Giacomo Casanova

NAME Giacomo Girolamo Casanova

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Giacomo Casanova is renowned as one of history's greatest lovers and adventurers. He became a legendary figure known for his amorous escapades, his influence on European culture, and his vast body of written work, including his autobiography Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life), which provides a vivid account of 18th-century European society.

BIRTH Casanova was born on April 2, 1725, in Venice, Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Casanova was born into a family of actors. His father, Gaetano Casanova, and his mother, Zanetta Farussi, were both part of the theatrical world, which instilled in him a lifelong passion for drama and performance.

CHILDHOOD Casanova's childhood was marked by illness; he suffered from frequent nosebleeds and other ailments, leading to his mother sending him to a witch for treatment, an experience he later recounted with a mixture of humor and skepticism. His grandmother played a significant role in his upbringing.

EDUCATION Casanova received a varied education, beginning with his studies at the University of Padua, where he earned a degree in law at the age of 17. He was also well-versed in philosophy, theology, and the classics, which equipped him for his diverse and adventurous life.

CAREER RECORD Casanova led a multifaceted career. He was a soldier, clergyman, diplomat, spy, philosopher, writer, gambler and, famously, a lover. His life was a series of highs and lows, including periods of wealth and influence, as well as stints in prison, most notably his escape from the infamous Piombi prison in Venice.

APPEARANCE Casanova was known to be tall, with an imposing presence, dark hair, striking blue eyes and an expressive face. His charisma and appearance played a significant role in his success with women.

Portrait by Alessandro Longhi, c. 1774

FASHION He was a man of style, often dressed in the finest clothes, and took great care in his appearance, which was essential in the social circles he moved in. His fashion sense reflected the elegance and sophistication of the time.

CHARACTER Casanova was charming, intelligent, and adaptable. He possessed a quick wit and a deep understanding of human nature, which he used to his advantage in various pursuits. However, he also had a reputation for being unscrupulous, particularly in matters of love and gambling.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Casanova had a sharp sense of humor, often laced with irony and satire. He was known for his quick wit and ability to entertain with humorous anecdotes. His writings reveal a man who could laugh at himself and the absurdities of life, even as he navigated its complexities.

RELATIONSHIPS Casanova is most famous for his numerous romantic relationships. He claimed to have seduced over 100 women, a feat that earned him a lasting reputation as a consummate lover. His relationships were often intense but fleeting, driven by his insatiable desire for pleasure and new experiences.

A fellow of boundless energy and apparently limitless gall, Casanova claimed acquaintance with everyone from popes and kings to Voltaire and Mozart. He was a social chameleon, flitting effortlessly between the boudoirs of Venice and the salons of Paris.

MONEY AND FAME Casanova experienced both wealth and poverty throughout his life. He was a shrewd businessman at times, notably introducing the lottery to France in 1757, which made him a millionaire. However, his extravagant lifestyle and gambling often led to financial difficulties.

FOOD AND DRINK A gourmet, Casanova had a refined palate and is credited with popularizing oysters and truffles as aphrodisiacs. He was known to eat 50 oysters for breakfast, and he enjoyed fine dining, often detouring during his travels to taste local delicacies. He even invented a special vinegar to season hard-boiled eggs.

MUSIC AND ARTS Casanova's love for the arts was profound, influenced by his parents' careers as actors. He had a particular passion for theater and opera, often attending performances across Europe. His life itself was often theatrical, reflecting his love for drama and performance.

LITERATURE Casanova was a prolific writer, producing over twenty works, including plays, essays, and novels. His most famous work is his autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, a sprawling, racy chronicle of 18th-century Europe that’s as revealing as it is entertaining. It's like stumbling upon a candid diary of the era, filled with the sort of juicy gossip and behind-the-scenes details that historians normally blush to mention.

Page from the autograph manuscript of Histoire de ma vie

His novel Icosameron is an early example of science fiction.

NATURE Casanova appreciated the beauty of nature, which is reflected in his writings. However, his life was more focused on human society and urban experiences than on rural or natural settings.

PETS There is little record of Casanova having pets, as his lifestyle of constant travel and social engagement likely made pet ownership impractical.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Casanova was an avid gambler, a hobby that both enriched and impoverished him at different times. He was also fond of fencing and other physical activities, which helped maintain his physical fitness.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Casanova was interested in the scientific developments of his time. His intellectual curiosity extended to various fields, including alchemy and mathematics, which he dabbled in during his adventures.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Casanova was well-versed in philosophy and theology, having studied these subjects extensively. Despite his libertine lifestyle, he often reflected on moral and ethical issues, particularly in his later years.

POLITICS Casanova was involved in the politics of his time, often serving as a diplomat and spy. His political activities were usually self-serving, aimed at securing his position or escaping from trouble.

SCANDAL Casanova's life was filled with scandal, particularly regarding his relationships with women. His amorous escapades often led to duels, imprisonments, and social ostracism. His escape from Piombi prison in Venice remains one of his most famous exploits.

MILITARY RECORD Casanova briefly served as a soldier, but his military career was short-lived and not particularly distinguished. He preferred the excitement of civilian life to the discipline of the military.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Casanova maintained good health for much of his life, thanks to his active lifestyle. He was conscious of his physical fitness, which contributed to his reputation as a vigorous lover.

HOMES Casanova lived in various places across Europe, including Venice, Paris, London, and eventually the Castle of Dux in Bohemia, where he spent his final years as a librarian.

TRAVEL Casanova was a tireless traveler, journeying across Europe from Spain to Russia. His travels were often motivated by his need to escape from legal troubles or pursue new opportunities. He traveled with a custom-made portable bath for two, reflecting his love for luxury and comfort.

DEATH Casanova died on June 4, 1798, at the age of 73, in Dux (now Duchcov, Czech Republic). His last words, according to his friend, the Prince de Ligne, were: "I have lived as a philosopher, and die as a Christian."

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Casanova's life has been the subject of numerous films, books, and plays, often focusing on his romantic exploits. The term "Casanova" has become synonymous with a man who is a promiscuous and unscrupulous lover.

