WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Anne of Cleves is primarily known for being the fourth wife of King Henry VIII of England.
BIRTH: Born on September 22, 1515, in Düsseldorf, Duchy of Cleves (now in Germany).
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Anne was the daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves, and Maria of Jülich-Berg. She was part of the powerful House of La Marck.
CHILDHOOD: Anne grew up in the Duchy of Cleves in a relatively stable environment, surrounded by her family's court.
EDUCATION: Although formal education for noble girls of her time was limited, Anne received instruction in the arts, languages, and courtly etiquette suitable for a noblewoman.
CAREER RECORD: Queen of England (January 6 – July 12, 1540)
APPEARANCE: Anne was described as tall, with fair hair and a pleasant countenance, though opinions on her beauty varied.
Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1539
FASHION: Anne's fashion sense reflected the trends of her time, favoring elaborate gowns and headdresses befitting her status.
CHARACTER: Anne was known for her gentle and amiable nature, which endeared her to many despite the circumstances of her marriage.
SENSE OF HUMOUR: Anne was noted for her good humor and ability to adapt to difficult situations with grace and dignity.
RELATIONSHIPS: Anne's most notable relationship was her marriage to Henry VIII, which ended in annulment after a brief and unconsummated union. Following her divorce, she maintained amicable relations with the English court. She especially developed a friendly relationship with Henry's daughter, Elizabeth I.
Picture this: Henry VIII, the portly king is in the market for wife number four. Enter Thomas Cromwell, his ever-so-slightly-nervous advisor, with a suggestion – Anne, the sister of the Duke of Cleves, a German fellow with a fondness for bratwurst and, most importantly, the Protestant religion. Perfect, Cromwell thinks, a political alliance to boot!
Except, well, there was a snag. Unlike Henry's previous wives, Anne wasn't exactly a looker. The journey from Germany had left her a touch… weather-beaten. Think more sea captain than damsel in distress. Henry, a man who valued a lady's complexion about as much as a winning hand of cards, was none too pleased. "Flanders Mare!" he apparently bellowed, which for those unfamiliar with Tudor insults, is not a compliment (and a tad harsh if you ask me).
But hey, they were giving marriage a go anyway. January 6, 1540, vows were exchanged, archbishop mumbled some stuff, and bam – they were husband and wife. Unfortunately, the night didn't quite go as planned. Let's just say Henry wasn't exactly swept off his sizable feet. Apparently, there were… olfactory issues. Not a good sign, folks.
The marriage lasted about as long as a custard tart at a court feast. The marriage was annulled on July 12, 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and Henry, ever the charmer, offered Anne a generous severance package – houses, lands, the whole shebang – as long as she stayed put and didn't cause a scene. Surprisingly, Anne took it all in stride. Unlike some of Henry's other wives (cough, Catherine Howard, cough), her head remained firmly attached to her shoulders.
MONEY AND FAME: Anne received a generous settlement after her divorce from Henry VIII, which included various estates and a comfortable income.
FOOD AND DRINK: Anne would have been accustomed to the rich and varied cuisine typical of noble households of her time. Dietary habits of the Tudor court likely included rich meats, cheeses, breads, and some vegetables and fruits.
MUSIC AND ARTS: Anne may have received some instruction in music as part of her upbringing. The Tudor court was a center for music and entertainment, and she likely participated in these activities.
LITERATURE: Anne may have been exposed to literature, though her specific literary tastes are not well-documented.
NATURE: Growing up in the Duchy of Cleves, Anne would have been familiar with the natural landscapes of the region.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Anne's hobbies likely included activities typical of noblewomen, such as embroidery, dancing, and possibly hunting or falconry.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: While Anne's formal education may not have included extensive studies in science and mathematics, she would have been exposed to some scientific and mathematical concepts of her time.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Anne, like many of her contemporaries, would have been influenced by the prevailing religious and philosophical ideas of the Renaissance. She was raised Lutheran, but likely adapted to the Church of England after her marriage to Henry.
SCANDAL: Anne's marriage to Henry VIII ended in scandal with its annulment, though she managed to maintain her dignity throughout the ordeal.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Anne appears to have enjoyed good health throughout her life.
HOMES: Anne had various estates and residences including Hever Castle after the annulment of her marriage to Henry VIII.
TRAVEL: Anne's most significant travel was her journey from Cleves to England to marry Henry VIII.
DEATH: Anne died on July 16, 1557, at Chelsea Manor, London, England, eight weeks before her 42nd birthday. The cause of her death was most likely to have been cancer. She was buried at Westminster Abbey.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Anne of Cleves has been depicted in numerous works of literature, film, and television, often as a sympathetic figure caught up in the tumultuous politics of the Tudor court. They include:
Historical fiction novels: Her story is depicted in novels like The Privy Chamber by Susan Fraser and Katherine Parr: The Sixth Wife by Jean Plaidy.
Films and television series: Portrayals include the miniseries The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) and the Showtime series The Tudors (2007-2010).
ACHIEVEMENTS: Anne's greatest achievement lies in her ability to navigate the treacherous waters of Henry VIII's court with dignity and grace, ultimately securing a comfortable and respected position for herself even after her marriage to the king was annulled.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Maya Angelou was a renowned American poet, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She is best known for her autobiographical works, particularly I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, which remains a classic in American literature.
BIRTH April 4, 1928, St. Louis, Missouri
FAMILY BACKGROUND Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Annie Johnson. Her parents, Bailey Johnson and Vivian Baxter, divorced when she was very young. She and her older brother, Bailey Jr., were sent to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas.
CHILDHOOD Maya Angelou's childhood was marked by hardship and trauma. A sexual assault by her mother's boyfriend at age 7, caused her to stop speaking for several years. She also faced racial discrimination. Maya had a strong bond with her brother, Bailey
EDUCATION Angelou's formal education was sporadic due to personal challenges, but she developed a love for literature and arts.
When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in once again with their mother, who had since moved to Oakland, California. During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School and studied dance and drama.
CAREER RECORD Angelou had a diverse career, starting at the age of 16 when she became the first Black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.
Her works encompass autobiography, plays, poetry, and teleplays.
She also had an active directing, acting, and speaking career.
Angelou is best known for her books, including her series of seven autobiographies, starting with the critically acclaimed I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969).
A Civil rights activist she worked with Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X
In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
APPEARANCE Tall and statuesque, Maya Angelou had a commanding presence, often described as regal. She carried herself with grace and dignity.
Angelou in 1993
FASHION Angelou was known for her elegant and distinctive style, often adorned with colorful scarves and accessories. She embraced African-inspired clothing. Her fashion sense reflected her bold and confident personality.
CHARACTER Maya Angelou was characterized by resilience, strength, and wisdom. She was deeply empathetic and insightful.
SENSE OF HUMOR Angelou had a keen sense of humor, often using wit and wisdom to convey profound messages. Her speeches and interviews showcased her engaging and captivating storytelling. She used humor to confront difficult topics
RELATIONSHIPS Angelou had several relationships throughout her life, including marriages to Josh Angelos (m. 1951; div. 1954) and Paul du Feu (m. 1974; div. 1983) and friendships with prominent figures like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.
Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her only son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson).
