as was customary for royal children, with tutors at home. His academic abilities were considered average.

He attended the Royal Naval Academy at Osborne, graduating last in his class in the final exam. Prince Albert then progressed to the Royal Navy Academy at Dartmouth. 

After the war, he attended Trinity College, Cambridge, for one year where he studied history, economics, and civics. At Cambridge, he was remembered for being fined 6/8d for smoking in the street while wearing academic dress.

CAREER RECORD Albert began his career as a midshipman in the Royal Navy. 

1920 He was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney, and began taking on royal duties. 

1936 He became King on December 11, 1936, following his brother's abdication, and reigned until his death in 1952.

APPEARANCE George VI was of average height and had a relatively slender build. He had fair hair, which thinned over time, and a distinctive, earnest expression. Photographs often show him wearing glasses. 

Formal portrait, 1938

FASHION As a member of the Royal Navy and later as King, George VI adhered to the formal dress codes of the era. He was often seen in military uniforms, especially during the war, and well-tailored suits for civilian engagements. He favoured traditional British menswear, reflecting a conservative and dignified style.

CHARACTER King George VI was naturally diffident, anxious, and shy, but possessed tremendous bravery, enterprise, and a strong sense of duty. He was described as sensitive, conscientious, and dedicated. His personality was shaped by his difficult childhood, making him prone to emotional outbursts and self-doubt. However, King George demonstrated remarkable courage and perseverance throughout his life, particularly in overcoming his speech impediment and fulfilling his unexpected role as monarch.

SPEAKING VOICE Albert's most defining characteristic was his severe stammer, which developed around age eight. He could barely pronounce certain letters, particularly "k," and simple sentences could take him over a minute to complete. His stuttering made public speaking extremely difficult and embarrassing. In 1926, he began working with Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue, who helped him manage his impediment through breathing exercises and other techniques. While he never completely overcame his stammer, he improved significantly enough to fulfill his royal dutiess and to deliver crucial wartime speeches with greater fluency. His voice, once hesitant, developed a clear, if sometimes still slightly strained, quality.

SENSE OF HUMOUR King Georg was said to appreciate practical jokes and had a dry sense of humour among his close family and friends.

RELATIONSHIPS Albert married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on April 26, 1923, at Westminster Abbey. She had initially refused his proposals twice in 1921 and 1922 before accepting on January 13, 1923. Their marriage was considered highly successful and modernizing, as Elizabeth was not of royal birth. 

The newly formed British Broadcasting Company (BBC) had wanted to broadcast the wedding live on the wireless (radio). However, the idea was vetoed by the Chapter of Westminster Abbey, largely due to concerns from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Herbert Edward Ryle. He feared people might be listening in less reverent settings, such as pubs, and might not show proper respect, like standing for "God Save The King" (which was then the national anthem).

They had two daughters: Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), born in 1926 and nicknamed "Lilibet," and Margaret, born in 1930. The family lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and later at 145 Piccadilly rather than in royal palaces. King George VI once said of his daughters: "Lilibet is my pride. Margaret is my joy".

His relationship with his elder brother, Edward VIII, became strained following the Abdication Crisis.

MONEY AND FAME As a prince and later as King, George VI was financially secure, supported by the Civil List. His fame grew immensely after his ascension and particularly during World War II, when he became a symbol of national unity and defiance. Despite his fame, he remained a private and unassuming individual.

FOOD AND DRINK  King George VI’s tastes were shaped early on by royal tradition, which leaned toward plain, restrained fare. Influenced by his father, George V, and his mother, Queen Mary, he developed a preference for simple comfort foods. He reportedly enjoyed mashed potatoes and apple dumplings—dishes his father had also favored. Amusingly, he was fond of tomato ketchup and even granted it a royal warrant, securing its place at the royal table.

At his 1937 coronation dinner, he chose traditional dishes like chicken in a plain sauce and Scottish salmon, demonstrating his preference for comfort and tradition over culinary extravagance. This culinary conservatism extended to other royal events, where menus typically reflected familiar British fare rather than elaborate or foreign-inspired offerings.

