Christopher Columbus

NAME Christopher Columbus

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Columbus is famous for his transatlantic voyages under the Spanish crown, leading to European awareness and exploration of the Americas. His 1492 expedition, landing in the Bahamas, marked the first enduring connection between Europe and the Americas.

BIRTH Born in Genoa, Italy, sometime before October 31, 1451, Columbus’s birthplace is now a historic site.

FAMILY BACKGROUND He was the son of Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver and tavern owner, and Susanna Fontanarossa. Columbus had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and one sister, Bianchinetta. His family was modestly middle-class.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in Genoa, Columbus experienced a simple life, helping in his father’s businesses, which included wool weaving and running a cheese stand.

He developed an obsession with the sea from a young age. Columbus began his sailing career as a teenager, reportedly going to sea for the first time at the age of 14

EDUCATION Columbus's family was of limited means, which restricted his formal education. He likely received a basic education in Latin and mathematics until the age of 14. However, his true learning began after his teenage years when he embarked on his maritime career. 

After arriving in Portugal, Columbus learned to read and write, and he absorbed the latest navigational and trading techniques from the Portuguese. Between 1470 and 1474, he collaborated with his brother Bartolomeo to delve deeper into the study of cartography.

CAREER RECORD Columbus began sailing young, with his first documented voyage to the Island of Chios in the Aegean. 

After a shipwreck in Portugal in 1476, he swam to shore and settled in Lisbon. There he worked as a cartographer with his brother Bartholomew. 

Columbus’s historic voyages began in 1492 when Spain backed his westward journey to find a route to the Orient.

APPEARANCE Christopher Columbus was described as a man of imposing stature for his time. He was well-built with a long face and high cheekbones. His complexion was fair, often reddening, and he was known to have freckles. His eyes were light-colored, possibly blue, gray, hazel, or green. A distinctive feature was his aquiline nose.

In his youth, Columbus had fair or light-colored hair, which turned completely white by the age of 30. While some accounts mention him sporting a beard, others do not.

It's important to remember that no authentic contemporary portraits of Columbus exist. Our understanding of his appearance is based on written descriptions from those who knew him, such as his son Ferdinand and Bartolomé de las Casas. Many later depictions, including the famous portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, may not accurately reflect his true appearance.

Posthumous portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519

FASHION Columbus dressed in the practical attire of sailors,  a woolen or linen shirt, breeches, and a heavy coat. However, his portraits often idealize him in more formal or noble clothing.

CHARACTER Determined and ambitious, Columbus was a fervent believer in his mission and driven by both religious and financial motivations. He displayed a confident, sometimes stubborn, nature.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Columbus displayed cunning and resourcefulness, particularly in his dealings with indigenous peoples, as when he used his knowledge of an eclipse to obtain provisions from natives in Jamaica.

RELATIONSHIPS Christopher Columbus married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo in 1479 in Vila Baleira on Porto Santo Island, Madeira, Portugal. She was a Portuguese noblewoman from a family with maritime connections. Through this marriage, Columbus gained access to valuable navigational charts and knowledge. They had one son together: Diego Columbus. He became the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies, and 4th Governor of the Indies

Filipa Moniz Perestrelo died sometime between 1479 and 1484. After her death, Columbus moved to Spain and began a relationship with Beatriz Enríquez de Arana,  a woman of lower social standing. They had a son: Fernando Columbus (also known as Ferdinand), born on August 15, 1488, who became a bibliographer and cosmographer.

Beatriz remained a significant figure in Columbus's life and was well-provided for in his will. Both Diego and Ferdinand would later play crucial roles in defending and promoting their father's legacy.

Ferdinand Columbus

MONEY AND FAME Columbus was driven by a combination of factors: a desire for wealth, fame, and the opportunity to expand the Christian faith. He proposed a daring plan to the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to find a westward route to the lucrative spice trade of the East Indies.

Initially, the monarchs were hesitant to invest in this risky venture. However, they eventually agreed to fund the expedition, providing Columbus with the necessary resources. The Spanish Crown's investment proved to be highly profitable, yielding significant returns in gold and other riches from the New World.

Columbus' first voyage in 1492 made him famous across Europe. News of his voyage spread rapidly, with printed versions of his letter about the journey appearing almost immediately after his return to Spain

Despite his initial successes, Columbus's later years were marked by misfortune and disappointment. The Spanish Crown stripped him of his governorship and confiscated his rights to the New World. He spent much of his remaining years in legal battles, fighting for recognition and financial compensation.

Although he died a relatively wealthy man, his legacy was tarnished by controversy and his final years were overshadowed by financial hardship and legal disputes.

FOOD AND DRINK Columbus's voyages were often plagued by food shortages and poor quality provisions. His crews subsisted on a diet of salted meat, fish stews, hard biscuits, and watered wine. On his fourth voyage, conditions deteriorated further, forcing the crew to resort to worm-infested biscuit porridge.

Columbus played a role in introducing several important crops to Europe and the Americas. He brought sugar cane to the West Indies, laying the foundation for the region's sugar industry. He also introduced tobacco, cocoa beans, and potatoes to Europe, although the latter two crops took centuries to gain widespread acceptance.

One of the most significant agricultural discoveries made by Columbus was maize, or corn. Native Americans introduced Columbus to this versatile grain, which would eventually become a staple food in many parts of the world.

Additionally, Columbus brought orange, lemon, and citron seeds to the Caribbean, contributing to the region's diverse agricultural landscape.

During his fourth voyage, Columbus faced a critical food shortage while stranded in Jamaica. He cleverly used his knowledge of an upcoming lunar eclipse to intimidate the local inhabitants into providing food and supplies.

His encounters with the indigenous populations of the Americas also exposed him to their culinary practices, including the use of chili peppers and the consumption of human flesh in certain rituals.

MUSIC AND ARTS As someone who had access to the Spanish royal court, Columbus would have been exposed to various forms of art and music that were popular among the nobility.

LITERATURE Columbus was a voracious reader, particularly interested in geographical and theological texts. His extensive reading likely influenced his belief in the possibility of a westward route to Asia.

To maintain morale among his crew during his first voyage, Columbus kept two sets of logs: one accurate log for his own records and another, more optimistic log to reassure his crew about their proximity to land. Despite these efforts, tensions arose among the sailors, who were growing increasingly anxious.

An account of Columbus's 1492 voyage was quickly published in Basel in 1493, generating significant interest and excitement.

A particularly important text in Columbus's library was Marco Polo's Book of the Wonders of the World. This 1485 Italian edition, filled with Columbus's personal notes and annotations, provided valuable geographical information that likely guided his expeditions. It is believed that Columbus may have carried this book with him on his voyages. He likely acquired the book as a gift from an English merchant in 1497 and consulted it extensively while preparing for his third voyage to the Americas.

Columbus's copy of The Travels of Marco Polo, with his handwritten notes in Latin written in the margins

Columbus's letters about his voyages became popular reading across Europe. 

Washington Irving’s 19th century biography later mythologized Columbus, portraying him as a hero who disproved the flat-earth theory.

NATURE Columbus’s voyages introduced Europe to the fauna and flora of the Americas. His explorers discovered maize in Cuba, which became a major staple worldwide.

During his first transatlantic voyage, Columbus employed a clever strategy inspired by the Portuguese discovery of the Azores. By observing the flight patterns of migrating birds, he hoped to follow a natural route across the ocean.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Sailing was both Columbus's career and passion, and he was always eager to explore new routes.

Columbus was deeply interested in navigation and map-making. He spent years studying navigation techniques and geographical knowledge of his time.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Columbus had a strong interest in astronomy, navigation, and cartography. He used his knowledge of these subjects to plan and execute his voyages.

During his fourth voyage, Columbus found himself stranded in Jamaica. With dwindling supplies and a hostile population unwilling to trade, he faced a desperate situation. However, Columbus possessed a secret weapon: knowledge.