ACHIEVEMENTS Casanova's greatest achievement is perhaps his autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, which offers a detailed and colorful account of 18th-century European society. He also made significant contributions to European culture, including the introduction of the lottery to France, which had a lasting impact on the country's economy. His reputation as the world's greatest lover and his influence on the mythos of romance and adventure endure to this day.

George Washington Carver

NAME George Washington Carver

WHAT FAMOUS FOR George Washington Carver was an American agricultural scientist and inventor, best known for his work in promoting alternative crops to cotton such as peanuts and sweet potatoes. He developed techniques to improve soil depleted by cotton farming, and his contributions to agriculture and environmentalism earned him national and international recognition.

BIRTH  George Washington Carver was born in the early 1860s, likely in 1864, in Diamond, Missouri. The exact date of his birth is unknown due to the lack of records for enslaved people.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Born into slavery, George Washington Carver was the son of Mary and Giles, who were enslaved by Moses Carver, a German American immigrant. When George was an infant, he and his mother were kidnapped. Although George was returned, his mother was never found. After the abolition of slavery, Moses Carver and his wife, Susan, raised George and his brother James as their own children.

CHILDHOOD Carver had a difficult childhood marked by illness and a yearning for knowledge. Due to racial segregation, he had to travel ten miles to attend a school for Black children in Neosho, Missouri. Despite the challenges, he was determined to learn and received encouragement from those around him, particularly Mariah Watkins, who inspired him to pursue education and use his knowledge to help others.

EDUCATION Carver attended various schools before earning his high school diploma in Minneapolis, Kansas. He was initially accepted to Highland University in Kansas but was turned away when they realized he was Black. He later attended Simpson College in Iowa, where he studied art and piano before transferring to Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) to study botany. Carver was the first Black student at Iowa State, where he earned both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in agriculture.

CAREER RECORD After completing his education, Carver became the first Black faculty member at Iowa State. He later joined Tuskegee Institute as a professor, where he spent much of his career. Carver conducted groundbreaking research in agriculture, particularly in crop rotation and alternative crops like peanuts and sweet potatoes. His work significantly impacted the lives of poor farmers in the South, though his numerous inventions with peanuts did not achieve commercial success.

APPEARANCE Carver was known to be a small, frail man with a kind and gentle demeanor.  He had a a high-pitched voice, likely the result of chronic respiratory issues from childhood. His voice often startled those who met him. Later in life, often depicted with a long white coat.

George Washington Carver

FASHION Carver was known for his simple, modest dress. He preferred practical clothing suitable for his work in the fields and laboratories.

CHARACTER Carver was humble, deeply religious, and dedicated to helping others. He was known for his generosity, kindness, and a strong sense of purpose.

SENSE OF HUMOUR  Carver had a gentle wit and often used anecdotes and stories to illustrate his points in teaching and conversation.

RELATIONSHIPS Carver never married. He had a three-year courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher, but it ended when she took a teaching position in California. There is speculation that Carver was bisexual, though societal norms of the time likely constrained his relationships.

He had close relationships with students and colleagues at Tuskegee University and maintained correspondence with influential figures like Theodore Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi.

MONEY AND FAME Despite his fame, Carver lived frugally. By the time of his death, he had saved $60,000, which he donated to the Carver Museum and the George Washington Carver Foundation.

Thomas Edison offered him a US$100,000 salary to work in his lab in New Jersey, but Carver turned it down.

FOOD AND DRINK  Carver promoted healthy eating habits. He often experimented with creating new food products, particularly from peanuts. He helped Mahatma Gandhi develop his vegetarian diet.

MUSIC AND ARTS Carver was an accomplished artist, particularly in painting flowers and plants. His art teacher at Simpson College recognized his talent and encouraged him to study botany.

LITERATURE Carver wasn't just about science, though. He was a teacher, a preacher, and a downright decent human being. He wanted to lift people up, not just their crops. So he wrote these little bulletins, full of down-to-earth advice about farming and cooking and whatnot. The kind of stuff that could actually help a fella make a living. He was a true American hero, the kind we don’t see enough of.

 Carver's work also included religious reflections and poetry.

NATURE Carver had a deep love for nature, which was evident in his work with plants and his environmental advocacy. He maintained a small conservatory of plants and was known for his walks in the woods to study the natural world.

PETS Carver was known to care for animals, particularly stray dogs, which he often took in and cared for at Tuskegee.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Carver enjoyed painting, music, and exploring nature. He did not participate in organized sports but was physically active through his work and walks in the outdoors.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Carver was a pioneering agricultural scientist, particularly in the fields of botany and mycology. His research at the Iowa Experiment Station gained him national recognition.

George Washington Carver? Now there was a fellow who knew his way around a peanut. Not just as a snack, mind you, but as a potential savior of the American South. The man was a wizard with a trowel, a genius with a groundnut. Cotton had turned the soil into a sandy wasteland, and folks were as poor as church mice. Along comes Carver, this brilliant black dude, and says, 'Hey, let’s try growing some peanuts instead.' Peanuts? For crying out loud! But it worked. The guy was a miracle worker, turning out more products from a peanut than you'd think possible – everything from shampoo to explosives. And he didn’t stop there. Sweet potatoes, soybeans – the man was a one-man agricultural army.

INVENTIONS Carver developed numerous products derived from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other crops, though none became commercially successful. His inventions were more focused on improving the lives of farmers rather than profit.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Carver was a devout Christian who believed in integrating faith with science. He saw his work as a way to serve God and humanity and often spoke of his faith as the foundation of his scientific pursuits.

POLITICS While not directly involved in politics, Carver was an advocate for racial harmony and the upliftment of African Americans through education and self-sufficiency.

SCANDAL Carver's life was remarkably free of scandal. He maintained a reputation of integrity and humility throughout his career.

MILITARY RECORD Carver did not serve in the military. His contributions during World War I and World War II were through his scientific work and efforts to promote agricultural sustainability.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Carver was a frail child and suffered from respiratory issues throughout his life. Despite this, he lived to be 78 or 79 years old, outliving many of his peers.