MONEY AND FAME While she faced financial struggles early in life, Maya Angelou achieved both financial success and fame through her literary works, lectures, and various artistic endeavors.
Angelou used her platform to advocate for causes she believed in
FOOD AND DRINK Angelou appreciated good food and was an excellent cook. She wrote a cookbook, Hallelujah! The Welcome Table, which featured recipes and personal anecdotes.
She especially enjoyed Southern cuisine and soul food
MUSIC AND ARTS Angelou's love for the arts was evident in her involvement in music, dance, and drama. She collaborated with musicians and actors, contributing to the rich cultural landscape of her time. She Incorporated these elements into her performances and writing.
Angelou's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays, films, and television programs, such as in the television mini-series Roots in 1977. Her screenplay Georgia, Georgia (1972) was the first original script by a black woman to be produced
Publicity photo for Calypso Heat Wave, 1957
Before she passed away, author Maya Angelou worked on Caged Bird Songs, an album that put her poetry and lyrics over hip-hop beats.
LITERATURE Maya Angelou's contributions to literature are monumental. Her autobiographical works, poetry, and essays explored themes of identity, race, and resilience, leaving an indelible mark on American literature.
She is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, starting with the critically acclaimed I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). Angelou's autobiographies are distinct in style and narration, and "stretch over time and place", from Arkansas to Africa and back to the US. They take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Angelou wrote collections of essays, including Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey Now (1993) and Even the Stars Look Lonesome (1997), which writer Hilton Als called her "wisdom books" and "homilies strung together with autobiographical texts".
NATURE Angelou often found solace in nature, and elements of the natural world frequently appeared in her writings.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Her interests included dancing, acting, and cooking. While she wasn't known for sports, she had a passion for the arts.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Maya Angelou's focus was more on the humanities, and she did not have a notable background in science and mathematics.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Angelou's works often delved into themes of spirituality, resilience, and the human experience. While not a theologian, she explored profound philosophical questions in her writings.
SCANDAL Maya Angelou did not have any major scandals associated with her personal or professional life.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Throughout her life, Angelou faced health challenges, but she remained active and engaged in her work until her later years.
HOMES Angelou lived in various places, including Stamps, Arkansas; San Francisco, California; and Winston-Salem, North Carolina
TRAVEL Extensive travels in Africa and Europe influenced her work
DEATH After experiencing health issues for a number of years, Maya Angelou died on May 28, 2014, at her home in Winston-Salem, North Carolina., at the age of 86.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Angelou was a sought-after interviewee and guest on television shows, sharing her insights and experiences. She also appeared in films and documentaries.
She read her poem "Still I Rise" at President Clinton's inauguration.
ACHIEVEMENTS Maya Angelou's achievements include numerous awards for her contributions to literature, such as the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Her writings continue to be celebrated for their impact on literature and society, making her an iconic figure in American culture.
NAME: Andrew (also known as Andrew the Apostle, Saint Andrew, and Protoklētos ("the First-called"))
WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Being one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, the brother of Saint Peter, and the patron saint of Scotland, Greece, and Russia.
Artus Wolffort - St Andrew
BIRTH: Born between 5 and 10 AD in Bethsaida, a village on the Sea of Galilee.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Son of Jonah, a fisherman, and brother of Simon Peter, another apostle. Details about the rest of his family are unknown.
CHILDHOOD: Information about Andrew's childhood is scarce. He likely spent his early years helping his father in the fishing business.
EDUCATION: There's no mention of formal education in historical accounts. Andrew may have received basic education common at the time, but his primary influence likely came from his experiences in fishing and religious communities. Later, he would have been educated in the teachings of Jesus during his time as an apostle.
CAREER RECORD: Before meeting Jesus, Andrew was a fisherman like his brother. After accepting Jesus' call, he became a missionary, spreading the teachings of Christ throughout the Roman Empire.
APPEARANCE: Historical descriptions are lacking, but as a fisherman before becoming an apostle, he might have had a robust and weathered appearance. Artistic portrayals depict him as an elderly man with white hair and a beard, often wearing simple garments.
FASHION: Information is limited, but it is safe to assume he dressed modestly as befitting the social and cultural norms of his time.
CHARACTER: Described as enthusiastic, devoted, and a bridge builder, known for introducing others to Jesus.
Andrew was not a dominant person next to his outspoken older brother, Simon Peter.
SENSE OF HUMOR: Historical accounts don't offer specific details about his sense of humor.
RELATIONSHIPS: Close to his brother, Peter, and other disciples. He is also said to have been married, but details are unclear.
MONEY AND FAME: As a missionary, he likely lived a simple life with minimal material possessions. Andrew didn't seek fame and focused on spreading the Christian message.
FOOD AND DRINK: As a fisherman, Saint Andrew likely had a diet that included fish. However, specific details about his culinary preferences are not documented.
MUSIC AND ARTS: There's no record of Andrew's specific engagement with music or art, though he may have encountered various artistic expressions in different cultures during his travels.
LITERATURE: He wouldn't have had access to a vast amount of literature due to the limitations of the time, but he likely relied on scripture and oral tradition for his knowledge.
Saint Andrew is prominently featured in religious texts, particularly the New Testament, where he is mentioned in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles.
NATURE: As a fisherman who spent time on the Sea of Galilee, Andrew likely had an appreciation for nature.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Information about recreational activities is unknown.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: Andrew's primary focus wasn't on scientific or mathematical pursuits, but on spreading his faith.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Andrew was devoted to the teachings of Jesus and actively preached the message of Christianity.
The title First-Called stems from the Gospel of John, where Andrew, initially a disciple of John the Baptist, follows Jesus and, recognizing him as the Messiah, introduces his brother Simon Peter to him.
SCANDAL: No historical records mention any scandals associated with him.
MILITARY RECORD: He did not have a military career.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: As a fisherman, Andrew likely maintained a good level of physical fitness.
HOMES: At the beginning of Jesus' public life, Andrew and Peter were said to have occupied the same house at Capernaum.
Later, as an apostle, he would have traveled extensively, having no permanent residence. relying on the hospitality of others.
TRAVEL: As an apostle, Saint Andrew is believed to have traveled through Asia Minor and Greece, spreading the Christian message.
The Chronicle of Nestor, a historical text from the 12th century, mentions Saint Andrew preaching along the Black Sea and the Dnieper River, traveling as far as the location of modern-day Kyiv.
Some traditions suggest he went as far north as Novgorod, but this is less well-documented and disputed by some historians.
DEATH: Tradition states he was martyred by crucifixion in Patras, Greece, around 60 or 70 AD. The symbolism of his cross, which resembles an "X" shape, is associated with his martyrdom.
It is said that Saint Andrew preached for two days on the cross and the Roman governor Aegeas, who was present, was driven mad by the time he died.
Crucifixion of St. Andrew, by Juan Correa de Vivar (1540 - 1545)
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Saint Andrew has been featured in religious art, literature, and hymns. His life and martyrdom are often depicted in Christian traditions.
ACHIEVEMENTS: Saint Andrew's primary achievement lies in his role as an apostle and missionary, contributing to the early spread of Christianity.