Consulting his Zacuto almanac, he learned that a lunar eclipse would occur on February 29, 1504. Summoning the Jamaican chiefs, Columbus boldly declared that he could control the celestial bodies. He warned them that if they did not provide food and supplies, he would invoke his divine power to blot out the moon.

The chiefs, initially dismissive, were stunned when the eclipse began as predicted. Fear gripped the islanders as the moon darkened. Desperate to appease the mysterious white man, they agreed to provide the necessary provisions.

When the eclipse ended, Columbus emerged as a celestial deity, saving his crew from starvation and securing their survival on the island.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Christopher Columbus, a lay Franciscan monk, grounded his calculations for his 1492 voyage in Biblical scripture, particularly the books of Esdras from the Apocrypha. His religious faith was a significant driving force behind his exploration.

Upon landing on San Salvador, Columbus named it "Saint of Salvation" to express his gratitude for reaching land safely. This naming choice reflects his deep religious beliefs and his view of his journey as a divinely ordained mission.

Despite the widespread superstition that Friday was an unlucky day for seafaring, Columbus defied tradition and set sail on a Friday. His first voyage also concluded on a Friday, when he sighted land. This coincidence further solidified his belief in the divine favor guiding his expedition.

On January 6, 1494, Columbus and his crew landed at Isabela on the island of Haiti. They gathered in a makeshift church, where they attended the first mass ever celebrated on the American continent, led by Fray Buil.

Columbus's voyage was motivated by both religious and economic goals. He sought to spread Christianity to the pagan peoples of the East and to bring wealth to the Spanish crown. To aid in the conversion of these "Eastern" peoples, he included a converted Jew who spoke Arabic, mistakenly believing it to be similar to Chinese. Additionally, a group of Franciscan missionaries accompanied the expedition, quickly initiating the conversion of the Native American populations.

As Columbus aged, his religious fervor deepened. He claimed to hear divine voices, advocated for a new crusade to recapture Jerusalem, and often wore the Franciscan habit. He interpreted his discoveries as part of God's grand plan, believing they heralded the impending Last Judgment and the end of the world.

POLITICS  Columbus managed complex relationships with Spain’s royalty and navigated delicate treaties with Portugal. He served as governor of Hispaniola but was later removed for his harsh governance.

On his return voyage from his first journey, Columbus was forced to seek shelter in Lisbon due to severe weather. This allowed King John II of Portugal to learn of his discoveries before the King of Spain. The Portuguese immediately claimed rights to all lands west of Africa. The Pope, Alexander VI, a Spaniard, intervened and granted Spain dominion over all lands 300 miles west of the Azores, essentially claiming all of America. This decision, based on the disputed Donation of Constantine, sparked tensions between Spain and Portugal. To avoid conflict, the two nations eventually agreed to a revised treaty that gave Portugal the easternmost portion of America.

SCANDAL In his early career, Columbus engaged in piracy.

In 1495, Columbus led a group of 1,200 colonists to Hispaniola. However, he proved to be an ineffective governor. Disappointed by the lack of gold, he grew frustrated with the indigenous people, imposing a system of forced labor on the Taíno Indians to cultivate sugarcane. This brutal treatment, combined with the introduction of European diseases, led to a devastating decline in the indigenous population of Hispaniola. Between 1492 and 1510, the Taíno population plummeted from an estimated 300,000 to a mere 25,000.

Columbus faced scandal due to his brutal treatment of natives and governance on Hispaniola, resulting in his return to Spain in chains.

In recent decades, Columbus's legacy has been tarnished. He is often portrayed as a figure who brought disease and exploitation to the Americas. The devastating impact of European colonization, which led to the decimation of indigenous populations, is now widely recognized.

MILITARY RECORD Columbus was a naval mercenary in the service of Rene D'Anjou, king of Naples in 1472-73. 

Columbus led expeditions to the Americas that included violent confrontations with indigenous groups, often in pursuit of wealth for Spain.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Columbus's voyages to the Americas inadvertently introduced a new disease to Europe: syphilis. This sexually transmitted infection is believed to have originated in the Caribbean and was spread by the sailors who returned from the New World.

In his later years, Columbus's health deteriorated. He suffered from severe arthritis and a debilitating illness, likely Reiter's syndrome, which caused joint pain, eye inflammation, and skin rashes.

HOMES After a shipwreck off the coast of Portugal, where a French ship sank his vessel, Columbus swam ashore, clinging to an oar. He was taken in by the local inhabitants and settled there in 1476.

During his return voyages from the Americas, Columbus often stayed in Los Palmas, in the Canary Islands, while his ships were being refitted. The house where he resided has been preserved as a museum.

Columbus spent his final years in a modest home in Valladolid, Spain.

TRAVEL Before embarking on his historic voyages, Columbus gained experience through various maritime endeavors. He visited England in 1477, where he likely heard tales of lands far to the west. He also explored Iceland in the 1480s and possibly West Africa in 1482.

A pivotal moment in Columbus's life occurred in 1476 when his ship was attacked by French privateers off the Cape of St. Vincent. After swimming six miles to shore, he experienced the perils of the open sea firsthand.

First Voyage (1492-1493): Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain on August 3, 1492, with three ships: the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Niña. After a challenging journey, he landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, which he named San Salvador. He explored the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, mistakenly believing them to be part of Asia. The Santa Maria was wrecked, but Columbus returned to Spain on the Niña.

Second Voyage (1493-1496): Columbus led a larger expedition with 17 ships and over 1,500 people. He explored the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica. Columbus established the first permanent European settlement in the New World, Isabella, on Hispaniola.

Third Voyage (1498-1500): Columbus sailed south, discovering the island of Trinidad and the South American mainland. Due to various challenges, including a mutiny, he was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains.

Fourth Voyage (1502-1504): Columbus explored the coast of Central America, reaching Honduras and Nicaragua. He was shipwrecked in Jamaica and endured a difficult year before being rescued.

Despite his significant contributions to exploration, Columbus's legacy is complex. He never actually reached mainland North America or set foot on South America until his third voyage. His belief that he had discovered a route to Asia led to numerous misconceptions about the geography of the New World.

DEATH Columbus died on May 20, 1506, in Valladolid, Spain. He had suffered from a long-term illness that first showed symptoms during his third voyage, eight years before his death.

While his son Fernando attributed the cause to "gout," recent research suggests it was likely Reiter's Syndrome, a rare tropical disease.

Columbus was initially buried in a small cemetery in Valladolid. Shortly after, his body was moved to Seville. Columbus's eldest son Diego was later buried beside his father in Seville. In 1537 both bodies were moved to the cathedral in Santo Domingo, Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic).

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Columbus's story has been retold in literature, films, and documentaries, with Washington Irving’s 19th-century writings elevating his myth. They include: 

1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992): Directed by Ridley Scott, this film portrays Columbus’s 1492 voyage to the Americas, starring Gérard Depardieu as Columbus. It captures the ambition and conflicts surrounding his journey, although it faced criticism for historical inaccuracies.

Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992): Another 1992 release, this film directed by John Glen and starring Georges Corraface as Columbus, was intended as a celebration of the 500th anniversary of his journey but received mixed reviews.

Columbus appears in various animated series like The Simpsons and South Park, usually satirically, critiquing or commenting on colonialism and its impacts.

Today, his role is examined critically, balancing exploration with impact on indigenous peoples. 

ACHIEVEMENTS Columbus’s most notable achievement was his 1492 journey, linking Europe and the Americas. He introduced new foods like maize to Europe, and his voyages changed global trade and geopolitics forever.

Columbus Day is celebrated on the second Monday of October in the United States. The first celebration of Columbus Day in the USA held in was held in New York on October 12, 1792.

Saint Columba

NAME Saint Columba, also known as Colum Cille, meaning “Dove of the Church.”