HOMES Carver lived modestly, primarily residing at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, where he had a small apartment.

TRAVEL Carver traveled for educational purposes and to promote his agricultural work. His travels were mostly within the United States, though he was widely recognized internationally.

DEATH Carver died on January 5, 1943, from complications following a fall down a flight of stairs. He was buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee University. His life savings of $60,000 were donated to the Carver Museum and Foundation.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Carver was featured in numerous publications during his lifetime and was posthumously recognized in books, documentaries, and educational programs. 

Newspapers and Magazines: During his life, Carver was frequently featured in newspapers and magazines, which highlighted his contributions to agriculture and his role as a leading African American scientist. One of the most notable features was in Time magazine in 1941, where he was referred to as a "black Leonardo," comparing him to Leonardo da Vinci for his wide-ranging talents and achievements.

Books and Biographies: Numerous biographies have been written about Carver, with authors emphasizing his contributions to science, his struggles against racial discrimination, and his deep religious faith. Notable works include George Washington Carver: The Man Who Overcame by Lawrence Elliott and George Washington Carver: In His Own Words, a collection of his writings.

Films and Documentaries: Carver's life has been the subject of several documentaries that explore his scientific achievements and personal story. These films often highlight his journey from slavery to becoming one of the most respected scientists of his time. Documentaries like The Legacy of George Washington Carver delve into his enduring impact on agriculture and African American history.

Museums and Exhibits: Various museums, including the George Washington Carver Museum at Tuskegee University and the George Washington Carver National Monument in Missouri, preserve his legacy. These institutions often host exhibits and educational programs that highlight his work and its significance.

Honors and Recognition: Carver has been commemorated in the media through postage stamps, coins, and other forms of recognition. In 1948, he became the first African American to have a national monument dedicated to him, established at his birthplace in Diamond, Missouri.

ACHIEVEMENTS Carver received numerous accolades, including the NAACP's Spingarn Medal. He was also honored with monuments, schools, and museums dedicated to his legacy. His work in agriculture and environmentalism left a lasting impact on both fields.

Caravaggio

NAME Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, commonly known as Caravaggio.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Caravaggio was a revolutionary Baroque painter, known for dramatic use of light and shadow (tenebrism), and realistic depictions of religious and mythological subjects.

BIRTH Caravaggio was born on September 29, 1571, in Milan, Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Caravaggio came from a modest family; his father, Fermo Merisi, was a steward and architect-decorator to the Marquis of Caravaggio, a town near Bergamo. His mother, Lucia Aratori, hailed from a respected family in the town of Caravaggio, near Bergamo.

CHILDHOOD  To escape the plague that ravaged Milan in 1576, the family relocated to Caravaggio, from which the future artist later took his name. Both Caravaggio's father grandfather tragically perished the following year.

Caravaggio's mother was left to raise their five children in poverty. Despite their financial struggles, the family maintained connections with influential families like the Sforzas and Colonnas. In 1584, the same year his mother passed away, Caravaggio embarked on a four-year apprenticeship with the Milanese painter Simone Peterzano.

EDUCATION Caravaggio received a typical artisan's education, apprenticing around the age of 13 to the painter Simone Peterzano in Milan, who claimed to be a pupil of Titian. This early training in Milan exposed him to both the Lombard tradition of naturalism and the emerging styles of the late Renaissance.

CAREER RECORD Caravaggio’s career was marked by both artistic brilliance and personal turmoil. He achieved great success in Rome, where he painted for influential patrons. His controversial style and violent temper led to exile from the city. He continued to paint in Naples, Malta, and Sicily before his untimely death.

APPEARANCE Contemporary descriptions and self-portraits suggest that Caravaggio was of medium build, a scarred face, dark hair and a brooding, intense gaze that reflected the passionate nature of his personality.

Chalk portrait of Caravaggio by Ottavio Leoni c 1621

FASHION Caravaggio was known for his somewhat unkempt appearance and rebellious attitude toward the fashion of the time. Unlike many of his peers, he did not adopt the luxurious clothing styles of the Roman elite, often appearing in simple, worn garments.

CHARACTER Caravaggio was notorious for his volatile temperament and violent behavior. He was frequently involved in brawls, duels, and legal disputes, which often overshadowed his artistic achievements. His aggressive nature earned him as many enemies as admirers.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Caravaggio’s sharp wit and penchant for satirical touches in his work suggest he had a keen, if dark, sense of irony.

RELATIONSHIPS Caravaggio never married and had no known children. His relationships were often controversial and shrouded in mystery. He was rumored to have been romantically involved with his models, including Fillide Melandroni, a well-known Roman prostitute, and possibly with his young assistant, Cecco del Caravaggio. He was also connected to Lena, another model, who was the subject of a violent altercation with a notary.

MONEY AND FAME Though Caravaggio achieved significant fame and had many wealthy patrons during his lifetime, his volatile nature often put him in financial and legal troubles. His violent behavior led to frequent relocations, and he was constantly on the run from authorities.

FOOD AND DRINK Given the social context of the time, his diet likely consisted of bread, cheese, wine, and meat. Caravaggio’s temper and frequent involvement in tavern brawls suggest a fondness for drinking, which often exacerbated his impulsive nature.

One particularly infamous incident involved a flying plate of artichokes. A disagreement over the preparation of this thorny vegetable escalated into a full-blown culinary assault, with the hapless waiter bearing the brunt of the artist’s frustration. While the outcome wasn’t catastrophic, the episode perfectly encapsulates Caravaggio’s volatile nature, adding another dramatic brushstroke to his already colorful life.

MUSIC AND ARTS Caravaggio’s artistic circle included musicians and poets, and his paintings often reflect a deep understanding of contemporary music and literature. His work is known for its emotional intensity, much like the music of his time, and often depicted scenes with musical instruments, emphasizing the connection between the arts.

Caravaggio was no choirboy. This Italian dude was a painter, sure, but he was also a walking, talking, paint-splattered disaster. He was a master of the dramatic, but his real-life dramas were often more compelling than his canvases.