While Saint Andrew has been celebrated in Scotland for centuries, he wasn't officially declared the patron saint until 1320. This occurred with the signing of the Declaration of Arbroath, a document asserting Scotland's independence from England. The declaration mentions Saint Andrew as the country's patron, solidifying his official status.
The Feast of Saint Andrew, celebrated on November 30th, is an important day in the Scottish calendar. It is a day to honor the patron saint, and various events and festivities take place across Scotland on this occasion. The association between Saint Andrew and Scotland has remained strong throughout the centuries, making him a symbol of national identity for the Scottish people.
Andrew is also the patron saint of Scotland, Cyprus, Greece, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Amalfi (Italy), singers, spinsters, fishmongers, fishermen, gout and sore throats.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Prince Andrew, Duke of York, is a member of the British royal family and is known for his military service, charitable work, and occasional controversies.
BIRTH: He was born on February 19, 1960, at Buckingham Palace, London, as the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Second in line to the throne for a period, currently eighth.
Andrew was the first child born to a reigning monarch since Queen Victoria gave birth to Princess Beatrice in 1857, 103 years earlier.
As a member of the British royal family, Prince Andrew was born into a life of privilege and duty. His family background is steeped in tradition and public service.
CHILDHOOD: Growing up in the public eye, Prince Andrew experienced a childhood marked by royal duties, formal events, and the close scrutiny of the media. He formed strong bonds with his siblings and developed a sense of responsibility from an early age.
Andrew was described as a lively and adventurous child, who enjoyed outdoor activities and sports.
He said: "I've always been told I was extremely well-behaved as a kid."
EDUCATION: Prince Andrew attended Heatherdown School and later Gordonstoun School, known for its emphasis on outdoor activities and character development. He then pursued a naval career, attending the Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth.
CAREER RECORD: Prince Andrew had a distinguished naval career, serving in various capacities and rising to the rank of Commander. He actively participated in the Falklands War, gaining recognition for his service.
Undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen until 2019, stepping down due to a public scandal.
Held several honorary military positions.
APPEARANCE: Tall and well-built, with red hair (which has turned grey with age) and blue eyes.
Prince Andrew has been described as having a regal and distinguished appearance, reflecting his royal status. He has undergone public scrutiny for changes in his physical appearance over the years.
Prince Andrew by Chatham House - Chatham House Prize 2013 Award Ceremony,
FASHION: Andrew is known for his traditional and conservative style, often wearing tailored suits and military uniforms.
As a member of the royal family, Prince Andrew adheres to traditional and formal attire for official engagements. His fashion choices often align with royal protocol and expectations.
CHARACTER: Known for his affable and outgoing nature, Prince Andrew is recognized for his approachability and charm in public engagements. However, his character has been the subject of public discussion due to various controversies. At times he can be impulsive and lacking judgment.
SENSE OF HUMOUR: Prince Andrew is often noted for his sense of humor, which can be self-deprecating and jovial. However, it has been a source of controversy in certain instances.
RELATIONSHIPS: Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey on July 23, 1986. Sarah Ferguson joined the British Royal Family as the Duchess of York.
They have two daughters, Princesses Beatrice, who was born at 8.18 pm at London's Portland Hospital.
on August 8, 1988, and Eugenie at 7.58 pm in the same hospital on March 23, 1990.
After four years of official separation, the Duke and Duchess of York announced the mutual decision to divorce on May 30, 1996. The Duchess of York later told an American magazine the marriage began to fail within a week due to Andrew’s naval duties. They maintain an amicable relationship for the sake of their two daughters.
MONEY AND FAME: As a member of the royal family, Prince Andrew enjoys a life of privilege. However, his financial affairs have been the subject of public debate and scrutiny.
FOOD AND DRINK: Prince Andrew's personal preferences in food and drink are largely private. As a royal, he likely experiences a varied and high-quality culinary lifestyle.
MUSIC AND ARTS: While not known for significant contributions to the arts, Prince Andrew has been involved in charitable activities that support cultural institutions.
LITERATURE: Prince Andrew has not been prominently associated with literature, but he has been involved in promoting educational initiatives.
NATURE: Prince Andrew's connection to nature is not extensively documented, but as a naval officer, he likely developed an appreciation for the outdoors during his military service.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: His interests include golf, a sport he actively participates in and supports through various charitable events. Additionally, he has shown interest in equestrian activities.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: While Prince Andrew's education and career in the Navy involved technical aspects, he has not been notably associated with scientific or mathematical pursuits.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Prince Andrew was raised in the Church of England, but no specific details about his personal beliefs are publicly known.
SCANDAL: Prince Andrew has faced controversy, particularly regarding his association with Jeffrey Epstein, a convicted sex offender. The scandal led to public criticism leading to him stepping down from public duties and significant reputational damage.
During a 2019 interview on the BBC television program Newsnight on November 16, 2019, Prince Andrew denied allegations by Virginia Giuffre, who claimed she was trafficked by Epstein and forced to have sex with Andrew on multiple occasions, including in London, when she was 17. He stated that he had "no recollection" of meeting Giuffre. In 2022, Prince Andrew settled a civil lawsuit brought by Virginia Giuffre in the U.S., reportedly paying millions of dollars, though he admitted no wrongdoing.
MILITARY RECORD: Prince Andrew served in the Royal Navy, reaching the rank of Commander.
Prince Andrew's military record is commendable, with active service during the Falklands War earning him respect within the armed forces.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Details about Prince Andrew's health and physical fitness are generally kept private. His public appearances indicate a reasonable level of fitness.
Has disclosed he has a medical condition which means he doesn't sweat.
HOMES: As a royal, Prince Andrew has had access to various residences, including Buckingham Palace and his own home, Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park.
TRAVEL: Prince Andrew has traveled extensively in his official capacity, representing the royal family at events, ceremonies, and charitable engagements worldwide.
Prince Andrew has faced criticism and scrutiny for his extensive use of private jets for both official and personal travel. The public debate surrounding his travel choices, combined with concerns about the environmental impact of frequent air travel, contributed to the creation of the nickname "Air Miles Andy."
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Prince Andrew has been a subject of media coverage throughout his life, with both positive and negative portrayals. His public engagements, controversies, and personal life have been extensively covered by the media.
Prince Andrew faced his first big television test on November 13, 1983 when he was interviewed by David Frost. He was in front of the cameras at TVam for 20 minutes. Frost said: "I think people will be really delighted by the quality of the man."
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, gave an interview on the BBC television program Newsnight on November 16, 2019, conducted by journalist Emily Maitlis. The interview was a pivotal moment in the public scrutiny of his relationship with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein and the allegations against Andrew himself.
Andrew admitted he had stayed at Epstein's homes, including after Epstein's conviction in 2008 for sex offenses, describing it as a "convenient place to stay." He justified their friendship, stating it allowed him to meet influential people. However, he also called this decision "unbecoming of a member of the royal family."
While Andrew expressed some regret about his continued association with Epstein after the 2008 conviction, he notably failed to show empathy for Epstein's victims during the interview, a factor that contributed to public backlash.
The interview was widely criticized, with many viewing it as a disastrous attempt at damage control. Observers noted a lack of remorse or awareness of the gravity of the allegations.