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Saint Columba is celebrated for his role in spreading Christianity to Scotland and founding the monastery at Iona, which became a significant center of learning, spirituality, and missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

BIRTH Columba was born on December 7, 521, in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, in what is now County Donegal, Ireland.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Columba, a descendant of Irish royalty, was born to Fedhlimidh and Eithne of the Uí Néill clan in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, Donegal. His father, a powerful Ulster warlord, was a kinsman of reigning Irish and Scottish princes. This lineage connected Columba to Niall of the Nine Hostages, a renowned fourth-century Irish king. 

CHILDHOOD As a youth, Columba was drawn to the Christian faith and displayed a deep sense of spirituality from an early age. Little is documented about his childhood, but he likely grew up surrounded by Gaelic traditions and the growing influence of the Christian faith.

EDUCATION As was customary for Irish aristocratic children, Columba was given to foster parents for his education. His foster parent and teacher was a priest named Cruithnechán (also spelled Crunathan), who also baptized him

When he was sufficiently advanced in his studies, Columba entered the monastic school of Movilla at Newtownards, under Saint Finnian. This occurred when he was about twenty years old and already a deacon,

After Movilla, Columba became a pupil at the monastic school at Clonard Abbey, situated on the River Boyne in modern County Meath. Clonard was one of the most significant centers of learning in 6th century Ireland, with an estimated 3,000 scholars under instruction. Clonard Abbey was governed at that time by Finnian of Clonard. Columba was one of twelve students of Finnian of Clonard who became known as the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.

Columba also studied under Mobhí Clárainech at his monastery in Glasnevin, which was frequented by other famous religious figures of the time.

It's worth noting that Columba's education wasn't limited to monasteries. He also studied under an aged bard named Gemman, where he likely learned about poetry and the bardic tradition. 

Columba's education provided him with a deep understanding of scripture, Latin, and Christian theology.

CAREER RECORD After completing his education, Columba founded several important monasteries in Ireland,

Around 563 AD, at the age of 42, Columba and twelve companions left Ireland and settled on the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland. He founded the monastery at Iona, which became both a base for Christian missionary work and a center of learning. This became the base for his missionary work among the Picts.

From Iona, Columba spread Christianity throughout Scotland, particularly among the Picts and the Gaels of Dál Riata. He is credited with converting many to Christianity and playing a significant role in the Christianization of Scotland.

Columba became an important figure in the politics of the region, often serving as a diplomat between various tribes. He was involved in the coronation of King Aidan of Dalriada and participated in the important Synod of Drumceatt in Ireland

Columba’s work had a lasting influence on Christianity in Scotland and Northern England, with many of his followers continuing his mission after his death.

APPEARANCE : According to Adamnan, Columba's biographer, he was "angelic in appearance, graceful in speech, holy in work. This description suggests he had a striking or charismatic presence.

According to tradition, Columba was described as tall and of dignified mien3. This aligns with the idea of him having a commanding presence.

Columba was said to have a strong, sweet, and sonorous voice that could be heard at great distances. This might imply he was a man of some physical stature.

Columba banging on the gate of Bridei, son of Maelchon, King of Fortriu.

FASHION Columba  wore the simple garments of a Celtic monk, which would have included a woolen robe and a hood, in keeping with the austere lifestyle he adopted.

As an Irish monk, Columba would have had the distinctive Celtic tonsure, a hairstyle that was different from the Roman tonsure

CHARACTER Columba was known for his courage, resilience, and profound faith. His personality was marked by a strong sense of duty and discipline, as well as a fiery temperament, which he learned to temper over time.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Stories of his encounters with locals and his pragmatic approach to leadership suggest he had a warm side, which endeared him to his followers.

One story recounts Columba was sitting around a table with some other monks, sharing stories and laughter. As the conversation turned to the miraculous tale of Findlugan, who had been protected by Columba's robe and spear, a monk inquired about the fate of Manus Dextera. Columba solemnly replied, "He is dead...as of this very moment."

RELATIONSHIPS Columba maintained close bonds with his fellow monks and followers. He had a respectful but complex relationship with secular rulers, including Brude, King of the Picts, whom he baptized.

MONEY AND FAME While Columba was born into a noble family, he renounced wealth, choosing instead a life of poverty in line with monastic principles. His fame as a holy man grew across the British Isles, attracting pilgrims to Iona.

FOOD AND DRINK Saint Columba's diet was a reflection of his austere lifestyle as a monk. The staple foods of his diet were simple and nourishing. Porridge, made from barley or oats, was a primary source of sustenance. Barley or oat cakes provided additional carbohydrates. Bread, often made from meal or flour mixed with water, was a common food. For a special treat, milk or honey might be added to the bread dough. However, these ingredients were considered luxuries.

To further demonstrate his commitment to a simple and disciplined life, Columba drank only water. He also practiced regular fasting, which was a common practice among monks of his time. His diet, therefore, was focused on sustenance rather than pleasure, aligning with his religious devotion and self-discipline.

MUSIC AND ARTS Saint Columba was a man of diverse interests, encompassing music and the arts.

Music was a significant aspect of Columba's life. His strong, melodious voice was renowned, and he likely played a role in cultivating musical traditions within the monastic communities he founded.

Columba’s life and work have inspired numerous other artistic and musical tributes over the centuries.

LITERATURE As a revered patron saint of poets, Columba is believed to have composed several poems, including two Latin hymns. While the exact number of his poems is uncertain, some sources attribute up to 300 to him. His poem "Altus Prosator" is particularly well-known.

Columba was deeply passionate about books and learning. He tirelessly sought to acquire and copy Psalters, Bibles, and other valuable manuscripts for his monks. In fact, it is estimated that he personally copied up to 300 manuscripts in his lifetime. The monasteries he established, particularly Iona, became important centers of literary production and preservation.

The scriptoria in these monasteries were renowned for producing beautifully illuminated manuscripts, although the Book of Kells, often associated with Columba's legacy, was likely completed after his death.

Columba was proficient in both Latin and Gaelic, composing works in both languages. He was also a strong advocate for education, encouraging the teaching of reading and writing in his monasteries.

At the assembly of Druim Cetta in 575, Columba defended poets who were facing criticism from the Irish ruling class, demonstrating his commitment to preserving artistic traditions. His early education under a bard exposed him to various aspects of Irish cultural knowledge, including poetry.

His legacy lives on in religious and historical texts, such as The Life of Saint Columba, written by  Adomnán, the ninth abbot of the Columban brotherhood at Iona (679–704). Life of Saint Columba (Latin: Vita Columbae) is the most comprehensive and revered biography of Saint Columba. It draws from the oral traditions and records of the monastery and provides a detailed portrayal of Columba's life, miracles, and spiritual achievements. 

NATURE Columba’s life and work were deeply tied to the rugged landscape of Iona. His connection to the natural world is evident in his respect for his surroundings and the stories of his journeys across Ireland and Scotland.

PETS Columba was described as "tender and kind even to animals that were attracted to him." He often spoke about the need to show kindness to animals. There are stories of Columba having an extraordinary rapport with various animals. For example, he is said to have calmed savage beasts like boars and serpents.

In one account, Columba received a vision that a wounded heron would land on the shore. When it arrived as predicted, Columba cared for it tenderly and released it back into the wild.

Columba's life is filled with tales of miracles attributed to his divine power, particularly during his mission to convert the Picts. One of the most famous stories involves an encounter with a mysterious creature, often linked to the legendary Loch Ness Monster.  On August 22, 565, Columba came across a group of Picts mourning a man who had been killed by the creature while swimming. As one of his followers, Lugne, dove into the water to retrieve a boat, he too was attacked by the beast. In response, Columba made the sign of the cross and commanded the creature to retreat in the name of God. The monster, terrified, immediately fled the scene. This story, while likely embellished, illustrates the belief that Columba had power over even the most fearsome creatures.