The guy could paint. No question about it. His pictures are like little windows into a world of shadow and light, where ordinary people look like saints or sinners, depending on the day. He invented this whole moody, dramatic style – tenebrism, they call it – and every artist after him was like, “Wow, that’s pretty cool.”

But Caravaggio? He was more interested in brawling than brushing. He was a hothead, a troublemaker, and generally a pain in the neck. He got himself into so much trouble, he had to do a runner from Rome. So, he bounced around Italy like a pinball, painting masterpieces in Naples, Malta, and Sicily, all while dodging the long arm of the law. And when he wasn’t painting or fighting, he was probably drinking way too much wine and causing general mayhem.

In the end, this troubled genius didn’t live to a ripe old age. He died young, leaving behind a legacy of stunning art and a whole lot of unanswered questions.

LITERATURE Caravaggio’s work often shows a deep engagement with the religious and classical texts that were popular during the Baroque period.

NATURE Caravaggio’s relationship with nature was expressed through his art, particularly in his still-life paintings, which feature meticulously rendered fruits, flowers, and animals, showing his keen observation of the natural world.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caravaggio was known to be an avid fencer and frequently participated in duels and other forms of combat. His penchant for physical confrontation was notorious and often landed him in trouble.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Caravaggio’s work demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of geometry and perspective, essential skills for an artist of his time. His mastery of chiaroscuro required a deep knowledge of light and shadow, elements that intersect with scientific principles of optics.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caravaggio’s paintings often explored themes of sin, redemption, and human suffering, reflecting the intense religious fervor of the Counter-Reformation era. His work engaged deeply with Catholic theology, though his personal beliefs remain somewhat ambiguous.

The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio

POLITICS Caravaggio’s art was often political in its commentary, reflecting the turbulent social and religious climate of post-Reformation Italy. He worked for several powerful patrons connected to the Church, but his life was marked by rebellion against authority.

SCANDAL Caravaggio’s life was riddled with scandal. He was involved in numerous violent incidents, including the murder of Ranuccio Tomassoni during a brawl over a game of tennis on May 29, 1606. His involvement with various models, including prostitutes, and his rumored homosexual relationships also fueled controversy.

MILITARY RECORD Though Caravaggio never served in the military, his affinity for weapons and frequent participation in duels suggests a combative nature.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caravaggio was known for his physical strength and prowess, often engaging in violent confrontations. However, his health deteriorated in his later years, likely due to his chaotic lifestyle. At the time of his death, he was suffering from a fever, and theories about the cause of his death include lead poisoning, malaria, or sepsis from a wound.

HOMES Caravaggio lived in various locations throughout his life, including Milan, Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily. He often rented rooms or lodgings rather than owning his own home. The troubled artist often had to flee from one place to another due to his legal troubles. His most notable residence was in Rome, where he produced some of his most famous works.

TRAVEL Caravaggio’s life was marked by constant movement, especially after the murder of Tomassoni in 1606. He fled Rome and traveled through Naples, Malta, and Sicily, often seeking refuge from his enemies and the law. His travels significantly influenced his work, leading to some of his most dramatic and intense paintings.

DEATH Caravaggio died on July 18, 1610, in Porto Ercole, Tuscany. The exact cause of his death remains a matter of debate, with theories ranging from lead poisoning to sepsis. His remains were buried in the San Sebastiano cemetery in Porto Ercole, later moved to St. Erasmus cemetery. In 2010, researchers identified what they believe to be his remains.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caravaggio has been the subject of numerous books, documentaries, and films. In 2022, a biopic, L'Ombra di Caravaggio, directed by Michele Placido, was released. He also features prominently in Steven Zaillian's Netflix series Ripley, where he is portrayed by Daniele Rienzo.

ACHIEVEMENTS Caravaggio’s legacy lies in his profound influence on the Baroque movement and the history of Western art. His pioneering use of chiaroscuro and his emotionally charged, realistic portrayals of religious and mythological subjects transformed painting, inspiring generations of artists who followed in his footsteps. Despite his turbulent life, his work remains some of the most celebrated in the history of art.

Enrico Caruso

NAME Enrico Caruso

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Enrico Caruso is renowned as one of the greatest operatic tenors of all time, whose powerful and emotive voice captivated audiences around the world. He became a pioneer in the recording industry, bringing opera to the masses through his phonograph records.

BIRTH Caruso was born on February 25, 1873, in Naples, Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Caruso's father, Marcellino, was a mechanic and foundry worker and his mother a homemaker.

Caruso was the 18th of 21 children, though only two of his siblings survived infancy. His family was poor, and Caruso's childhood was marked by hardship.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in poverty in Naples, Caruso worked in a machine shop and ironworks as a boy. Despite his difficult circumstances, he was determined to pursue his passion for singing, performing in churches and on street corners to earn money for voice lessons.

EDUCATION Caruso's formal education was limited due to his family's financial constraints. However, his singing talent was recognized early on, and he pursued vocal training with the help of various teachers in Naples.

CAREER RECORD Caruso made his formal debut in 1894 in Naples in the opera L'Amico Francesco, though the performance was not successful. His breakthrough came in 1898 when he created the role of Loris in Umberto Giordano's Fedora. Caruso went on to become a global sensation, particularly known for his performances at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He also became one of the first great singers to make phonograph records, with his recordings selling millions of copies.

APPEARANCE Caruso was a handsome man known for his robust physique, dark hair, and expressive features, which complemented his powerful stage presence.

Caruso in front of his white Empire-style upright piano, in his apartment in New York City

FASHION Caruso was known for his elegant and stylish dress, both on and off stage. He was a trendsetter and his fashion choices often influenced the public. He often dressed in elegant suits that reflected his status as an international opera star.

CHARACTER Caruso was a charismatic and warm individual, beloved by his peers and fans alike. He was known for his generosity and kind-hearted nature.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Caruso had a playful and jovial sense of humor. He often entertained friends and colleagues with his jokes and anecdotes and sketched caricatures of his friends and colleagues for fun.