Following the interview, Prince Andrew announced he would step back from public duties, acknowledging that his association with Epstein had become a "major disruption" to the royal family.
The infamous 2019 BBC Newsnight interview with Prince Andrew has been dramatized in multiple adaptations:
Scoop (2024): A Netflix film based on Scoops, the memoir by Newsnight producer Sam McAlister. This drama provides a behind-the-scenes look at how the interview was secured and executed. Gillian Anderson portrays journalist Emily Maitlis, Billie Piper plays Sam McAlister, and Rufus Sewell takes on the role of Prince Andrew. The film focuses on the high-stakes negotiations and the interview's significant impact.
A Very Royal Scandal (2004): This series offers a contrasting perspective, dramatizing the experience of Emily Maitlis as she prepared for and conducted the interview. Michael Sheen stars as Prince Andrew, with Ruth Wilson playing Maitlis. It emphasizes Maitlis's professional and personal journey leading up to the interview.
Prince Andrew: The Musical (2022): A Channel 4 satirical musical comedy that covers key events in Prince Andrew's life, including the Newsnight interview. While more comedic in tone, it touches on similar themes of controversy and public scrutiny
Andrew has also been portrayed in
Diana: Her True Story (1993)
The Women of Windsor (1992)
Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)
Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)
The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)
The Crown (2016)
Spencer (2021)
ACHIEVEMENTS: Served his country as a member of the Royal Navy.
Undertook public duties on behalf of the Queen for many years.
Founded several charitable organizations.
These achievements have been overshadowed by controversies, particularly his association with Jeffrey Epstein, which has impacted his public standing.
NAME Hans Christian Andersen. "Hans Christian" is a traditional Danish name and is used as a single name. In Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia, he is usually referred to as "H. C. Andersen." However I will be calling him Hans.
Andersen in 1869
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Hans Christian Andersen is famous for his fairy tales and children's stories, including The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes, and The Snow Queen.
BIRTH b April 2, 1805 in Odense, a bleak fishing village in Funen, Denmark.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Hans was the only child of a poor young shoemaker, Hans Andersen, of twenty-two, who believed he might be of aristocratic origin, and his several years older wife ,Anne Marie Andersdatter, who worked as a washerwoman. The whole family lived and slept in one little room.
The family did not have a permanent address for the first two years of Hans' life, until they moved to Munkemøllestræde in 1807, where they lived and slept together in one little room, whilst Hans' father had his shoe workshop in the living room.
His father died of in a fire, when Hans was 11 and his mother remarried to a relative of hers.
Hans also had a mad grandfather who dressed in green and was the butt of the village boys.
CHILDHOOD Are you sitting comfortably, then I'll begin. Hans was a possibly dyslexic, almost autistic, definitely unusual child.
During his early years his grandmother told him old Danish folk tales. His favorite toy was a little homemade toy-theatre and Hans sat at home making clothes for his wooden puppets, and reading all the plays that he could borrow. He was known to memorise entire Shakespeare plays and recite them using his puppets as the characters.
Hans was considered to be an ugly child and had no friends so he lived in a dream world, which was fostered by the indulgence of his parents and by his mother's superstition. He could not pass a butcher’s shop without imagining the severed sheep’s’ heads bleating and whenever it snowed he expected snowballs to burst into flames. His mother would bathe him before breakfast, lunch and tea as her grandmother had taught her before every meal to wash her Hans....Yes that was a joke, sorry!
EDUCATION Hans originally attended periodically an Odense school for poor children. There he spent most of the time imagining stories. He didn't concentrate on his lessons but had a retentive memory.
1822-28 After failing as a singer and an actor, at the age of 17 a benefactor, Jonas Collin, sponsored Hans' education and he attended a school at Slagelse. An unwilling pupil, and a slow learner, due to his dyslexia, Hans was very unhappy there, as he was the chief target of a sadistic teacher. Furthermore being older than the other pupils he felt out of place. These years, he later said, were the darkest and bitterest in his life.
Eventually he moved onto a school in Elsinore and Collin arranged for him to study under a private tutor. In 1828 Hans passed his entrance exams for Copenhagen University, which entitled him to begin his studies there and he passed his philosophicum examination the following year.
CAREER RECORD After his father died in 1816 Hans was forced to go to work. He was apprenticed variously as a weaver and tailor, and worked in a cigarette factory where his co-workers had a bet that he was actually a girl and pulled his pants down to see. All in all , he was a bit of a lame duck.
At the age of 14 Hans moved to Copenhagen where he experienced three years of poverty whilst he unsuccessfully tried to become a singer, actor or writer. After an accidental meeting with Jonas Collin, the director of the Royal theatre, he worked for him for some time before Collin raised money to provide him with an education.
Before he started for school, Andersen published his first volume, The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave (1822). After leaving university he enjoyed considerable success with his writing and thus turned into a swan.
Andersen's career as a writer took off with the publication of his first fairy tales in 1835. He went on to publish numerous stories and gained international acclaim for his contributions to children's literature.
APPEARANCE A real ugly duckling, Hans was very tall and odd looking. with excessively long loose-jointed arms, giant hands and a hideous face. His expressive eyes and animated gestures reflected his imaginative nature.
Andersen in 1836
CHARACTER Andersen was known for his gentle and sensitive nature. He exhibited a deep empathy for the human condition, which is reflected in the emotional depth of his fairy tales.
Sensitive, self-pitying, effeminate, and hopelessly neurotic. Andersen once listed his faults as: “vanity, childishness, restlessness, negligence, narcissism, fear of young women and a fondness for young men.”
SENSE OF HUMOUR: Andersen had a whimsical and playful sense of humor, evident in some of his lighter fairy tales. He enjoyed entertaining children with his imaginative stories.
RELATIONSHIPS Despite rumours to the contrary, the infatuations of Andersen for the Danish dancer Harlod Scharf and the young duke of Weimar probably remained on a platonic level.
Andersen's private journal records his refusal to have sexual relations with either men or women. However it appears that he did fall in love with several unattainable women, including the Swedish opera soprano Jenny Lind and the daughter of his benefactor Jonas Collin. None of these women returned his love. Today he would have been considered asexual.
Andersen was happiest when surrounded by children. He loved to read his fairy tales to them.
MONEY AND FAME Andersen published his first book at the age of 17 and by the early 1830s he had gained a reputation for his plays and novels, which are now largely forgotten. From about 1840, the Danish author enjoyed the status of an instantly recognisable international literary icon, his face adorning countless periodicals and magazines. He lapped up his fame, revealing his identity to people he came across in stage coaches and on trains all over Europe and visiting the homes of European aristocrats and monarchs, where he would give readings of his works.
While Andersen achieved fame for his literary works, he struggled financially for much of his life. He received support from patrons and friends but often faced challenges in managing his finances.
Once he was successful, Andersen received a diamond brooch from King Christian VIII and an annuity by royal decree. But despite his wealth, he was a scrounger and a sponger and American admirers sent Andersen money appalled at the impression of poverty he continued to give through his habitual meanness.
FOOD AND DRINK: Andersen's diet was simple, reflecting his modest means. He had a preference for traditional Danish dishes and was not known for indulging in extravagant culinary experiences.