During World War II, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth remained at Buckingham Palace and followed the same rationing restrictions imposed on their subjects. Their compliance was both practical and symbolic, reinforcing a sense of shared national endurance. The royal kitchens made do with whatever was available, and meals remained simple and unpretentious throughout the war years. (2)

Food also played a memorable role in royal diplomacy. On June 11, 1939, during a highly publicized visit to the United States, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attended a picnic hosted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The menu included American staples such as hot dogs, Virginia ham, green salad, and strawberry shortcake. This casual setting marked a landmark moment in informal statecraft, but it was the hot dogs that captured international attention. Her Majesty, unsure of how to eat one, asked the President for guidance. Roosevelt responded cheerfully: “Very simple. Push it into your mouth and keep pushing it until it is all gone.” Nonetheless, the Queen chose to eat her hot dog with a knife and fork. The press had a field day with the incident—it made the front page of The New York Times, and hot dogs gained a sudden international reputation as a symbol of American informality and charm. (3)

In terms of drinking habits, George VI was moderate. Alcohol was part of royal life, and he would occasionally toast with wine or champagne, but he was never known for excess. Far more significant, however, was his smoking habit. He began smoking young, and the pressures of wartime leadership only deepened the addiction. He chain-smoked heavily, believing, as some did at the time, that cigarettes might help control his stammer.

This reliance on tobacco had grave consequences. While his alcohol intake remained moderate, his chronic smoking contributed to the development of lung cancer, arteriosclerosis, and other health issues. In 1951, a portion of his lung was surgically removed at Buckingham Palace. Despite this, he continued to carry out duties until his death.

MUSIC AND ARTS George VI had an appreciation for the arts, as evidenced by his role as President of the Fine Arts Commission. He enjoyed attending concerts and patronizing various artistic institutions. King George and his family regularly attended plays and ballets

LITERATURE King George VI was a reader, and as was common for the monarchy, he would have been informed on current affairs through newspapers and official documents.

NATURE He had a love for the countryside and enjoyed outdoor pursuits, particularly shooting and fishing. The Sandringham Estate, with its vast grounds, was a favourite retreat, allowing him to connect with nature.

PETS The Royal Family traditionally kept dogs, and George VI was no exception. He and his family were known to have several dogs, including Labradors and Corgis.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Prince Albert was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. During a 1927 tour, he played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, in Jamaica, which was considered unusual at the time and taken as a display of racial equality. 

He also went big-game hunting during tours of Kenya, Uganda, and Sudan with his wife.

King George's other known hobbies included gardening and pigeon-keeping, which he shared with his family

He had a strong interest in the welfare of young people, evident in his patronage of youth organizations and the Duke of York's Camps.

SCIENCE AND MATHS As King, he would have been kept abreast of scientific advancements relevant to national defence and industry

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY As Supreme Governor of the Church of England, George VI had a significant role in the nation's spiritual life. He was a devout Anglican with a deep Christian faith.

During World War II, when Britain faced seemingly insurmountable crises, King George VI called the nation to prayer. There were seven National Days of Prayer over the course of the conflict. These acts are widely credited with unifying the population, inspiring hope, and — in the view of many at the time and since — coinciding with remarkable reversals in Britain’s fortunes. 

His personal philosophy was deeply rooted in duty, service, and moral uprightness, principles instilled in him from a young age and reinforced by his religious faith.

REIGN King George VI wasn’t supposed to be king at all. Born Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor—just the sort of name that sounds like it comes with a butler and a boarding school—he was the shy, stammering second son of King George V. His elder brother, Edward VIII, was dashing, popular, and entirely unsuited to the job. So when Edward chucked the crown to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée of considerable charm and no noble blood whatsoever, poor Bertie found himself king. It was December 1936, and Britain, which hadn’t quite recovered from the Great War or the Great Depression, suddenly had a monarch with a stammer, a nervous disposition, and absolutely no desire to rule.

To underscore a sense of continuity (and possibly to reassure everyone that he wouldn't run off with an actress), Albert became George VI—a name that rang of ships, steely gazes, and good British bread pudding. Fortunately, he had two secret weapons: a dogged sense of duty and his wife, Elizabeth, who radiated confidence and charm like a paraffin heater in a cold drawing room. Together, they steadied the monarchy in one of its shakiest hours.