RELATIONSHIPS Prior to World War I, Caruso was involved in a romantic relationship with Italian soprano Ada Giachetti, who was his senior. Despite being married, Giachetti and Caruso shared a liaison from 1897 to 1908, resulting in four sons, only two of whom, Rodolfo (1898-1951) and Enrico Jr. (1904-1987), survived infancy. Giachetti left her husband and another son to live with Caruso. 

Towards the end of World War I, Caruso’s life took a different turn when he met and fell in love with New York socialite Dorothy Benjamin. They married on August 18, 1918, despite her father’s objections, and had a daughter, Gloria (1919-1999).

Dorothy and Enrico Caruso, 1918

MONEY AND FAME Caruso was one of the highest-paid singers of his time, earning substantial sums from his performances and recordings. He was also a shrewd businessman, making wise investments that contributed to his wealth.

FOOD AND DRINK Caruso enjoyed hearty Italian cuisine and was known to have a healthy appetite. Despite his fondness for rich foods, he was a heavy smoker, particularly of strong Egyptian cigarettes.

One of the more extraordinary moments in his life occurred on April 18, 1906. Caruso, having just performed as Don José in Carmen at San Francisco's Grand Opera House, was rudely awakened by the infamous San Francisco earthquake. As the city crumbled around him, Caruso fled his hotel, clutching an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt as if it might offer some protection from the collapsing buildings. Remarkably composed, he made his way to the St. Francis Hotel for breakfast, where he devoured bacon and eggs before hightailing it out of the city by boat and train. He never returned to San Francisco, a vow he kept to the letter.

MUSIC AND ARTS Enrico Caruso, it seems, was a man who would not let the world ignore him. Determined to become a singer despite growing up in the shadow of Naples' less-than-glamorous ironworks, he took to the streets and churches to earn money for lessons. His voice, even in its early stages, was so arresting that when the army came calling, a high-ranking officer, who had the good fortune to hear him sing, promptly decided that the army’s loss would be the world’s gain and sent him off to pursue his musical studies instead.

In 1894, Caruso made his formal debut in Naples in an opera called L'Amico Francesco, which, rather unhelpfully, was a flop. But Caruso wasn’t deterred. Four years later, in 1898, he hit the jackpot with his creation of the role of Loris in Umberto Giordano's Fedora, and national acclaim came at him like an express train.

Now, here's where things get interesting. Caruso didn’t just have a magnificent voice; he had impeccable timing. On April 11, 1902, just as the phonograph was about to change the way people consumed music forever, Caruso was engaged by the Gramophone & Typewriter Company to record ten arias in a Milan hotel room. He was paid £100 for his trouble, a tidy sum at the time, and the resulting discs became instant best-sellers. His fame spread across Europe and America with a speed that today’s viral videos would envy.

One of these recordings, "Vesti la giubba" from Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, made history as the first sound recording to sell a million copies. To put this in perspective, it was cheaper to buy a ticket to see Caruso live than to buy the record, yet people snapped up the discs as if they were gold dust.

Caruso’s career saw him perform in nearly every corner of Europe and the Americas. He sang predominantly in French and Italian but displayed an impressive linguistic flexibility, managing to pick up seven other languages along the way. His most celebrated roles included the tragic clown in Pagliacci and the lovesick Rodolfo in La Bohème, which became his signature pieces.

Caruso continued to break new ground, including participating in the first public radio broadcast in the United States in 1910, beaming his voice directly from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House to astonished listeners.

In his private life, Caruso was equally unique. He had a fondness for singing in the bath, accompanied by a pianist stationed in the next room. In fact, he was so devoted to his baths that he took two a day, possibly believing that cleanliness was next to godliness—or at least next to vocal perfection.

Caruso's life revolved around music. Opera was his passion, but he also appreciated other forms of art, such as painting and sculpture. He had a talent for drawing and often sketched caricatures.

LITERATURE  Caruso enjoyed reading in his spare time. However, specific literary preferences are unknown.

NATURE Caruso enjoyed spending time in the countryside, particularly at his villa near Florence, where he could retreat from the demands of his career.

PETS Caruso was fond of animals and had several pets throughout his life, though specific details are scarce.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caruso enjoyed playing cards for relaxation and was also an avid collector, amassing valuable collections of rare postage stamps, coins, watches, and antique snuffboxes.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caruso was a man of deep faith, and his Catholic beliefs were an important part of his life.

He was superstitious and habitually carried several good-luck charms with him when he sang. 

POLITICS Caruso was not heavily involved in politics, though he did participate in charity work, particularly during World War I, raising funds for war-related causes.

SCANDAL In 1906, Caruso was charged with an indecent act in New York's Central Park Zoo, accused of pinching a woman's bottom. He claimed a monkey was responsible, but he was found guilty and fined $10. The incident was widely publicized, but it did not significantly harm his career.

MILITARY RECORD Caruso briefly served in the Italian army, but a high-ranking officer, impressed by his voice, allowed him to leave and continue his studies.

When America joined the Great War in 1917, Caruso didn’t just sit on the sidelines and sing about love. He rolled up his sleeves and became a bona fide patriot. The guy gave concerts, sold Liberty Bonds like hotcakes, and generally threw himself into helping out the war effort.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caruso's heavy smoking and grueling performance schedule took a toll on his health, contributing to the ill-health that plagued him in the final year of his life.

HOMES Caruso purchased the Villa Bellosguardo near Florence in 1904, which became his retreat. In New York, he resided in a suite at the Knickerbocker Hotel.

TRAVEL Caruso toured extensively, performing in nearly every country in Europe, as well as in North and South America.

DEATH Caruso breathed his last at the Hotel Vesuvio in Naples on the morning of August 2, 1921. He was just 48. Doctors blamed a burst internal abscess for the fatal peritonitis. 

The King of Italy honored the beloved tenor by opening the Royal Basilica of San Francesco di Paola for his funeral, a grand affair attended by thousands of mourners. His body was preserved in a glass case at Naples’ Del Pianto Cemetery for public viewing, a heart-wrenching spectacle. 