One of the most touching stories involves Columba's beloved horse. On the day Columba was going to die, his horse approached him, seeming to know his master was about to pass away. The horse began to weep, and they shared a moment of grief together. This story highlights the deep bond Columba had with animals.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Columba's interests were diverse, encompassing music and scholarship. He compiled a Hymnal for the Week and possessed a strong, melodious voice, suggesting his involvement in musical traditions. His intellectual curiosity led him to study Greek, chronology, and astronomy. As a skilled teacher, he imparted knowledge to his monks, shaping them into learned individuals.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Columba’s influence in science was indirect, as he helped establish Iona as a center for learning, where future monks studied various disciplines, including early mathematics and astronomy.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY In 563, at the age of 42, Columba, accompanied by twelve disciples, founded a community on the island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland.

The year following his arrival on Iona, Columba baptized Brude, the King of the Picts, converting him to Christianity. The stone altar used in this and numerous other ceremonies is believed to be the legendary Stone of Scone, the ancient coronation stone of Scottish monarchs. This stone remained a central part of Scottish coronation rituals for centuries and is now incorporated into the Coronation Chair used by British monarchs.

From this base, he embarked on a mission to convert the Pictish tribes inhabiting the region beyond the Grampian Mountains. His missionary efforts proved highly successful, with him and his disciples traveling extensively across the Pictish mainland (modern-day Scotland), the Hebrides, and the Orkneys, establishing numerous mission stations.

The Iona monastery served as the mother house, exercising authority over all the monasteries founded by Columba and his disciples, including those in northern England. Columba dedicated the last 34 years of his life to organizing and strengthening this ecclesiastical system in Scotland.

Columba established a unique ecclesiastical system, where bishops were subordinate to abbots, and Easter was celebrated on a different date than in Roman churches.

Columba’s teachings emphasized the Celtic Christian philosophy, which valued nature, community, and the continuity of the soul. His theology combined aspects of early Christian mysticism with a practical, missionary focus.

POLITICS Columba navigated a complex political landscape in both Ireland and Scotland. His influence extended into political realms, most notably when he anointed Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dalriada in 574 AD, marking the first recorded anointing of a king in Western Europe.

SCANDAL Columba once visited his former tutor, Finnian the Abbot, and was captivated by a magnificent manuscript, a Gospel not yet in his possession. Eager to study the text more closely, Columba requested permission to copy it. However, Finnian refused, claiming that the manuscript was unique and could not be replicated.

Undeterred, Columba secretly copied the manuscript night after night. When Finnian discovered his actions, he demanded the copy back, but Columba refused. The dispute escalated, and the case was brought before Diarmud, the High King. The King's judgment was that both manuscripts belonged to Finnian, citing a law that equated a copy of a book to its offspring.

Deeply disappointed and remorseful, Columba turned to his clan, the O'Neills, seeking to avenge the perceived injustice. This dispute ultimately led to the Battle of Cul Dremhne in 561, a conflict that resulted in significant casualties. Horrified by the bloodshed and realizing his responsibility, Columba swore to spend the rest of his life in prayer and penance. He also vowed never to return to Irish soil.

In fulfillment of his vow, Columba dedicated himself to founding churches and monasteries in the western regions of Scotland, leaving a lasting legacy of faith and learning.

A dispute over a manuscript led to the Battle of Cúl Drebene in 561, with Columba accused of inciting the conflict. Afterward, he was said to have taken up missionary work in Scotland as penance for his role in the incident.

MILITARY RECORD Although he was not a warrior, Columba’s influence over his noble clan could sway political and military decisions. His encounter with the Loch Ness Monster is a famed story that illustrates his bravery and protective nature.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Columba was active and strong, traveling frequently by foot and boat. His physical endurance reflected the rugged lifestyle of early Celtic monks.

HOMES Columba resided in simple, stone “beehive” huts on Iona, embracing the austere life of a monk in a monastery he founded.

TRAVEL Columba departed Ireland in 563 with twelve companions, setting sail in a simple wicker boat covered in hides. His destination was the northern tribes of Britain, where he intended to spread the Christian faith. Upon landing on the island of Iona, he symbolically buried his boat, ensuring that he would not be tempted to return to his homeland.

Columba later traveled extensively in Scotland to spread Christianity, even venturing to Inverness to meet the Pictish king.

DEATH On June 9, 597, Columba died at the age of 75. He passed away on the steps of his monastery’s altar, his face radiating joy, and was buried by his monks on Iona.

Many sources indicate that Columba was initially buried on the island of Iona, where he founded his famous monastery and spent the last years of his life.  Some traditions claim that Columba's remains were later moved and reburied in Downpatrick, County Down, Northern Ireland, alongside St. Patrick and St. Brigid 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Columba has been depicted in numerous artworks, religious hymns, and television programs celebrating Celtic saints. His story remains influential in media portraying early Christian history in Ireland and Scotland.

The Celtic band Iona released Open Sky in 2000, an album inspired by Celtic Christian themes. The track "Hinba" refers to the island retreat where Columba is said to have experienced profound visions of God’s glory. This mystical element of Columba’s story highlights his deep spiritual life and contemplative practices, and the song by Iona evokes the serene yet powerful spirituality associated with Columba’s time on Hinba, drawing listeners into the peaceful yet intense experience of Celtic monastic life.

Benjamin Britten’s hymn, "A Hymn of St Columba," composed for the 1,400th anniversary of Columba’s voyage to Iona, is another notable musical tribute. Britten requested that it be sung “with fire,” capturing the intense passion and commitment that Columba demonstrated throughout his missionary life.

ACHIEVEMENTS Columba is revered for founding the Iona Abbey, converting the northern tribes of Scotland to Christianity, and establishing a precedent for anointing kings in the British Isles. His legacy endures in both religious and cultural contexts across Ireland and Scotland.

Saint Columba's feast day is June 9th, the day of his passing.

William Colgate

NAME William Colgate

WHAT FAMOUS FOR William Colgate is renowned for founding the company William Colgate & Company in 1806, which later became known as Colgate-Palmolive. This company introduced innovations like aromatic toothpaste in jars in 1873 and, in 1896, became the first to package toothpaste in collapsible tubes.

BIRTH Born on January 25, 1783, in Hollingbourne, Kent, England

FAMILY BACKGROUND Colgate was raised in a devout Baptist family that valued hard work and dedication. His parents were Robert and Mary (née Bowles) Colgate. William's father Robert was a farmer by trade and was known for his intelligence and strong political convictions

CHILDHOOD Growing up in a large family of modest means, Colgate experienced a strict upbringing with a focus on religious faith and moral discipline, instilling a work ethic that would guide his career.

Robert Colgate's outspoken support for the American colonies' struggle for independence and the French Revolution led to political persecution from British authorities1. When William was 15 years old, in 1798, the family was forced to flee England after receiving a warning that Robert faced potential imprisonment or execution if they remained.

The Colgate family boarded a ship in March 1798 and sailed for America, settling on a farm in Harford County, Maryland. This dramatic uprooting in his teenage years would have been a significant and formative experience for young William.

EDUCATION  Although formal schooling opportunities were limited, Colgate sought practical education through apprenticeships, especially in the soap and candle-making trades.

CAREER RECORD 1804: Apprenticed as a soap boiler in New York City.

1806: Founded William Colgate & Company, on Dutch Street in New York City, initially focusing on candle, starch, and soap production. 

By 1820, he expanded his operations across the Hudson River to Jersey City, marking the company's long-standing presence there. The business steadily grew, eventually leading to the company’s pioneering advancements in dental care products.

APPEARANCE Colgate was known to be a neatly dressed gentleman with an unassuming demeanor, reflecting his modest upbringing and values.

A depiction of Colgate in his later years, drawn in 1881

FASHION He preferred practical, simple attire suitable for an industrial businessman of the era, often seen in dark suits and plain shirts.