George VI was crowned on May 12, 1937, a date originally reserved for his brother Edward VIII.  The coronation was a lavish affair full of tradition, trumpets, and long-winded oaths involving the defence of the faith and the upholding of justice, ideally while wearing very heavy robes. But the most curious thing about the event, apart from how thoroughly uncomfortable everyone looked, was that it was televised—or at least as televised as anything could be in 1937.

Roughly 10,000 people had access to a working television set at the time, which is roughly the same number of people who today tune in to watch curling at 3 a.m. The BBC, whose television service was barely a year old, broadcast the event live from Alexandra Palace using a single camera. This camera, and its accompanying cable, had to be unplugged and replugged and shuffled about like a particularly fussy pet just to follow the action, such as it was.

Painting of the Coronation in 1937

Then came World War II, which is the sort of thing that tends to put a bit of stress on a royal schedule. George VI became a quietly heroic figure, stubbornly refusing to leave Buckingham Palace even when it was bombed—twice. On one memorable occasion in 1940, he and the Queen were nearly blown up in their own courtyard. Rather than flee, they visited air raid shelters, factories, and bombed-out neighborhoods in the East End. Londoners loved him for it.

He worked closely with Winston Churchill, which must have been exhausting given Churchill’s tendency to talk for hours and quote Latin. George also found time to invent two medals—the George Cross and George Medal—for acts of civilian bravery. He awarded the George Cross to the entire island of Malta, a rather generous gesture considering the thing was about the size of a modest picnic blanket and had just endured relentless Axis bombing.

Through it all, the King battled his stammer. With the help of Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue—who, unlike most Australians at court, was not a horse—he managed to deliver wartime speeches that rallied a nation. It was a triumph of will, breath control, and the remarkable power of the pause.

As if war weren’t enough, the postwar years brought the rapid unraveling of the British Empire. In 1947, India and Pakistan became independent, and George VI lost his title of Emperor of India. A couple of years later, Ireland left the Commonwealth, and Burma and Palestine also ceased to be under British rule. The whole business was a bit like watching your prized stamp collection being quietly taken apart.

Still, George adapted. In 1949, the London Declaration transformed Britain’s sprawling empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, and George became its first head—a rather grand title for someone whose former empire had just voted with its feet.

By now, the King’s health was failing. He’d smoked like a chimney since his youth—ironically, partly in the belief it would help with his stammer. Instead, it helped give him lung cancer. He underwent surgery in 1949 and again in 1951, losing part of his lung while still living at Buckingham Palace, a procedure conducted by a surgeon named Clement Price Thomas,.

Despite this, George insisted on waving off his daughter Elizabeth at London Airport in January 1952 as she left for a royal tour. It was the last time they saw each other. A few days later, the King died in his sleep at Sandringham of a coronary thrombosis. He was just 56.

When he died, the entire country seemed to stop. Cinemas closed. The BBC cancelled all programs except the news. Sporting events were suspended. His funeral, the first royal funeral to be televised, drew over 300,000 mourners to Westminster Hall.

He was succeeded, of course, by his daughter, Elizabeth II, who would go on to become one of the longest-serving monarchs in history. But George VI had done something just as impressive: he had rescued the monarchy from a constitutional near-catastrophe, led a nation through its darkest war, and transformed Britain from imperial overlord to elder statesman of a club of former colonies.

And he did it all with a stammer, a quiet resolve, and, let us not forget, the distinction of being the first British king to eat a hot dog on American soil—though his wife, unimpressed by Roosevelt’s cheerful instructions to “just push it into your mouth,” insisted on using a knife and fork. The press loved it. The monarchy, improbably, endured.

POLITICS As King, George VI had a constitutional role in politics. He initially supported Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy toward Germany and Italy. When Chamberlain was forced to resign in May 1940, the King wished to appoint Edward Frederick Lindley Wood to the premiership but was induced to select Winston Churchill instead. He subsequently developed a close working relationship with Churchill, meeting with him regularly during the war.

SCANDAL The most significant "scandal" associated with his life was not of his making but deeply impacted him: the Abdication Crisis of 1936, when his elder brother, King Edward VIII, chose to abdicate the throne to marry Wallis Simpson, a divorced American socialite. This event thrust George VI into a role he never expected or desired.