In 1929, his widow, Dorothy, had the coffin sealed forever in a magnificent stone tomb.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caruso's voice lives on through his numerous recordings, and he has been the subject of several biographies, including those written by his wife, Dorothy. Here’s a look at some of the other notable appearances and portrayals of Caruso in media:

Film: The Great Caruso (1951): One of the most famous films about Caruso, The Great Caruso, stars Mario Lanza as the legendary tenor. The film is a highly fictionalized account of Caruso’s life, emphasizing his rise to fame and his romantic entanglements. Despite taking liberties with historical accuracy, the film was a box office success and further cemented Caruso’s legendary status in popular culture.

Television: The Simpsons: Caruso has been referenced in the long-running animated series The Simpsons. In one episode, Homer Simpson imagines himself singing with a voice "as smooth as Enrico Caruso," a nod to the tenor's legendary vocal quality.

The Sopranos: In an episode of The Sopranos, Caruso’s music is played in the background, reinforcing the show’s frequent use of Italian-American cultural references and its emphasis on the operatic themes of drama, power, and tragedy.

Video Game: Assassin’s Creed II: Although not directly appearing, Caruso's music is featured in the Assassin’s Creed series, set in historical Italy. The inclusion of his music helps to create an authentic atmosphere, capturing the period's cultural richness

ACHIEVEMENTS Caruso's greatest achievement was his unparalleled vocal talent and his contribution to the world of opera. He is considered one of the most influential and beloved singers of all time.

Source Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia © 1998 The Learning Company, Inc

Edmund Cartwright

NAME Edmund Cartwright

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Edmund Cartwright is most famous for inventing the power loom, which revolutionized the textile industry by automating the process of weaving cloth.

BIRTH Edmund Cartwright was born in 1743 in Marnham, Nottinghamshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Edmund was the brother of Major John Cartwright, a well-known political reformer and radical, and George Cartwright, an explorer of Labrador. The Cartwright family was notable for their contributions to politics, exploration, and innovation.

CHILDHOOD Edmund Cartwright grew up in a family In a comfortable environment as the son of a landowner. that valued education and intellectual pursuits.

EDUCATION Edmund Cartwright received his early education at Wakefield Grammar School. He later attended Oxford University, where he pursued studies that laid the foundation for his diverse intellectual interests.

CAREER RECORD Cartwright initially pursued a career in the Church, becoming the rector of the parish of Goadby Marwood in Leicestershire. Here's his resume:

Clergyman: Rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire (1779), Prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral (1786)

Inventor: Patented the power loom in 1785, established a weaving and spinning factory in Doncaster (1785), later invented a wool-combing machine and other agricultural implements.

APPEARANCE Details about Edmund Cartwright’s physical appearance are scarce, and contemporary descriptions are not well-documented. The picture below was donated to Wikimedia Commons as part of a project by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 

By Allen & Ginter 

FASHION Given his profession as a clergyman, Cartwright's fashion would have been conservative and in line with the clerical attire of the time.

CHARACTER Cartwright was known for his intellectual curiosity and persistence. His ability to move from theology to mechanical invention speaks to his versatility and innovative spirit.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cartwright's diverse interests suggest a person of broad and engaging intellect.

RELATIONSHIPS Cartwright was part of a distinguished family, with close ties to his brothers John and George, who were also prominent figures in their respective fields.

Edmund Cartwright married twice. His first wife was Alice Whitaker, daughter of Alderman Richard Whitaker of Doncaster. They wed in 1772, and she passed away in 1785.

From this marriage, Cartwright had four children. Their second daughter, Elizabeth (1780-1837), married Reverend John Penrose and wrote under the pseudonym "Mrs Markham". Another daughter, Mary, married Henry Eustatius Strickland, a descendant of the Strickland Baronets. Mary also authored a biography of her father, A Memoir of the Life, Writings, and Inventions, of Edmund Cartwright, D.D. FRS (1843), which included a memoir by Cartwright himself.

The couple's eldest son, Reverend Edmund Cartwright (1773-1833), followed in his father's academic footsteps, becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London. Their youngest child, Frances Dorothy Cartwright, was a poet and biographer of her uncle, the radical Major John Cartwright.

Following the death of his first wife, Cartwright remarried in 1790 to Susannah Kearney, daughter of John Kearney. He was survived by her and his four children from his first marriage.

MONEY AND FAME Despite his significant contributions to industry, Cartwright did not achieve financial success from his inventions. His Doncaster factory went belly up in 1793, repossessed by creditors.

In 1809, Cartwright received a grant of £10,000 from the government, thanks to the lobbying efforts of Lancashire firms who recognized the value of his innovations. He used this money to purchase a farm in Kent.

FOOD AND DRINK  As a clergyman and landowner, his diet likely consisted of typical English fare of the time.

MUSIC AND ARTS Cartwright's inventive mind and intellectual background suggest an appreciation for cultural pursuits.

LITERATURE As an educated man who attended Oxford, Cartwright was well-versed in the literature of his time.

Edmund Cartwright displayed a talent for writing poetry. He was tutored by John Langhorne and produced several works. His first published poem, "Armine and Elvira," appeared in 1770.  Cartwright's literary output also included "Sonnets to Eminent Men" (1783), which featured an ode dedicated to Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham, a notable supporter of American independence.

NATURE After receiving his government grant, Cartwright purchased a farm in Kent, indicating an appreciation for the rural lifestyle and possibly a connection to nature through agriculture.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cartwright’s main hobbies seemed to center around his intellectual pursuits and inventions. 

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cartwright’s inventions show a strong grasp of mechanical science and mathematics, particularly in his understanding of the principles needed to develop complex machinery like the power loom and wool-combing machine.

INVENTIONS Edmund Cartwright started out as a perfectly respectable clergyman, minding his own business and shepherding souls in a quiet corner of Leicestershire. It’s hard to imagine this fellow, probably with a rather nice frock coat as the spark that would ignite the Industrial Revolution. But there you have it.

After a fateful visit to Richard Arkwright’s cotton-spinning factory in Cromford, a place that must have looked like something out of a mad scientist’s dream, Cartwright was bitten by the bug of mechanization. He chucked his prayer book aside and started tinkering with looms.