CHARACTER Colgate was reputed as honest, diligent, and deeply religious, with a strong sense of integrity that earned him respect among peers and employees.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Although not known for a boisterous sense of humor, Colgate had a warm, friendly demeanor and a wry wit that endeared him to friends and family.

RELATIONSHIPS William Colgate married Mary Gilbert on April 23, 1810. William and Mary had a harmonious and compatible relationship.

William and Mary had a large family together. They had nine children and Colgate was a devoted husband and father, sharing close bonds with his wife and children, who played active roles in the family business.

 The Colgates were known for their strong Christian faith, which was reflected in their family life. They attended church together, and read the family Bible.

MONEY AND FAME Although successful, Colgate was modest about his wealth, reinvesting profits back into the company and donating generously to causes close to his heart, particularly his church and educational institutions.

Throughout his life, Colgate adhered to the biblical principle of tithing, initially donating 10% of his income to charitable causes. As his business prospered, he increased his giving, eventually dedicating up to 50% of his income to philanthropic endeavors.

Colgate was a strong supporter of foreign missions and even chose to personally sponsor a missionary. He was also a regular contributor to the funds of the Baptist Missionary Union.

Colgate was a generous benefactor of educational institutions. He made substantial donations to Madison University (now Colgate University) in Hamilton, New York, significantly impacting the institution's growth and development.

Colgate's charitable giving was deeply rooted in his Christian faith and his belief in the principles taught in the Bible. His home was known for its hospitality, and he attributed his success in both business and spiritual life to his adherence to biblical principles.

Beyond his broader philanthropic efforts, Colgate demonstrated his compassion by providing financial support and purchasing a farmhouse for his aging parents.

His sons, particularly James and Samuel, continued his philanthropic legacy, becoming benefactors of Madison University and Theological Seminary.

FOOD AND DRINK As a wealthy American in the early to mid-19th century, Colgate likely had access to a variety of foods common to that era and social class.

Given his English background and the time period, tea was likely a common beverage. As a devout Baptist, he likely abstained from alcohol.

MUSIC AND ARTS While no records detail Colgate’s personal preferences in music or art, he supported community programs that included cultural and artistic initiatives.

LITERATURE A dedicated reader, Colgate favored religious texts and practical books on business and industry.

Colgate’s story appears in various business histories, including profiles on early American entrepreneurs and industrialists. Works on the history of Colgate-Palmolive often detail his life as the company’s founder, particularly in books about iconic American brands.

NATURE Colgate grew up in rural England and later lived on farms in Maryland and New York

PETS While not directly related to William Colgate himself, it's worth noting that the company he founded later expanded into pet nutrition. In the 1930s, long after William Colgate's death, Dr. Mark Morris developed a specialty dog food that eventually became part of the Colgate-Palmolive company as Hill's Pet Nutrition.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Colgate’s life centered largely on his work and faith, leaving little documented time for personal hobbies, though he enjoyed staying physically active through his daily routines.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Colgate had a keen understanding of chemistry as it related to soap-making, starch production, and other industrial processes.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Colgate was a devout Christian, specifically a Baptist. He was baptized in February 1808 at the First Baptist Church in New York 

He remained an active member of Baptist churches throughout his life, serving as a deacon and earning the affectionate title of "Deacon Colgate." Colgate was also a strong advocate for temperance within the church community.

Colgate appears to have held a strong belief in biblical authority. When considering joining a Presbyterian church, he sought a "thus saith the Lord" for each point of doctrine, including infant baptism. Unable to find biblical support for infant baptism, he ultimately joined a Baptist church instead.

As a committed Baptist, Colgate integrated his religious beliefs into every aspect of his life and business, emphasizing moral conduct and fairness in his practices. He was also a generous supporter of theological education.

Colgate played a crucial role in establishing the American Bible Society in 1816 and later contributed to the founding of the American and Foreign Bible Society. He also served on the board of the American Tract Society, an organization dedicated to distributing Christian literature.

POLITICS Although not publicly political, Colgate quietly supported causes that aligned with his faith and values, focusing his efforts on societal betterment through education and charity.

SCANDAL No known scandals are associated with Colgate; he maintained an unblemished reputation throughout his life.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Colgate was generally healthy, thanks to his disciplined lifestyle, and continued to work actively until his health began to decline later in life.

HOMES William Colgate spent his early years in Hollingbourne, Kent, England. At the age of six, his family relocated to a farm near Shoreham, Kent.

In 1798, at the age of 15, Colgate embarked on a journey with his family to the United States. They settled on a farm in Harford County, Maryland, where they resided for several years.

In 1804, at the age of 21, Colgate moved to New York City, a pivotal moment that would shape the course of his life. After a brief stay in Mamaroneck, he established himself in New York City. Over the years, he lived in various locations within the city, including a house on John Street, a house on Chambers Street, and ultimately a house on Madison Square, where he passed away.

TRAVEL While Colgate occasionally traveled for business, he largely remained in New York and Jersey City, where his business interests were concentrated.

DEATH William Colgate passed away on March 25, 1857, at the age of 74. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Colgate’s image and legacy primarily appear in industrial history and business retrospectives. His company’s products, however, became famous worldwide.

1. Business and Historical Documentaries: Colgate’s life and contributions to the soap and toothpaste industry are frequently referenced in documentaries exploring the history of American industry, personal hygiene products, or the evolution of major corporations.

2. Brand Advertisements and Marketing Campaigns: While Colgate’s image isn’t directly used, his name remains synonymous with the brand, which frequently emphasizes the company’s long-standing heritage. Occasionally, marketing campaigns refer back to the brand's origins in the early 1800s.

3. Museums and Historical Exhibits: Colgate’s legacy is recognized in museums focusing on American industrial history, like The Henry Ford Museum, where his company’s innovations, such as early toothpaste in collapsible tubes, are highlighted.

ACHIEVEMENTS  Founder of William Colgate & Company, which would become the globally recognized Colgate-Palmolive.

Contributed to the growth of the American economy.

Established a legacy of philanthropy and business ethics.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

NAME Samuel Taylor Coleridge

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and co-founder of the Romantic Movement. He is most famous for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, and for his influential critical work Biographia Literaria.

BIRTH Born on October 21, 1772, in the country town of Ottery St Mary, Devonshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND His father, Reverend John Coleridge, was a respected vicar and headmaster of Henry VIII's Free Grammar School in Ottery St Mary. Coleridge was the youngest of ten children in the family. Unfortunately, Coleridge's father passed away when he was just eight years old, leaving him at the mercy of his nine older siblings and a stepmother who was said to be cold-hearted and neglectful.

Coleridge's relationship with his mother was a complex one. In later life, he idealized his father as a pious innocent, but his memories of his mother were less positive. 

After his father's death, Coleridge was sent to Christ's Hospital School in London, a charity school for orphans, where he completed his secondary education

CHILDHOOD Coleridge was a temperamental and dreamy child. He was an advanced reader, having read the Arabian Nights by the age of five. At the age of seven, he ran away from home after pulling a knife on an older brother, fearing his mother's reaction. He spent the night in a storm and rain on the bank of the River Otter. Although he was discovered and returned the next morning, the memory of that night would haunt him for the rest of his life.

His childhood was marked by attention-seeking behavior, which has been linked to his dependent personality as an adult. Coleridge was rarely allowed to return home during his schooldays.

EDUCATION During his time at Christ's Hospital, Coleridge became friends with future poet Charles Lamb and other classmates, although he often felt lonely due to the absence of family during vacations. He excelled academically, particularly in classics

In 1792, Coleridge entered Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied classics. Despite his initial academic promise, his studies were interrupted by heavy drinking and debauchery, which led to massive debts. To avoid paying his debts, he briefly enlisted in the army, but his brother eventually paid for his discharge on a plea of insanity.