MILITARY RECORD Albert served in the Royal Navy during World War I aboard HMS Collingwood and saw action at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. 

He later transferred to the Royal Air Force in 1919 and became the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. He served as Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell and later on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force in France.

His military experience gave him a valuable understanding of the armed forces, which proved crucial during World War II.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS George VI faced numerous health challenges throughout his life. As a child, he suffered from knock knees, gastric problems, and frequent illnesses. At one stage he had his legs strapped into wooden splints every night because the royal doctors were concerned that his legs weren’t growing straight. His stammer was likely exacerbated by childhood trauma and stress. (4)

After his participation in the Battle of Jutland, Prince Albert did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

George VI was a heavy smoker, which contributed to smoking-related health problems in his later years. He died of a coronary thrombosis (likely related to lung cancer) at age 56.

HOMES George VI was born at York Cottage, Sandringham, and died at Sandringham House. As Duke of York, he lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park, and later at 145 Piccadilly. 

As King, he resided at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, and other royal residences. 

He was forced to purchase Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House from his brother Edward as these were private properties.

TRAVEL As Duke of York, Albert undertook several significant tours including Kenya, Uganda, and Sudan (1924-1925), and Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji (1927).  

The photo below shows The Duke and Duchess of York (centre, reading programmes) at Eagle Farm Racecourse, Brisbane, Queensland, 1927

As King, he made state visits to France (1938) and North America (1939), becoming the first British monarch to enter the United States. During World War II, he traveled more than 50,000 miles around Britain visiting troops and bombed areas.

DEATH King George VI died in his sleep at Sandringham House on February 6, 1952, at 7:30 GMT, from a coronary thrombosis at age 56. He had seen his daughter Elizabeth and Prince Philip off on their Commonwealth tour just six days earlier, which was his last public appearance. 

His body initially rested at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, then lay in state at Westminster Hall before his funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle on February 15, 1952.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA King George VI has been portrayed in numerous films and television productions, most notably in the Oscar-winning 2010 film The King's Speech, where Colin Firth won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal. 

Other portrayals include those in The Crown (by Jared Harris), Hyde Park on Hudson (by Samuel West), and various documentaries.

 His life and reign continue to be subjects of biographical works and documentaries.

ACHIEVEMENTS Guided Britain through WWII

Became a symbol of unity and resistance

Strengthened the monarchy post-abdication

Oversaw the start of decolonization

Helped bring the monarchy into the modern era with public engagements and televised events, including his coronation and funeral

Sources: (1) The Life and Times of King George VI  (2) So Yummy (3) Encyclopaedia of Trivia; Hot Dog (4) Encyclopaedia of Trivia; George VI of the United Kingdom

Monday, 20 October 2014

George V

NAME King George V

WHAT FAMOUS FOR King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions (1910–1936); first monarch of the House of Windsor; led Britain through World War I.

BIRTH George Frederick Ernest Albert was born on June 3, 1865, at Marlborough House, London.

FAMILY BACKGROUND George V was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), and Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen Alexandra). His paternal grandparents were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. His older brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, died from pneumonia in 1892, making George heir.

He had three surviving sisters, Louise, Victoria, Maud

CHILDHOOD George grew up between Sandringham, Buckingham Palace and Balmoral, sharing lessons, pranks and globe-trotting naval cadetship with his beloved elder brother Albert Victor, known as “Eddy”. Queen Victoria called the pair the “right-royal pickles” for their pillow-trap tricks.  Their relationship was close, but George was the more robust and less intellectual of the two. (1)

George as a young boy, 1870

EDUCATION George was tutored by Rev. John Neale Dalton until age 12, then entered HMS Britannia as a cadet (1877) along with his brother.. This experience provided him with a practical, hands-on education, fostering a lifelong love for the navy and a deep understanding of its workings. He received instruction in navigation, seamanship, and general subjects.

CAREER RECORD 1877-1892  Royal Navy officer,  rose to commander before leaving on becoming heir.

1892 He became Duke of York following his brother's death

1901 He became Prince of Wales upon his father's accession to the throne. 

1910 George ascended to the throne h

APPEARANCE George V was 5 ft 6 in, with a stocky build. He had a distinctive, neatly trimmed beard, which became a hallmark of his public image. His eyes were blue, and he had a generally serious, somewhat stern expression, though he was capable of great warmth.