His first power loom was about as useful as a chocolate teapot, but it was a start. To this end, he added various improvements—positive let-off motions, warp and weft stop motions, and even a mechanism for sizing the warp while the loom was still running. He set up shop in Doncaster to manufacture fabric using his machines, only to discover that they were far from perfect. Undeterred, Cartwright tweaked and tinkered, introducing crank and eccentric wheels, improving the picking mechanism, and adding devices to prevent the shuttle from misbehaving, whether by failing to enter its box or by rebounding when it did. He even invented automatic temples to stretch the cloth.

In 1792, he obtained one last patent, this time for a loom equipped with multiple shuttle boxes—ideal for weaving checks and cross stripes. Yet, despite all his ingenuity, one stubborn problem remained: no loom, however cleverly designed, could truly succeed until the warps could be sized while the machine was in motion. Cartwright's attempts to solve this problem ultimately floundered, and it wasn’t until 1803 that others—William Radcliffe and his assistant Thomas Johnson—cracked it with their beam warper and dressing sizing machine.

Adding to his résumé of near-misses, in 1790, a certain Robert Grimshaw of Gorton, Manchester, was so taken with Cartwright’s loom that he built a weaving factory at Knott Mill, planning to install 500 of them. Unfortunately, with only 30 looms in place, the factory was burnt to the ground, likely by disgruntled handloom weavers who saw the writing on the wall and didn’t much care for what it said. 

In the end, Cartwright was a bit like that guy who invents the first car but can’t figure out how to make it go in a straight line. He laid the groundwork, but others had to come along and make it work. Still, without his initial burst of madcap invention, the world might look very different today.

Looms weren’t Cartwright’s only foray into mechanical invention. In 1789, he patented a wool combing machine, and in 1792, he came up with something called a cordelier, a contraption for making rope. He even designed a steam engine that ran on alcohol instead of water—because, really, why not? Despite his many inventions, Cartwright’s life was more of a series of valiant efforts than outright successes, but one can’t help but admire the sheer determination of the man.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Originally a clergyman, Cartwright’s philosophical and theological beliefs were shaped by his education and career in the Church. His transition to invention indicates a practical application of his intellectual pursuits.

POLITICS Although Cartwright himself was not overtly political, his brother John was a prominent political reformer, and Edmund’s inventions had significant social and economic impacts, influencing the course of the Industrial Revolution.

MILITARY RECORD Cartwright did not have a military career, but his brother John was a Major, and George explored territories in Labrador, hinting at a family involved in diverse forms of service.

Edmund Cartwright's 1779 poem "The Prince of Peace," criticized the American Revolutionary War.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Specific details are not documented but Cartwright lived to the age of 80, indicating he enjoyed good health for most of his life .

HOMES Cartwright lived in various locations throughout his life, including his birthplace in Marnham, his rectory in Goadby Marwood, and later on a farm in Kent, purchased with the grant he received.

TRAVEL Cartwright’s notable travel included his visit to Cromford in 1784, which inspired his invention of the power loom. 

DEATH Edmund Cartwright died in Hastings, Sussex on October 30, 1823 after a lingering illness. He was buried in Battle. 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cartwright's life and inventions have been mentioned in historical accounts of the Industrial Revolution, but he has not been a prominent figure in popular media.

ACHIEVEMENTS Cartwright’s most significant achievements include the invention of the power loom, the wool-combing machine, and his contributions to agricultural machinery. His work played a crucial role in the mechanization of the textile industry, laying the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.

In May 1821, Cartwright was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society

Barbara Cartland

NAME Barbara Cartland

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Barbara Cartland was renowned as the "Queen of Romance," a prolific author of romantic novels, primarily set in the Victorian or Edwardian era.

BIRTH Barbara Cartland was born on July 9, 1901, in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Born into upper-middle-class comfort, Barbara Cartland's family faced financial difficulties shortly after her birth. Her paternal grandfather, James Cartland, committed suicide after a bankruptcy, which Barbara later cited as the reason for their financial decline. Her father died in World War I, leaving her mother to open a dry goods store in London to support the family.

CHILDHOOD Cartland's early life was marked by loss and financial struggle. Her father's death in World War I and her grandfather's suicide created a challenging environment for her mother, who had to raise Cartland and her two brothers alone. Both of her brothers later died in battle in 1940.

EDUCATION Barbara Cartland was educated at private girls' schools, including The Alice Ottley School, Malvern Girls' College, and Abbey House in Hampshire. Her education was typical of upper-middle-class girls of her time, emphasizing refinement and social graces.

CAREER RECORD Cartland began her career as a society reporter in 1922, quickly transitioning to writing romantic fiction. Her first novel, Jigsaw (1923), was a bestseller, and she continued to write prolifically throughout her life, finishing a book every two to three weeks. Her works were inspired by the novels of Elinor Glyn, whom she idolized and befriended. In addition to her novels, she wrote plays, biographies, and even a guide to married life.

APPEARANCE Barbara Cartland was known for her distinctive appearance, often seen in trademark pink dresses, plumed hats, and heavy makeup. She cultivated a glamorous and theatrical image that became as famous as her novels.

Cartland in 1987 by Allan Warren - Wikipedia

FASHION Cartland was synonymous with a flamboyant and feminine style, often wearing pink and adorned with jewels.

She was one of the first clients of designer Norman Hartnell and remained a client until his death in 1979. 

Her presentation and wedding dresses were particularly notable, though she admitted her wedding dress was a failure despite being made to her own design.

CHARACTER Cartland was a complex character, embodying both traditional and modern values. She believed in the ideals of love and morality, which were central to her writing. However, she was also known for her strong opinions, particularly on social and political matters, and her desire for admiration and worship, as she once famously stated in 1977.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cartland had a sharp wit and a sense of humor that often came through in her public appearances and interviews. She could be self-deprecating and was not afraid to poke fun at herself and her persona. One example is when she famously said, "I have always maintained that I am the best thing that ever happened to romance, except for possibly cholera, which has done more to reunite lovers than I ever could."