During his time at Cambridge, Coleridge became interested in French revolutionary politics and absorbed political and theological ideas that were considered radical at the time, particularly those of Unitarianism. However, his academic career was ultimately unsuccessful, and he left Cambridge without a degree.

CAREER RECORD Coleridge had a multifaceted career, working as a poet, critic, lecturer, and editor.  His most famous works were written during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner2 (1797-1798) and "Kubla Khan" (published in 1816).

1794 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, drawn to the revolutionary ideas of the time. However, his military career was short-lived, and he soon left the army.

1798, Coleridge collaborated with William Wordsworth on "Lyrical Ballads", a landmark collection of poetry that helped to launch the Romantic movement. Despite his literary success, Coleridge continued to struggle financially and turned to criticism and journalism for income.

1804 -1806, He served as the Public Secretary of the British administration of Malta, assisting Governor Sir Alexander John Ball. In this role, he gained valuable experience in government and administration.

1809 - 1810, Coleridge edited The Friend, a weekly magazine that he wrote almost entirely himself. Despite his efforts, the magazine was not a commercial success.

1808 - 1819 Coleridge gave his famous series of lectures on literature and philosophy. His lectures on Shakespeare were particularly influential, helping to revive interest in the playwright. During this period, he also wrote on religion and political theory. Financial donations and grants supplemented his literary income.

In his later years, Coleridge lived a quiet life in Hampstead Heath, pottering around and achieving little of significance. His health declined, and he became increasingly addicted to opium. Coleridge died in 1834, leaving behind a complex legacy as a poet, philosopher, and critic.

APPEARANCE Coleridge's appearance was striking and memorable. He was tall and slender, with a pale complexion and a habit of staring into space, which often caused him to appear absent-minded. His hair was dark and curly, and he had a long, aquiline nose. He was often described as having a melancholy or dreamy expression. 

Coleridge spoke with a west country accent

1795 portrait by Peter Vandyke

Coleridge's drug addiction and health struggles later in life left him physically frail.

FASHION Coleridge was known for his eccentric appearance and habits. He often wore shabby clothes, and his unkempt appearance was a source of amusement to his friends. On one occasion, while riding with a friend, Coleridge suggested that he pass himself off as the friend's servant to avoid being recognized by some approaching acquaintances. His friend refused, replying, "I am proud of you as a friend but would be ashamed of you as a servant."

Coleridge's drug addiction led to obsessive washing, as he was unable to tolerate the slightest atom of dirt on his person. This bodily revulsion was a symptom of his addiction and a source of discomfort for those around him.

CHARACTER Coleridge was a deeply introspective and emotional individual. He was known for his intellectual depth, sensitivity, and inner turmoil, particularly due to his struggles with drug addiction and his feelings of inadequacy.

Coleridge was known for his absent-mindedness and forgetfulness. He frequently lost things, and he was particularly notorious for misplacing his shirts while traveling. He was also deceitful, irresolute, and pessimistic, often leaving letters unopened for weeks in case they contained bad news. His missed deadlines, airy promises, and frank untruths were the subject of much criticism.

Despite his flaws, Coleridge was a brilliant and addicted conversationalist. As Alan Partridge would say he "scaled the north face of chatmandu." 

Coleridge often talked with his eyes closed, and his rambling monologues could be both fascinating and exhausting. As the sage of Highgate, he attracted numerous visitors and disciples. Charles Lamb described a time when he listened to Coleridge's ideas and conversation in his garden until he was forced to slip away due to pressing business. Five hours later, Lamb passed Coleridge's garden again and found him still talking, as if he had not noticed Lamb's departure. Thomas Carlyle described Coleridge as a "wild conversationalist" with a "radiant and moist" face.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Though often somber, Coleridge displayed a sharp wit and humor. His anecdotes and conversations were engaging, and he was known for his profound yet humorous remarks.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's sense of humor is illustrated in several anecdotes and writings. One notable example is found in a playful exchange with an officer inspecting guns. When asked about a rusty gun, Coleridge humorously admitted it must be his, disarming the situation with his candid and self-deprecating wit.

RELATIONSHIPS Coleridge's personal life was marked by turbulent relationships and failed marriages. On October 4, 1795, he married Sarah Fricker, the sister-in-law of his friend Robert Southey in Bristol. The marriage was motivated by a desire to found a democratic colony in Philadelphia and was not based on love. The marriage was a disaster, and the couple separated in 1806.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge had four children with Sarah Fricker:

1. Hartley Coleridge: Born on September 19, 1796, Hartley was the eldest child. He became a poet and essayist, following in his father's literary footsteps.

2. Berkeley Coleridge: Born on May 30, 1798, Berkeley tragically died in infancy on February 16, 1799.

3. Derwent Coleridge: Born on September 14, 1800, Derwent pursued a career in education and became a notable scholar and writer.

4. Sara Coleridge: Born on December 23, 1802, Sara was the only daughter. She became an accomplished author and translator, contributing significantly to English literature.

Sara Coleridge – 1830. Portrait by Richard James Lane

From 1807 to 1811, Coleridge lived with Mary Hutchinson, Wordsworth's future sister-in-law. He had fallen in love with her while still married to Sarah Fricker. After losing her, Coleridge became suicidal for a time.

In addition to his two wives, Coleridge had several other romantic relationships. Dorothy Wordsworth, Wordsworth's sister, fancied Coleridge, but her feelings were not reciprocated.

Coleridge was also reported to have been a "terrible lover" and his opium addiction  likely contributed to his difficulties in intimate relationships.

Coleridge formed deep friendships with many notable figures of his time. His closest friend was William Wordsworth, with whom he collaborated on Lyrical Ballads. He was also a good friend of Charles Lamb, the essayist and humorist.

In addition to literary figures, Coleridge's friends included Humphry Davy, the chemist; industrialists such as Thomas Poole and members of the Wedgwood family; Alexander Ball, the military governor of Malta; the American painter Washington Allston; and the physician James Gillman. These friendships provided Coleridge with support, companionship, and intellectual stimulation.   

Wordsworth: "Samuel Taylor Coleridge is the only wonderful man I ever knew", 

MONEY AND FAME Coleridge's life was plagued by poverty, largely due to his opium addiction. Despite earning a substantial income at various points in his career, including £600 per year as secretary to the governor of Malta, he was never able to achieve self-sufficiency. His addiction to opium was particularly costly, with his weekly spending on the drug equivalent to two weeks' average wages.

Coleridge's literary works were often met with mockery or censure during his lifetime. His three masterpieces, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," "Kubla Khan," and "Christabel," were initially criticized and misunderstood. However, his reputation as a brilliant conversationalist and lecturer at the Royal Institution ensured that he was well-known and respected in his day.

FOOD AND DRINK Coleridge had a simple palate, enjoying comfort foods like toasted cheese, which his wife Sarah would make for him over the fire, and apple dumplings. He also drank alcohol, including wine and punch, and there are accounts of him becoming tipsy after consuming punch.

Coleridge's most significant addiction was to opium, which likely affected his appetite and eating habits. He struggled with this addiction for much of his life. At one point, he attempted to give up alcohol, referring to himself as "aquavorous" (water-drinking) for four days. However, he found it difficult to abstain, and there are mentions of him "pouring down goblet after goblet" during a period when he was supposedly trying to become sober.

MUSIC AND ARTS Coleridge had a profound appreciation for music, which played an important role in his life and work. He was influenced by composers like Mozart and Beethoven and believed that poetry and music shared a close relationship. Coleridge's poem "The Nightingale" reflects this connection, illustrating how music can evoke profound feelings.

He enjoyed singing and participating in musical gatherings, often engaging with friends and fellow poets in musical activities. His friendships with musicians, such as Robert Southey and Charles Lamb, further enriched his musical experiences.