Portraitists praised his “breathtaking, restrained elegance” in naval or field-marshal uniform.

Portrait by Arthur Stockdale Cope, 1933

FASHION George V's fashion was typically conservative and traditional, befitting his position as monarch. He favored dark suits for everyday wear and military uniforms for formal occasions, reflecting his strong connection to the armed forces. His attire was always meticulously tailored and presented, embodying the dignified image of the British monarch.

Though he dressed with conservative precision, George quietly influenced men’s fashion—popularizing side-creased trousers at Ascot in 1922 and wearing pristine homburg hats. 

Though outwardly traditional, he surprised many with tattoos: a dragon inked in Japan at 16, a tiger on his other arm, and a vivid hunting scene across his back featuring horses, hounds, and huntsmen. (2)

CHARACTER George V was defined by a strong sense of duty and a no-nonsense approach to kingship. He preferred the quiet routines of country life to royal ceremony and was devoted to his family and his role. 

Though not emotionally expressive, he was respected for his integrity, discipline, and pragmatism—punctual, plainspoken, and often blunt. 

Courtiers noted his habit of seasoning conversation with naval oaths, while biographers describe him as “an ordinary, conscientious man who made ordinariness majestic.” 

His diaries read like logbooks—listing pheasants shot, ships inspected, and stamps mounted—revealing action over introspection. (3)

SPEAKING VOICE George V spoke in the clipped, precise Received Pronunciation of the upper classes, with a trace of Victorian formality. His voice, as heard in early recordings, was clear and deliberate, though not especially melodic. For his first Christmas broadcast in 1932—written by Rudyard Kipling—the king famously fell through his wicker armchair moments before going on air, exclaiming, “God bless my soul!” before carrying on undeterred. That speech, 251 words long, was heard by twenty million people across the British Empire, marking the beginning of a cherished royal tradition. (2)

SENSE OF HUMOUR King George loved salty naval jokes and impish quips. When a courtier mocked “some damned fool” who paid £1,450 for a stamp, the King replied: “I was that damned fool!”. 

RELATIONSHIPS George married Princess Victoria Mary “May” of Teck on July 6. 1893 at the Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace, London. She was originally his late brother’s fiancée. 

Their marriage, initially one of convenience, blossomed into a strong and loving partnership. Mary was a supportive and intelligent consort, providing stability and counsel. Their private letters bristle with pet-names and shy affection.

They had six children, and George was a devoted father. However, his stern parenting terrified his sons, especially the future Edward VIII. Their relationship was sometimes strained due to differing views and expectations. 

George and Mary on their wedding day

He also maintained close ties with his mother, Queen Alexandra.

MONEY AND FAME As monarch, George V possessed vast symbolic power, considerable wealth, and international fame. He received £470,000 from the Civil List during his reign after surrendering Crown Estate revenues, and while he lived comfortably, he was personally frugal—known to reuse string. Despite his thrift, he spent record sums on rare stamps and funded Sandringham from his own Privy Purse. 

He understood the monarchy’s public role and used his visibility to promote national unity. Global press coverage during World War I and his Silver Jubilee cemented his status as a household name across the Empire.

FOOD AND DRINK George V favored plain, traditional British food and had little interest in gourmet dining. He enjoyed hearty, unpretentious dishes like mashed potatoes, apple dumplings, and game from his estates. A typical day included thin consommé at 11 a.m. 

While usually a moderate wine drinker, he gave up alcohol during World War I to set an example for munitions workers. 

After his 1911 tour of India, he developed a fondness for spicy chicken curry, a dish prepared by his Swiss-born chef, Gabriel Tschumi. His approach to food was practical, never indulgent. (4)

MUSIC AND ARTS George V had limited enthusiasm for formal music and the arts. While he supported national institutions out of duty, his personal tastes were practical and conservative. He enjoyed military bands, hymn-sings, and the operetta Rose-Marie, which he saw five times. 

Though not a patron in the grand sense, his reign featured major musical commissions for state occasions, including Parry’s "I Was Glad" (1911).

He had little patience for modern art—famously burning a Charles Sims portrait in disgust. 