MUSIC AND ARTS As a youngster Hans frequently visited the theatre in Odense and he had the ability to imitate and perform what he had seen whether it be a play, an acrobatic performance or ballet.
Hans had a pleasant soprano voice and between the ages of 14 and 17 he earned a little money in Copenhagen singing in a boys choir until his voice broke.
Hans spent his late teens in Copenhagen in near poverty. There, he attempted to dance but his legs were too long, to sing but his voice broke and to act but though a natural comic he didn't have enough talent.
Though best known for his fairy tales, Andersen wrote a number of plays for the stage, none of which proved to be successful. "Where words fail, music speaks." Hans Christian Andersen
LITERATURE Throughout his childhood, Hans had a passionate love for literature. He was known to memorise entire Shakespeare plays and recite them using his wooden dolls as the characters.
Though best known today for his fairy tales, Andersen wrote in a smorgasbord of different styles. He penned six novels including a romance The Improvisatore, plays, poetry and travelogues. Here is a brief summary of his major works:
1822 As already mentioned in this trivial biography, before he started for school, Andersen published his first book at the age of 17. However, I have yet to inform you as to its title. It was called, The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave.
1829 Andersen first found success with a short story, A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Point of Amager.
1830 Andersen publishes his first volume of poems, including his widely translated Dying Child.
1835 Andersen writes his first children's book, which was the first instalment of the volume of Fairy Tales Told for Children. They were four short stories, including Thumbelina, that he wrote for a little girl Ida Thirele, the daughter of the secretary of the Academy of Art. They were deeply rooted in the Danish folk tales that his grandmother read to him, as a boy. However, the quality of these stories was not immediately recognised and they were initially greeted by bad reviews. One reviewer said, "Quite unsuitable for children ." Consequently they sold poorly. 1835 Andersen's first novel, The Improvisatore is an instant success.
1836 The second instalment of his Fairy Tales is published.
1837 The final instalment of Andersen's first volume of Fairy Tales is published, which include the tale of The Emperor's New Clothes and The Little Mermaid
Original Little Mermaid manuscript, last page
1838 Andersen commences his second volume of Fairy Tales. Their fame is growing steady and they are greeted with more interest. Among the stories is his famous tale of The Ugly Duckling
1845 Andersen's commences his final volume of Fairy Tales, which include The Snow Queen and The Little Matchgirl. By now his children's stories have bought him an international reputation and over the next 150 years they will be translated into many languages. He wrote 168 fairy tales all of them written with simplicity and wisdom. Many of their moral meanings were intended for adults. The great Dane himself did not rate his fairy tales very highly.
1855 Andersen pens his autobiography, The Fairy Tale of My Life.
"I'm Hans Christian Andersen My pen's like a babbling brook Permit me to show you Dear sir, my latest book Now here's a tale of a simple fool Just glance at a page or two You laugh "ha, ha" but you blush a bit For you realise while you're reading that it is also reading you." Frank Loesser from the film Hans Christian Andersen
NATURE: Andersen found inspiration in nature, and the Danish countryside influenced the settings of many of his fairy tales. His appreciation for the natural world is evident in his vivid descriptions.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Andersen enjoyed long walks and found solace in nature. He was not particularly inclined towards sports but engaged in activities that fueled his creativity.
SCIENCE AND MATHS:Andersen's formal education did not focus extensively on science and mathematics. His interests were predominantly in literature, storytelling, and the arts.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Andersen's writings often explored philosophical and moral themes. While not overtly religious, he grappled with existential questions and the complexities of human nature in his fairy tales.
"Every man's life is a fairy tale written by God's fingers." Hans Christian Andersen
SCANDAL: Andersen's life was not marked by scandal. However, his unrequited love for individuals in higher social circles often led to social challenges.
MILITARY RECORD:
Andersen did not have a military career. His pursuits were centered around literature and the arts.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Andersen faced health issues throughout his life, including complications from injuries sustained during childhood, liver problems and gout. Despite these challenges, he continued his prolific writing career.
Andersen was a psychiatrist's nightmare and he was particularly neurotic about dying. The Dane suffered from the conviction that he would be buried alive and he used to carry a piece of paper with him that he would prop by his bedside each night, in case he should pass away during the hours of darkness. It read "I only appear to be dead."
Andersen was so frightened of dying in a fire that he carried a rope to escape.
In addition he was obsessed by dying through drowning or being the victim of murder. And you thought Hamlet was a gloomy Dane.
In the spring of 1872, Andersen fell out of bed and severely hurt himself. He was never again well.
HOMES The multi-storied Dane was brought up in a one roomed house in Odense. It still stands today.
Andersen's birth place in Odense
Hans left Odense at the age of 14 to make his fortune in Copenhagen where he lived in poverty for several years. Once he started attending school he stayed for a time in his schoolmaster's own home, where he was abused, in order to "build his character."
Once Andersen became a successful author he resided in 20, Nyhavn, Copenhagen and between 1845 and 1864, at 67, Nyhavn, Copenhagen, where a memorial plaque is placed.
TRAVEL Andersen was a passionate traveller- he once said "To travel is to live." From 1831 he used his royal pension to travel round Europe, (Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy and England) Asia and Africa. He was especially passionate about Italy and wrote many books about his travels (see below).
Andersen made his first trip to England in 1847, where he enjoyed a triumphal social success. During his visit, he met the Charles Dickens at a party and a struck up a friendship. Ten years later, Andersen returned to England, and stayed with Dickens and his family. He remained in Dickens' home for longer than expected and infuriated the English novelist's family in a number of ways including expecting the boys to shave him each morning. One of Dickens' daughters, Kate, described him as a "bony bore and he stayed on and on". When he finally left, Dickens saw him off from Ramsgate pier and on returning home stuck up over a mirror in the guest room "Hans Andersen slept in this room for five weeks which seemed to the family AGES."
It is said Dickens later based the toadying , misery character Uriah Heep in David Copperfield on the Danish author—a left-handed compliment, to say the least.
Andersen published a number of long travelogues, which included: Shadow Pictures of a Journey to the Harz, Swiss Saxony, etc. etc. in the Summer of 1831 (1831), In Sweden (1851), In Spain (1863), and A Visit to Portugal in 1866 (1868). Some of his travel volumes, such as In Sweden, contained fairy-tales.
DEATH When planning the music for his funeral, Andersen requested that, "most of the people who will walk after me will be children so make the beat keep time with short steps." He also wanted a spyhole drilled into his coffin so he could watch his own funeral service.
After several years of serious illness, Andersen died peacefully on August 4, 1875 at Rolighed, the country seat of the Jewish merchant family Melchior. The Melchiors had taken care of him during the final period of his life. He is buried in the Assistens Cemetery, in Copenhagen, Denmark.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Hans Christian Andersen's works have been the source for numerous plays, ballets, films and paintings. They include:
1. Various films, such as:
(a) The Daydreamer (1966) A partly animated account of Hans Christian Andersen as a 13 year old meeting the fairy tale characters he would later write about. With Paul O'Keefe as the young Hans.
(b) Little Mermaid (1989) A Disney film. a delightful account of the mermaid who wanted to be a whole human.