Coleridge sometimes incorporated musical elements into his poetry, using rhythm and meter to create a lyrical quality that mirrored musical compositions. He once remarked, "An ear for music is very different from a taste for music. I have no ear whatever (pardon) I could not sing an air to save my life; but I have the intensest delight in music and can detect good from bad."

Coleridge had a keen interest in the arts and philosophy, particularly during his time in Germany, where he studied German philosophy and literature.

Coleridge contributed to the dramatic arts in several ways. He translated two of Schiller's plays from German into English. He also wrote several original dramas, including Zapolya, which enjoyed successful runs in London and Bristol.

In 1729, Coleridge wrote the tragedy Remorse. This play explored themes of guilt, redemption, and the consequences of past actions. While not as widely known as his poetry, Remorse demonstrates Coleridge's talent for dramatic writing.

LITERATURE Coleridge was a voracious reader and believed that the best-plotted works in literature were those that tied up all loose ends. He had a habit of scribbling notes and comments in books as he read them, and his collected scribbles filled five volumes. He coined numerous terms in the English language, including "soulmate" and "suspension of disbelief."

Coleridge was an outstanding literary critic, defining prose as "words in their best order" and poetry as "best words in their best order." He once said, "Advice is like snow. The softer it falls, the longer it dwells upon, the deeper it sinks into the mind."

Coleridge wrote approximately 750 poems during his lifetime, covering a wide range of subjects and styles. His poetic output included an elegy to his broken shaving pot, highlighting his attention to detail and even the mundane.

Coleridge was an outstanding literary critic, defining prose as "words in their best order" and poetry as "best words in their best order." He once said, "Advice is like snow. The softer it falls, the longer it dwells upon, the deeper it sinks into the mind."

Coleridge's key poetic works include:

Lyrical Ballads (1798): Co-written with Wordsworth, this collection of poems marked the beginning of the Romantic era of poetry. 

"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner "(1798): This narrative poem, first published in Lyrical Ballads, is Coleridge's most famous work. It tells the tale of a sailor who is cursed for killing an albatross.

Ode to Dejection (1802): This poem mourns the loss of Coleridge's poetic response to nature.

"Kubla Khan" (1816): This fragmentary poem describes a fantastical landscape and is considered one of Coleridge's greatest achievements. 20 years after Samuel Coleridge composed Kublai Khan after an opium influenced dream, the poem was finally published on May 25, 1816.

"Christabel": This unfinished poem, praised by Shelley as "A Hooded Eagle among blinking Owls," is a tale of supernatural horror and mystery.

Coleridge's poetry is known for its imagery, symbolism, and exploration of complex themes. His influence on subsequent generations of poets is undeniable, and his works continue to be studied and admired today.

NATURE Living in the English countryside at Nether Stowey, Coleridge developed a profound appreciation for nature, which inspired much of his poetry. He often wrote about the mystical and sublime aspects of the natural world.

PETS Coleridge had a deep affection for animals, which is reflected in his poetry and personal writings. For instance, his poem "To a Young Ass" expresses sympathy for animals and highlights his emotional connection to them.

In a letter, Coleridge humorously referred to his cat as "sister" in the "Fraternity of universal Nature," indicating a fondness for animals in general. 

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Coleridge enjoyed long walks in nature, which was a key source of inspiration for his poetry. He loved hill walking: in 1819 Coleridge walked 263 miles through the Scottish Highlands in eight days

He did not engage in sports but took pleasure in intellectual and philosophical pursuits.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Coleridge was fascinated by science and was particularly inspired by the lectures of Sir Humphrey Davy. At one point, he even considered pursuing a career in chemistry himself.

Although he never became a professional scientist, Coleridge remained a keen amateur. He conducted electrical experiments on himself and delivered a series of lectures at the Royal Institution to a large and enthusiastic audience. Unfortunately, his opium addiction hindered his ability to succeed as a scientist.

Coleridge saw science as a way to discover truth and a valuable source of metaphors. He used scientific terms and concepts in his writing, such as comparing Dorothy Wordsworth's taste to an electrometer.

Coleridge was a critical thinker and enjoyed discussing ideas and theories. He was also a meticulous record-keeper, logging everything from the color of his urine to the rate at which his toenails grew. This attention to detail reflects his scientific curiosity and his desire to understand the world around him.

Biographia Literaria, published in 1817, is a critical autobiography by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. While primarily a work of literary criticism and autobiography, it also reveals Coleridge's ongoing engagement with scientific ideas and his attempts to bridge scientific and poetic modes of thought.

In discussing imagination, Coleridge attempted to bring together philosophical and scientific concepts. He drew on ideas from natural philosophy and psychology to explain imagination, demonstrating his interest in integrating scientific and philosophical perspectives.

Coleridge engaged with scientific and philosophical ideas of his time, particularly those of German philosophers and scientists like Kant and Schelling. He discussed the relationship between empirical science and transcendental philosophy, referencing thinkers like Descartes and concepts from natural philosophy.

Coleridge's background in medicine and his interest in scientific topics like chemistry are reflected in some of his discussions, even if not always explicitly. The work shows his attempts to develop a systematic approach to literary criticism and theory, drawing parallels to scientific methods.

Throughout Biographia Literaria, Coleridge tried to integrate scientific and poetic ways of understanding nature and the human mind. This demonstrated his belief in the interconnectedness of these two modes of thought and his desire to explore the boundaries between them.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Coleridge's 1798-9 trip to Germany stimulated an interest in German philosophy. He spent years translating German philosophical works into English, introducing these ideas to a wider English-speaking audience.

Coleridge was a Unitarian and a pantheist, believing that God is present in all things. 

In 1795, Coleridge edited a radical Christian journal, The Watchman, which ran for ten issues. He considered entering the Unitarian ministry and preached throughout the West Country. 

In 1813, Coleridge was in a dire state, both physically and psychologically. He described himself as being in "anguish and remorse of Mind" and experiencing the "Terrors of the Almighty." Struggling with opium addiction and contemplating suicide, Coleridge reached a crisis point in his life.

This period marked a turning point for Coleridge. Around 1810-1814, he began shifting his focus from poetry to literary criticism and developing more systematic philosophical and theological arguments. After 1813, his writings show a stronger emphasis on Christian themes and a move away from his earlier Unitarian beliefs. He began to articulate a more orthodox Anglican theology.

The crisis seems to have prompted deep reflection on his faith. In Biographia Literaria (written 1815-1817), Coleridge discusses how true faith is "a collective energy, a total act of the whole moral being" centered in the heart.

Following this period, Coleridge's work took on a more explicitly Christian character, as he sought to develop a "liberal and rational theology" that recognized the "immanent God found within the human imagination." This crisis and recommitment to Christianity in 1813-1814 appears to have been a pivotal moment that shaped the direction of his later philosophical and theological writings.

After hearing Coleridge preach, the British writer William Hazlitt wrote, "Poetry and philosophy met together. Truth and genius had embraced.... under the eyes of religion."

POLITICS Coleridge held radical political views early in his life and was suspected of being a French spy by the locals of Nether Stowey due to his political and theological ideas. His political views evolved over time, becoming more conservative later in life.

One of Coleridge's utopian dreams was to establish a Pantisocracy (meaning "equal or level government by/for all") in America. He left Cambridge without a degree and joined his university friend, the poet Robert Southey, in a plan to found a utopian society in Pennsylvania. Based on the ideas of William Godwin, this new society was dubbed "Pantisocracy." However, their planned trip to the US came to nothing.

SCANDAL Coleridge’s opium addiction became widely known, and it marred both his personal and professional life. His habit went far beyond casual use, leaving him increasingly erratic and disconnected from reality. The current manager of the Ship Inn in Porlock quipped in a 1997 Sunday Times piece, "Of course by the time he ended up here he was potty with drugs and as likely to be found rolling around in a ditch "

His obsessive washing and other compulsive behaviors were a result of his addiction.