LITERATURE George V was a steady, catholic reader for much of his life,  preferring newspapers and official documents. He had a pragmatic approach to reading, focusing on what was necessary for his duties.

He read more literature later in his life. His diaries list 159 books finished between 1933-35, from Uncle Tom’s Cabin to Lady Chatterley’s Lover. George kept well-thumbed detective novels beside his bed. (3)

NATURE George V had a deep affection for the countryside and was most at ease in the natural world. A passionate countryman, he planted oaks at Sandringham and introduced royal nature walks, taking pride in land stewardship and wildlife observation. He also had an intense enthusiasm for shooting—famously downing over 1,000 pheasants in six hours at Lord Burnham’s in 1913, later admitting, “we went a little too far.” Fishing and time outdoors provided him solace from the demands of monarchy.

PETS George V was devoted to his animals, especially dogs. He kept several throughout his life—most famously Snip and Jack, ginger Cairn terriers who succeeded his father’s beloved Caesar and slept at the foot of his bed. 

It was his parrot, Charlotte, who stole the spotlight. An African Grey he picked up in Port Said, Charlotte had free run of the palace and a talent for swearing. At 9 a.m. sharp, she joined him at breakfast, pecking at boiled eggs and sometimes leaving droppings, which the King discreetly hid under a silver mustard pot. He delighted in provoking Queen Mary by encouraging the parrot’s antics. After breakfast, Charlotte perched on his wrist as he stepped out for a smoke and scanned Mayfair through his binoculars—watching for a wave from his favorite grandchild, Princess Elizabeth. (2)

HOBBIES AND SPORTS George V’s main hobby was stamp collecting, which he pursued with great dedication, amassing one of the world’s most important collections—328 “Red Albums” and a record £1,450 purchase of the rare Mauritius Two-Pence Blue in 1904. At the time of his death, King George's stamp collection was so large that it had its own room in Buckingham Palace.

He was also an avid hunter, enjoying shooting, stalking, and fishing on his estates, while keeping detailed game-book records. 

Beyond this, he followed cricket, tennis, and royal yacht racing closely, and maintained a lifelong passion for the Royal Navy and naval affairs.

SCIENCE AND MATHS King George was a keen supporter of scientific progress, impressed by early innovations like Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone demonstration in 1878. He delighted in motor cars and wireless technology and became the first monarch to broadcast by radio in 1932, praising the “marvels of modern science.” He served as honorary patron of the British Science Association from 1926 to 1927.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY George V was a devout Anglican who took seriously his role as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. His faith was sincere and traditional, offering a steady moral foundation throughout his reign. A high-church Anglican, he observed daily offices and, like his mother, read a chapter of the Bible every night—a practice that later influenced Queen Elizabeth II. 

He viewed the monarchy as a God-given trust demanding discipline and responsibility, though he was not a deep theologian, preferring to uphold established doctrines.

REIGN George V ruled as King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1910 to 1936, a stretch packed with war, political drama, and a royal makeover for the modern age. His time on the throne saw the upheaval of World War I, the crumbling of old empires, and the awkward birth of the British Commonwealth.

Portrait by Fildes, 1911

He stepped in after his father’s death in 1910, just as Britain grappled with a row over the House of Lords’ powers—resulting in the 1911 Parliament Act that clipped their legislative wings. During the Great War, George was the steady face everyone looked to, touring hospitals and factories, boosting morale, and in 1917, rebranding the royal family from the distinctly un-English “Saxe-Coburg and Gotha” to the decidedly more British “Windsor.”

Politically, he navigated Ireland’s messy split in 1922, watched the first Labour government take office in 1924, and presided over the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which turned the Empire’s dominions into autonomous members of the British Commonwealth. When the Great Depression hit, George backed a National Government to steady the ship, and in 1935, his Silver Jubilee was a masterclass in royal PR, reminding Britain why the monarchy still mattered.

He broke new ground with the 1932 Christmas Broadcast, using radio to speak directly to his subjects—an early example of royal outreach. His style was less stuffy and more hands-on, easing up on court formalities and becoming a more approachable monarch.

Not everything was smooth sailing—his refusal to offer asylum to Tsar Nicholas II remains controversial, and his reign involved a determined effort to purge Germanic titles from the royal family during wartime hysteria. All told, George V’s reign was a pivotal chapter in shaping the monarchy we recognize today. 