(c) Thumbilina (1994) A Don Bluth film with songs by Barry Manilow
(d) Hans Christian Andersen 1952 A musical vehicle for Danny Kaye. producer Sam Goldwyn said: "I want you to be sure and see my Hans Christian Andersen. Its full of charmth and warmth." Among the songs in the film are "The Ugly Duckling," "Wonderful Copenhagen" and "Thumbelina."
2. The 1986 television musical The Little Match Girl includes the original version of Cliff Richard's UK Christmas chart-topper "Mistletoe and Wine."
3. A number of pop songs have been inspired by Andersen's fairy tales. They include Sinead O'Connor's "The Emperor's New Clothes" and "Tin Soldier" by The Small Faces.
4. A choral work, The Little Match Girl Passion , by David Lang won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in Music.
5.A $12.5 million theme park based on Andersen's tales and life opened in Shanghai at the end of 2006
ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Andersen's children's stories have been translated into almost every language and phrases such as "ugly duckling" are recognised throughout the world. 170 years after he wrote them, his fairy tales continue to be published in millions of copies all over the world and inspired many other works
2. In Copenhagen there is a bronze statue of the Little Mermaid at the entrance to Copenhagen harbour. It may be best known as the muse for Disney’s The Little Mermaid. Before Andersen's death, steps were already underway to erect the large statue in his honour, which was completed and is prominently placed at the town hall square in Copenhagen There are also a number of monuments to the great Dane elsewhere, including a bronze statue of Andersen in Chicago's Lincoln Park.
3. Andersen's birthday, April 2nd, is celebrated as International Children's Book Day.
Sources : 1. Faber Book of Anecdotes, 2. Mail On Sunday 22/5/05, 3. Pg 455 The World Book Encyclopedia, 4. Wikipedia
WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is renowned for being the first woman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in the United Kingdom. Her groundbreaking achievements paved the way for women's inclusion in the medical profession.
BIRTH: Born on June 9, 1836, in Whitechapel, London, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was a trailblazer in a society dominated by gender norms and restrictions.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: Elizabeth hailed from a middle-class family. Her father, Newson Garrett, was a successful pawnbroker and her mother, Louisa Garrett, was a strong advocate for women's rights.
In 1840 Newson Garrett moved his family to the Uplands in Aldeburgh in Suffolk where he developed a successful malting business.
She had 11 siblings, including her sister Millicent Garrett Fawcett, a prominent suffragist.
CHILDHOOD: Growing up in a supportive household, Elizabeth was encouraged to pursue education and intellectual pursuits from a young age, instilling in her a sense of ambition and determination.
Described as a curious and independent child, Elizabeth showed an early interest in learning and social justice.
EDUCATION: Initially barred from formal education due to her gender, Elizabeth pursued studies privately and later attended the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, albeit not officially recognized. She faced significant resistance and discrimination but persisted, achieving her goal.
In 1870 Garrett became the first woman to be awarded a medical degree from the Sorbonne University in Paris, two years after France decided to allow women to become doctors.
CAREER RECORD: In 1865, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain. She established her medical practice and later founded the London School of Medicine for Women.
Became the first woman elected to a school board in Britain in 1870.
Co-founded the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874 and served as its dean for many years.
Championed women's suffrage and was active in the suffragist movement.
Served as the first female mayor of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, in 1908.
APPEARANCE: Described as having a strong jawline, piercing blue eyes, and a determined expression. Dignified and composed, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson carried herself with an air of professionalism and confidence
A portrait of Garrett in the 1860s
FASHION: Known for her practical approach, Elizabeth favored attire that allowed ease of movement. Her fashion choices reflected a blend of functionality and the modest style of the Victorian era.
CHARACTER: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was characterized by her tenacity, resilience, and commitment to breaking gender barriers. She possessed a strong sense of duty towards promoting women's rights and healthcare equality. She often chose dark colors and tailored clothing.
SENSE OF HUMOUR: While primarily known for her seriousness in professional matters, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson did have a dry sense of humor, often displayed in more private settings.
RELATIONSHIPS: In 1871 Garrett married James George Skelton Anderson of the Orient Steamship Company. The couple had three children. Her marriage was marked by mutual respect, and her husband was supportive of her pioneering career.
Her sister, Millicent, was a lifelong friend and collaborator in her work.
MONEY AND FAME: Despite facing financial challenges, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson's fame grew as she became a symbol of women's progress. Her legacy far exceeded financial gains, contributing significantly to societal shifts.
FOOD AND DRINK: Elizabeth's focus on her career left little room for culinary interests. She embraced simplicity in her diet, prioritizing nourishment over indulgence.
MUSIC AND ARTS: While not a prominent patron of the arts, Elizabeth appreciated cultural pursuits and enjoyed music and attended concerts.. Her busy life, however, limited her involvement in such leisure activities.
LITERATURE: She read widely, particularly literature related to medicine and social issues.
Garrett Anderson circa 1889
NATURE: Having grown up in a rural setting, Elizabeth had an affinity for nature. She found solace in occasional retreats to the countryside, balancing her demanding urban lifestyle.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Her professional commitments left little time for hobbies or sports, but enjoyed walking and reading in her spare time.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson had a strong interest in science and mathematics, which helped her excel in her medical studies. Her pioneering work significantly impacted the integration of women into these fields.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: While not overtly religious, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was driven by a sense of moral duty. Her work was motivated by a philosophy centered on gender equality and social justice.
POLITICS Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the mayor of Aldeburgh, Suffolk, in 1908, making her the first female mayor in England. She was elected to this position after retiring to Aldeburgh in 1902. Anderson served in this role for one year.
SCANDAL: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson navigated a male-dominated field, facing resistance and scandal. However, her professionalism and achievements ultimately silenced critics.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Elizabeth prioritized her health, recognizing the importance of physical well-being in a demanding profession. She maintained a disciplined lifestyle.
HOMES: She lived in various locations in London throughout her life, adapting her residences to her evolving family and professional needs. Also lived n Aldeburgh, and Paris.
TRAVEL: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson's travels were instrumental in her fight for women's education in medicine.
She traveled throughout Britain to attend lectures and meet with supportive doctors who would provide her with unofficial medical training, as medical schools in Britain refused to admit women.
In 1865, she traveled to Paris to study medicine at the Sorbonne University, eventually receiving her M.D. in 1870.
Throughout her career, she also traveled to advocate for women's suffrage, attending conferences and meetings across Britain.
DEATH: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson passed away on December 17, 1917, leaving behind a legacy of courage and transformation in the medical profession.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson's legacy as a pioneer for women in medicine is commemorated in various media:
Documentaries exploring the history of women in medicine often feature her story.
Biographies detail her struggles and achievements in challenging the medical establishment. various works celebrating her achievements and contributions to women's rights and healthcare.
ACHIEVEMENTS: Paved the way for women to enter the medical profession in Britain.
Established the first medical school for women in Britain.
Advocated for women's suffrage and contributed significantly to the movement.
Became a symbol of female empowerment and social change.
The Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in London, named in her honor, stands as a lasting testament to her impact.