RELATIONSHIPS Cartland was engaged multiple times, breaking off her first engagement upon learning about sexual intercourse. She declined 49 marriage proposals before marrying Captain Alexander "Sachie" George McCorquodale, a British Army officer from Scotland and heir to a printing fortune on April 23, 1927. They had one child, a daughter Raine Spencer, who was the stepmother of Princess Diana. Their divorce in 1933 involved charges and counter charges of infidelity,

Cartland married her ex-husband's cousin, Hugh McCorquodale, on December 28, 1936 and they stayed together until his death in 1963.

Cartland maintained a long friendship with Lord Mountbatten of Burma and had a complicated relationship with her step-granddaughter, Princess Diana.

MONEY AND FAME Barbara Cartland's fame and fortune were immense. By the 1970s and 1980s, she was the world's top-selling author, recognized by the Guinness Book of Records. Her prolific output and global sales brought her significant wealth and a place in popular culture.

FOOD AND DRINK Cartland enjoyed a lavish lifestyle and was known to appreciate fine dining.

MUSIC AND ARTS Cartland had a deep appreciation for the arts, particularly music. She recorded an album of love songs with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in 1978 and wrote lyrics for a radio operetta during World War II.

LITERATURE Barbara Cartland was a literary powerhouse, inspired by Edwardian novelist Elinor Glyn. Despite accusations of plagiarism by Georgette Heyer in the 1950s, Cartland's novels remained highly successful, and she continued to publish at an astonishing rate throughout her life.

Barbara Cartland, that indomitable figure of English literature, was the undisputed Queen of Romance—a title she wore as comfortably as her signature pink chiffon gowns. Her output was nothing short of Herculean, a staggering 723 novels, most of which she managed to churn out while reclining on a sofa, dictating to a secretary with the kind of ease most of us reserve for ordering a cup of tea.

Cartland was a fixture in the literary world of the 20th century, with her novels—largely set in the Victorian and Edwardian periods—finding their way into the hands of millions, or perhaps billions, depending on whose numbers you trust. Some say she sold 750 million copies, while others, possibly more excitable, put the figure at over two billion. Either way, her books have been translated into just about every language under the sun, making her the fifth most translated author globally.

Her novels, often graced with portrait-style covers by Francis Marshall, were so wildly popular that they practically begged to be turned into television movies. Titles like A Hazard of Hearts, A Ghost in Monte Carlo, and Duel of Hearts kept fans swooning in front of their screens just as they had on the page.

But Barbara Cartland was more than just the doyenne of romance. She was a one-woman literary industry. Besides her love stories, she penned biographies, plays, verse, operettas, and even a few health and cookbooks. If you were looking for advice on anything from love to liver pâté, Cartland was your woman.

NATURE She enjoyed the beauty of nature and often incorporated natural settings into her novels.

PETS Cartland's love for animals was evident in her life and often reflected in her writing. Her stories frequently featured loyal and endearing animal characters, adding depth and warmth to her romantic narratives.

Dogs were undoubtedly Barbara Cartland's favorite companions.  She was particularly fond of Pekingese, often seen by her side, and considered them almost a trademark of her image. She often wrote about them and even had a novel titled The Prince and the Pekingese. Two of her most famous Pekingese were Twi-Twi and Mwi-Mwi.   

While Pekingese were her favorites, Cartland also owned other breeds throughout her life, including a black Labrador named Dickie.

Cartland also had one cat. This was a unique exception in a life filled with canine companions. The cat, named Flumbo, was a blue Persian and was said to be quite the character, even managing to intimidate the usually fearless Pekingese

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Writing was her primary focus, but she also enjoyed socializing and attending social events.

Cartland had a keen interest in gliding, and in 1931, she helped design the first aircraft-towed airmail delivery glider. She also frequented Brooklands aerodrome and motor-racing circuit during the 1920s and 30s.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Barbara Cartland held traditional views on morality, love, and marriage, which she often expressed in her novels and public speeches. She was a vocal advocate for the importance of prayer in schools and was opposed to infidelity and divorce.

POLITICS Cartland served as a Conservative councillor on Hertfordshire County Council from 1955 to 1964. She campaigned for various social reforms, including nursing home reform, midwives' salaries, and the education of Romani children.

SCANDAL Cartland's life was not without scandal. Her first marriage ended in a contentious divorce with accusations of infidelity. She also faced a plagiarism accusation from fellow author Georgette Heyer. Despite these controversies, Cartland maintained her public image as a defender of traditional values.

MILITARY RECORD Cartland's contributions to the war effort during World War II were significant. She was deeply involved in charitable work through the War Office and the St John Ambulance Brigade, earning recognition for her service.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cartland maintained an active and vibrant lifestyle well into her later years. Her longevity and energy were remarkable, allowing her to continue writing and appearing in public well into her 90s.

HOMES Cartland lived in several homes throughout her life, reflecting her social standing and wealth. Her homes were likely well-appointed and in keeping with her glamorous public image.

TRAVEL Cartland traveled extensively, both for pleasure and research for her novels. Her travels often inspired the exotic settings and historical contexts of her stories.

DEATH Barbara Cartland passed away on May 21, 2000, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, at the age of 98. Her death marked the end of an era in romantic fiction, and she left behind a legacy as one of the most prolific authors in history.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Barbara Cartland was a fixture in popular media, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. She appeared on television frequently, discussing topics ranging from romance to politics. Her distinctive style and outspoken views made her a media favorite.

Many of her novels have been adapted into films for television including A Hazard of Hearts, A Ghost in Monte Carlo and Duel of Hearts.

ACHIEVEMENTS Barbara Cartland's achievements are unparalleled in the world of romantic fiction. She published 723 novels, and sold nearly a billion copies, making her the third best selling fiction author ever behind William Shakespeare and Agatha Christie. She was awarded the Médaille de Vermeil de la Ville de Paris in 1988 and was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1991 for her contributions to literature, politics, and social causes. Her legacy as the "Queen of Romance" endures to this day.