This addiction had a profound effect on his family life, too. He abandoned his wife, Sara, and their children, not seeing his son Hartley for the last 14 years of his life. 

Despite being celebrated as a genius, Coleridge also had a dark side in his intellectual life—he was known to plagiarize German philosophers and critics in his works, yet would deny and deflect these accusations in his drug-addled rambles. The duality of Coleridge's brilliance and self-destruction remains a fascinating, tragic chapter in literary history.

MILITARY RECORD In December 1793, Coleridge enlisted in the 15th Light Dragoons, using the assumed name Silas Tomkyn Comberbache. He joined the army out of desperation, owing a significant amount of money and feeling hopeless about his poetic ambitions.

Coleridge proved to be a poor soldier, struggling with the physical demands of cavalry service. He was described as "totally incapable" as a horseman and frequently fell off his horse during training. Despite his incompetence, Coleridge was well-liked by his fellow soldiers, who considered him a "talking natural" and enjoyed his amusing stories.

Coleridge's true identity was eventually discovered when some officers overheard him discussing Greek literature. Impressed by his knowledge, they helped arrange for his discharge. His family, upon learning of his enlistment, was upset and worked to secure his release. His brother George arranged for his discharge on grounds of insanity.

Coleridge was officially discharged on April 10, 1794, after serving for about four months. Following his discharge, he returned to Cambridge University, though he did not complete his degree.

This brief military episode was a turning point in Coleridge's life, marking a period of personal crisis before he embarked on his literary career in earnest

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Coleridge suffered from poor health throughout his life, including rheumatism, toothaches, and severe opium addiction. 

Around 1796, Coleridge began using opium as a pain reliever for various ailments like toothache and facial neuralgia, documented in both his and Dorothy Wordsworth's notebooks. Back then, opium use wasn't necessarily frowned upon, but there was a significant lack of knowledge about its addictive properties, both physical and psychological.

However, Coleridge's initial use for pain management escalated over time. By 1800, his reliance on opium had become concerning.  His consumption of laudanum, an opium tincture, reached concerning levels –  half a gallon a week for his rheumatism. 

His physical condition deteriorated significantly as his addiction worsened. Despite efforts to control his addiction, Coleridge continued to use opium until his death in 1834. He often expressed regret and guilt over his dependency, which he attributed to the need to relieve physical pain rather than seeking pleasure

Coleridge also wrote about other medical issues like gout and ingrown fingernails, highlighting his personal experiences with various health concerns.

HOMES Coleridge lived in a variety of places. Hre are the main places he lived throughout his life:

Ottery St. Mary, Devon - Coleridge's birthplace, where he spent his early childhood.

London - He attended Christ's Hospital school in London as a boy.

Cambridge - He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge University in the early 1790s.

Bristol - He lived here briefly in the mid-1790s after leaving Cambridge.

Nether Stowey, Somerset - Coleridge lived in a mice infested cottage 1797-1800, rented for £7 a year and described as " a miserable hovel" by Coleridge's wife, Sara. Locals suspected the Coleridges of being French spies. He wrote "Ancient Mariner" there and was later joined by Wordsworth. This is now known as Coleridge Cottage and is preserved by the National Trust.

Coleridge Cottage by Andrew Riley, Wikipedia

Lake District - Coleridge moved to Greta Hall in Keswick in July 1800 and lived there until 1804. Greta Hall was located about 150 meters off Main Street in Keswick.

During his time at Greta Hall, Coleridge wrote the second part of "Christabel" in 1800 and the "Ode to Dejection" in 1802. He also regularly visited his friend William Wordsworth in Grasmere.

Robert Southey and his wife came to stay with the Coleridges at Greta Hall in 1803 and took over the tenancy when Coleridge left in 1804. Greta Hall was visited by many other literary figures during Coleridge's time there, including Wordsworth, Hazlitt, Byron, Keats, Shelley, and others.

Malta - Coleridge spent time in Malta from 1804-1806, working as a secretary to the governor.

London - He returned to London in 1806 and lived there on and off for many years.

Highgate, London - The last 18 years of his life (1816-1834) were spent living as a house guest of a young admirer, Dr. James Gillman in Highgate. Coleridge moved into Gillman's house on April 15, 1816. Coleridge initially intended to stay for only a few weeks to address his addiction. However, he ended up living there for the remaining 18 years of his life, until his death in 1834.

Although Coleridge continued to struggle with opium use, living with Gillman helped him reduce his intake and stabilize his condition to some extent.

He also traveled extensively, spending time in Germany, Italy, and other parts of England at various points.

The cottage in Nether Stowey and his time in the Lake District were particularly important periods for Coleridge's poetry writing. His later years in London and Highgate were more focused on lecturing, criticism, and philosophy.

TRAVEL In 1798-9, Coleridge spent ten months in Germany with the Wordsworths. He soon went his own way, spending much of his time in German university towns.

In 1804, Coleridge made a voyage to Malta as a paying passenger on a merchant ship. During this trip, he worked on but never finished a piece titled "Consolations and Comforts from the Exercise and Right Application of the Reason, the Imagination and Moral Feelings Addressed Especially to those in Sickness Adversity; or Distress of Mind from Speculative Gloom."

Coleridge lived in Maltafrom 1804-06  and traveled in Sicily and Italy, hoping that leaving Britain's damp climate would improve his health and reduce his consumption of opium.

He was also known for his frequent long walks and travels within England.

DEATH Coleridge died on July 25, 1834, in Highgate, London, from heart failure, likely compounded by a lung disorder linked to his opium use.

Coleridge was initially buried in the crypt of the Highgate School Chapel after his death in 1834. Due to weathering and structural issues with the chapel, his remains, along with those of his family members, were transferred to the crypt of St. Michael’s Church, Highgate, in 1961.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Coleridge has been portrayed in various films, documentaries, and biographical works, often emphasizing his role in the Romantic movement and his struggles with addiction. They include:

1. Film and Television: Coleridge was referenced in the TV series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016), which delves into the darker aspects of Victorian literature, often drawing inspiration from Coleridge's Romantic themes of the supernatural and the human psyche.

In The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970), starring Roger Moore, Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is recited, alluding to the haunting nature of the film's themes.

Linus Roache portrayed Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the 2000 film Pandemonium, directed by Julien Temple. The film explores the complex relationship between Coleridge and fellow Romantic poet William Wordsworth, played by John Hannah. It delves into their creative collaboration, as well as Coleridge's personal struggles with addiction and mental health.

2. Music:  Iron Maiden’s heavy metal epic "Rime of the Ancient Mariner "(1984) is a direct retelling of Coleridge's famous poem, spanning over 13 minutes. The song encapsulates the eerie and fateful journey of the mariner.

The band Fleetwood Mac also adapted Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner in their early bluesy phase (1968) in a more concise, acoustic style.

3. Literature Coleridge appears as a character in Tom Stoppard’s play The Invention of Love (1997), where his complicated relationship with fellow Romantic poets and his troubled life are discussed.

His influence extends into modern literary works like the Philip Pullman series His Dark Materials, where Coleridge’s metaphysical explorations of imagination, morality, and the mind echo in the themes of the books.

4. Documentaries and Biopics: The BBC has explored Coleridge’s life in several documentaries, often focusing on his opium addiction, literary genius, and his complicated friendship with William Wordsworth. One such documentary, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Samuel Taylor Coleridge (BBC, 2017), provides insight into the creation of his iconic poem.

ACHIEVEMENTS Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s greatest achievements include his contributions to the Romantic Movement, his influential literary criticism, and his creation of enduring works like 2The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and "Kubla Khan." He also coined many words that remain in use today, including "pessimism" and "dynamic."

Sources (a) Novels and Novelists by Martin Seymour-Smith (Editor) (b) 5,000 Gems of Wit and Wisdom (c) Faber Book of Anecdotes (d) The London Times 1997 (e) Encarta