NAME Roald Amundsen (Full name Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen)
Amundsen c. 1923
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Roald Amundsen is famous for being the first person to reach the South Pole, leading the Antarctic expedition that achieved this historic feat in 1911. He was also the first to navigate the Northwest Passage and the first person to reach both the North and South Poles.
BIRTH Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was born on July 16, 1872, in Borge, near Oslo, Norway.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Roald Amundsen came from a family of shipowners and captains. His father, Jens Amundsen, was a successful shipowner and businessman. The family had a tradition of maritime activities, and this influenced Roald's early interests.
CHILDHOOD Growing up in a coastal town, Amundsen developed a deep love for the sea and exploration from an early age. His childhood was marked by exposure to maritime activities and a keen interest in the stories of polar exploration. Young Roald also played football and exercised regularly.
EDUCATION As a student, Roald briefly studied medicine but quit university at the age of 21 to devote himself to a life on the ocean waves. He received informal education in navigation and seamanship, learning from his experiences at sea and from seasoned sailors.
CAREER RECORD Let us briefly explore Amundsen's CV:
1892 Amundsen went to sea abroad an Arctic sailing vessel. 1897-98 Part of a Belgian Antarctic expedition 1903-06 Amundsen sailed through the North West Passage, during a time when this was not a stroll in the park. 1911 Amundsen became the first man to reach the South Pole.
1926 Amundsen was part of the Italian General Nobile's team, which circles the North Pole in an airship.
APPEARANCE: Amundsen was tall and slender with light brown hair and blue eyes. He was known for his sturdy and robust appearance, reflecting the physical demands of his expeditions. He had a determined and focused look, characteristic of a seasoned explorer.
FASHION During expeditions, Amundsen and his team adopted practical and warm clothing suitable for extreme cold conditions, often made from animal skins and other insulating materials.
Amundsen told the New York Times, that during his expedition to the South Pole, "washing was a luxury never indulged on the journey, nor was there any shaving; but as the beard had to be kept short to prevent ice accumulating from one’s breath, a beard cutting machine which we had taken proved invaluable."
CHARACTER: Roald Amundsen was characterized by his meticulous planning, determination, and ability to adapt to challenging circumstances. He was known for his calm demeanor and strong leadership qualities.
SENSE OF HUMOUR: Amundsen was pragmatic and had a dry sense of humor. His focus on efficiency and preparedness sometimes gave him a reputation for being strict, but he also understood the importance of maintaining morale during arduous expeditions.
RELATIONSHIPS: Throughout his life, Amundsen remained unmarried, although he maintained a long-standing relationship with Kiss Bennett, a Norwegian-born woman married to an Englishman named Charles Peto Bennet. They first crossed paths in London in 1907 and remained closely connected for many years, although Amundsen chose to keep their relationship confidential from those outside his inner circle. Eventually, he became engaged to Bess Magids, an American divorcee he encountered during his time in Alaska.
Amundsen had a close-knit relationship with his team members during expeditions, emphasizing teamwork and camaraderie. His personal life was relatively private, and details about his relationships outside of his professional ventures are not as well-documented.
MONEY AND FAME When Amundsen left for the North West Passage in 1903 he'd built up massive debts and was being pursued for them. However as a world famous Norwegian, things got better for Amundsen on the finances front and in his later years he made a cool few thousand out of his lectures and book about his epic journey to the South Pole.
Amundsen's 1903-06 voyage made him a world famous explorer and one of the few famous Norwegians. Not many other Norwegians have cut any ice.
FOOD AND DRINK During polar expeditions, Amundsen and his team consumed a diet rich in high-energy foods like pemmican, chocolate, and biscuits. He was known for his practical approach to nutrition, focusing on the efficiency of the food supply.
In 1897 as a member of the Belgian Antarctic expedition, Amundsen found himself trapped along with the rest of the crew in the Antarctic ice for 13 months. The ship’s doctor Frederick Cook fed the crew seal meat to prevent scurvy.
In 1911 at the Polar Plateau, en route to the South Pole, Amundsen ordered the shooting of the 24 weakest dogs to provide a source of fresh meat, to prevent scurvy. He had evidently learnt a few tricks from Dr Cook. Apart from dog meat Amundsen and his men survived entirely on dried meat biscuits and chocolate powdered milk.
MUSIC AND ARTS: Amundsen appreciated the arts and literature, and he brought books and music on his expeditions to provide intellectual and emotional nourishment during long periods of isolation.
LITERATURE Amundsen valued literature and often carried books on his expeditions. He kept a diary during his journeys, providing detailed accounts of his experiences and reflections.
In 1913 Amundsen recounted his epic trek in a book imaginatively titled The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the "Fram", 1910–1912.
NATURE: Amundsen had a profound appreciation for nature, particularly the polar landscapes he explored. His observations and documentation contributed to scientific understanding of these remote regions.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Apart from exploration, Amundsen enjoyed skiing and adopted this mode of transportation during his polar expeditions. Skiing proved to be an efficient means of travel in the icy terrain.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: Amundsen's expeditions were meticulously planned and scientifically oriented. He understood the importance of accurate navigation, meteorology, and other scientific disciplines in the success of his ventures.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: While Amundsen's writings reflect a practical and pragmatic outlook, he did express a sense of wonder and reverence for the natural world. His experiences in the extreme environments of the poles likely influenced his philosophical reflections.
SCANDAL: Roald Amundsen's career was not marred by scandal. He was known for his professionalism and dedication to the goals of exploration.
MILITARY RECORD: Amundsen had military training and served as a lieutenant in the Norwegian army. However, his fame primarily stems from his achievements in exploration rather than military endeavors.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Amundsen maintained good physical fitness, a prerequisite for surviving the harsh conditions of polar exploration. His rigorous training and preparation contributed to his overall health during expeditions.
HOMES: Amundsen's homes varied depending on his expedition plans. His base in Norway was often used for planning and preparation, but during expeditions, he lived in temporary camps and shelters in polar regions.
TRAVEL Many are cold but few are frozen- Amundsen, you will have surmised, made a number of groundbreaking journeys to the very north and the exceedingly south. Here's a bit more detail about his most important trips.
1897-98 Amundsen joined the crew of the Belgica as a member of the Belgian Antarctic expedition. They got themselves trapped in the Antarctica ice and thus inadvertently, they became the first people to winter in Antarctica.
1903-06 Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse the North West Passage. He set off in 1903 on a small sloop, the Gjoa with a crew of 7, and after three winters trapped in ice they finally reached the Pacific in their fishing smack. Amundsen and his freezing men spent two of those winters calculating the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole- well they had to occupy themselves somehow, the night life was virtually non existent those days in North Canada. I know I keep going on about this North West Passage trip. Just in case you're not sure where on earth this is, well its the Atlantic-Pacific sea route round the north of Canada. Should you choose to go on this journey yourself, thermals are recommended.
1910 A trip to the South Pole doesn't cut much ice these days. But in 1910 it was a big thing. Antarctica meant (and still does) braving temperatures of minus 50c and icy winds of often over 100MPH, the sky blue with cold. Remember that the next time you complain about waiting for the bus in the rain. Amundsen actually announced that he was heading for the North Pole and left in August 1910. No one apart from Amundsen's brother knew that he intended to turn south and beat the Englishman Robert Scott, to become to first man to reach the South Pole. (He'd changed his mind when he heard that Robert Peary had reached North Pole in 1909).