POLITICS George V was a constitutional monarch, meticulously adhering to the principle that the monarch "reigns but does not rule." He played a vital role in national life by providing stability and continuity, particularly during times of political upheaval like the 1909-1911 constitutional crisis and the 1931 economic crisis. He used his influence discreetly, advising his prime ministers and acting as a unifying figure. He was particularly adept at mediating between political factions and ensuring the smooth functioning of government.

SCANDAL King George was accused of abandoning cousin Tsar Nicholas II by withdrawing asylum in 1917; historians now debate whether George’s fears of domestic unrest dictated the fateful decision. 

MILITARY RECORD George V had a distinguished naval career before his accession to the throne. He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1877 and steadily rose through the ranks. He commanded Torpedo Boat No. 79 and later the gunboat HMS Melampus. His naval experience provided him with a disciplined approach and a deep understanding of military matters, which proved invaluable during World War I.

As king he donned khaki to tour Western Front trenches, created the Military Medal, and instituted the burial of the Unknown Warrior (1920).

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS George V was generally healthy for much of his life, thanks to an active lifestyle and naval service. However, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, worsened by heavy smoking, took a toll. After surviving typhoid in 1891 and severe septic pneumonia in 1928—which required draining 16 ounces of pus—his health steadily declined. Persistent bronchitis and pleurisy eventually led to his death.

HOMES George V primarily resided at Buckingham Palace in London, the official working residence of the monarch. However, he much preferred the quieter life at:

Sandringham House in Norfolk, his private country estate, where he indulged his passion for shooting and country pursuits.

Windsor Castle in Berkshire, a historic royal residence often used for weekends and state occasions.

He spent summers aboard the royal yacht Victoria & Albert.

TRAVEL Before becoming king, George V traveled extensively as a naval officer and Prince of Wales, circumnavigating the globe as a midshipman and visiting many parts of the British Empire, including opening Australia’s first Parliament (1901). These journeys gave him a deep insight into the Empire’s vast diversity. 

As monarch, his travel was more limited—highlighted by attending the 1911 Imperial Durbar in Delhi, and post-war visits to war graves in Belgium in 1922. Due to health issues, state visits became rare later in his reign.

The King-Emperor and Queen-Empress at the Delhi Durbar, 1911

DEATH George V died on January 20, 1936, at Sandringham House, Norfolk, at the age of 70. His death was largely due to complications from his long-standing respiratory problems. It was later revealed that his physician, Lord Dawson of Penn, administered a lethal dose of cocaine and morphine to hasten his death, reportedly to ensure that the announcement would appear in the morning newspapers rather than the less prestigious evening editions.

He was buried in St George’s Chapel, Windsor on January 28, 1936.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA George V's reign coincided with the rise of new media. He embraced radio, initiating the annual Royal Christmas Broadcast in 1932, a tradition continued by his successors. He also appeared in newsreels and early film footage, allowing the public to see and hear their monarch in unprecedented ways. 

He has been portrayed in numerous historical dramas and documentaries, including:

The Oscar wining film The King's Speech (2010) (played by Michael Gambon), BBC’s Edward & Mrs Simpson (1978)  and Netflix’s The Crown, especially in Season 5 episode “Ipatiev House,” depicting Romanov decisions.

ACHIEVEMENTS  Modernisation of the Monarchy: Successfully steered the monarchy through a period of immense social and political change, ensuring its continued relevance and popularity.

House of Windsor: Renamed the royal house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor in 1917, a crucial move to distance the monarchy from its German origins during World War I and consolidate British identity.

Symbol of Stability: Provided a steady and reassuring presence during the tumultuous years of World War I and the challenging interwar period, earning him the affectionate title of "Father of his People."

First Royal Christmas Broadcast: Initiated the tradition of the annual Royal Christmas Broadcast in 1932, a pioneering use of radio that connected the monarch directly with the people of the Empire.

Philatelic Collection: Amassed one of the most significant stamp collections in the world, demonstrating his meticulousness and personal dedication.

Sources (1) The Life and Times of King George V (2) Encyclopaedia of Trivia (3) The Spectator (4) So Yummy