After a five month journey his three-masted schooner, The Fram, reached the Ross Ice Barrier. Amundsen set off from the winter quarters on October 20, 1911 on a final thrust to the Pole with four men and four sledges and 42 dogs. The 24 weakest dogs were shot and one sledge abandoned and on December 14, 1911 they arrived at the South Pole and planted the Norwegian flag beating Scott by 35 days. Amundsen, it is thought beat Scott due to his use of canine sledges compared with Scott's man-hauled and initially pony-hauled ones.
In Norway the newsreel commentator loved it: "Robert Scott! Lord Nelson! Sir Francis Drake! Sir Walter Raleigh! James Cook! - can you hear me, Herbert Asquith! Your boys took one hell of a beating! Your boys took one hell of a beating!'"
Norwegian flag at the South Pole
1918-20 Amundsen got himself a new ship, in which he became only the second person to navigate the North East Passage, reaching Nome, Alaska on July 25, 1920.
1926 Amundsen along with 15 other men, including the Italian aeronautical engineer General Umberto Nubile crossed in the airship Norge from Spitsbergen to Alaska, by flying over the North Pole. This flight of over 70 hours, meant they became the first people to cross from Europe to North America over the Arctic.
DEATH Amundsen died on June 18, 1928 when searching by seaplane for General Nobile and his wrecked airship, which was lost in the Arctic Ocean. Whilst Nobile was found and rescued, Amundsen's seaplane disappeared, presumably crashed in fog. Some remains of his plane were found near Tromso two months later.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Sean Connery played Amundsen in the 1971 Soviet/Italian film The Red Tent about Nobile's disappearance and rescue.
ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Lots of polar records, first person to navigate North West Passage, first to reach the South Pole first to fly over the North Pole etc etc... 2. Twenty one days before his death, Amundsen was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal.
3. Both British novelist Roald Dahl and Polish-American theoretical chemist Roald Hoffmann were named after Roald Amundsen, 4. Probably the most famous Norwegian ever.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Idi Amin is infamous for his brutal dictatorship as the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, marked by human rights abuses, political repression, and economic mismanagement.
BIRTH: Idi Amin was born around 1925 in Koboko, British Uganda.
FAMILY BACKGROUND: He was the third son of Amin Dada Nyabira Tomuresu (1889–1976), a Kakwa, and his second wife, Aisha Chumaru Aate (1904–1970), a Lugbara.
His parents divorced when he was four, and Idi moved with his mother's family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda
CHILDHOOD: Idi was raised in a small village in northwestern Uganda with limited resources.
EDUCATION: He attended a Muslim school briefly but received little formal education. His military career became the primary focus of his later education.
CAREER RECORD: Amin joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British colonial army in 1946.
Rose through the ranks, fighting in Kenya and Somalia.
Became Chief of Staff of the Ugandan army in 1966.
Seized power in a military coup in 1971, becoming President of Uganda.
Ruled with an iron fist for eight years, characterized by human rights abuses, economic mismanagement, and international isolation.
Overthrown in 1979 by Ugandan exiles and Tanzanian troops.
Lived in exile in Saudi Arabia until his death in 2003.
APPEARANCE: Amin was a tall and imposing figure, standing around 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm). His physical stature contributed to his intimidating presence.
Idi Amin at UN (United Nations, New York)
FASHION: Amin was known for his eccentric dress, favoring military uniforms, leopard-skin hats, and medals of questionable origin.
During his rule Amin banned miniskirts, and attended a Saudi royal funeral wearing a kilt.
CHARACTER: Described as erratic, paranoid, and power-hungry. Amin exhibited traits of megalomania and a propensity for violence.
SENSE OF HUMOR: Amin often employed crude humor and boastful pronouncements, sometimes intended to be comedic.
RELATIONSHIPS: Amin was believed to have up to 50 children and five wives, two of whom he killed.
Amin had strained relationships with various foreign leaders due to his erratic behavior and controversial policies. His relationship with the Ugandan people deteriorated as his regime became increasingly oppressive.
MONEY AND FAME: He lived lavishly during his presidency, amassing wealth through corruption and embezzlement. His lavish lifestyle contrasted sharply with the impoverishment of Uganda during his rule.
Amin gained international notoriety for his brutal regime and bizarre public persona.
FOOD AND DRINK: Amin was known for enjoying luxurious meals and extravagant banquets, often at the expense of his impoverished nation.
Amin was once a cook, a job he held while serving in the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles.
MUSIC AND ARTS: Amin was known to have an interest in music, particularly military bands. His regime also imposed censorship on the arts.
LITERATURE: Amin was unable to read or write extensively. His regime, however, suppressed dissenting voices, leading to a stifling of intellectual and artistic expression.
NATURE: He spent little time in nature beyond occasional hunting expeditions.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Amin enjoyed boxing and was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion between 1951 and 1960.
SCIENCE AND MATHS: Limited knowledge or interest in these fields.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Amin held nominal adherence to Islam but his rule was not guided by religious ideology.
SCANDAL: His regime was marred by numerous scandals, including human rights abuses, economic mismanagement, and personal eccentricities.
He notably expelled all Asians from Uganda in 1972, causing an economic and social crisis.
Refugees of Uganda's Asian Community in the Netherlands, November 1972 By Bert Verhoeff for Anefo -Wikipedia
MILITARY RECORD: Amin fought in the British colonial army in Kenya and Somalia.
He orchestrated the 1971 coup and led the Ugandan army during his presidency.
His leadership as Commander-in-Chief of the Ugandan Armed Forces was marred by brutality and human rights abuses.
Idi Amin's regime in Uganda was overthrown in April 1979. After a period of brutal rule marked by human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, Idi Amin was eventually ousted from power by a coalition of Ugandan exiles and Tanzanian forces during the Uganda-Tanzania War. The combined forces captured Kampala, the capital of Uganda, on April 11, 1979, effectively ending Idi Amin's rule. After his overthrow, Amin fled Uganda and lived in exile for the remainder of his life.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Amin's health declined in his later years, and he suffered from various ailments. His physical fitness was not a prominent aspect of his later life.
HOMES: As president, Amin resided in the State House in Entebbe, Uganda and other presidential residences.
He lived in exile in Saudi Arabia after being overthrown.
TRAVEL: Traveled internationally during his presidency, attending summits and conferences.
DEATH: Idi Amin died from kidney failure in exile in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on August 16, 2003 aged 74. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave without any fanfare.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Depicted in various films, documentaries, and books highlighting the brutality of his regime.
The Last King of Scotland (2006) is a historical drama directed by Kevin Macdonald. Based on Giles Foden's novel, the film traces the brutality of Amin's rule from the viewpoint of Nicholas Garrigan, a fictional Scottish doctor drawn into Amin's chilling world. Forest Whitaker portrays the Ugandan dictator. The film's title references Amin's bizarre declaration of himself as the King of Scotland."
ACHIEVEMENTS: Amin's rule is not associated with positive achievements. Instead, it is remembered for the human rights abuses, political repression, and economic mismanagement that characterized his brutal dictatorship.
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