Albert Camus

NAME Albert Camus

WHAT FAMOUS FOR French philosopher, author, and Nobel Prize laureate, known for his existentialist and absurdist philosophy, as well as his novels and plays.

BIRTH Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913, in Mondovi, French Algeria (now Dréan, Algeria).

FAMILY BACKGROUND Camus was born into a poor French-Algerian family. His father, Lucien Camus, served in a Zouave infantry regiment and was wounded in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during World War I. Lucien died later that year from his wounds in a makeshift army hospital. His deaf and illiterate mother, Catherine Hélène Sintès Camus, was of Spanish descent and worked as a cleaning woman to support the family.

CHILDHOOD  Albert and his mother lived without many basic material possessions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Despite the hardships, he excelled academically and developed a love for literature and philosophy.

EDUCATION Camus showed academic promise despite his challenging background and gained a scholarship in 1924 to study at a prestigious lyceum (secondary school) near Algiers. His education was interrupted by a severe bout of tuberculosis at the age of 17, which affected him throughout his life. Nevertheless, he continued to pursue his intellectual interests passionately.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at the University of Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting his thesis on Plotinus.

CAREER RECORD Camus began his career as a journalist, working for the leftist newspaper Alger Républicain and later the clandestine newspaper Combat during World War II. His literary career took off with the publication of The Stranger in 1942. He went on to write numerous novels, essays, and plays, earning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.

APPEARANCE Albert Camus was known for his handsome and rugged features, often sporting a trench coat and a cigarette in hand, which became iconic images associated with him.

Albert Camus Photograph by United Press International 

FASHION Camus preferred a simple yet stylish wardrobe, often seen in classic suits, trench coats, and occasionally casual wear. His fashion reflected his practical yet refined taste.

CHARACTER Camus was known for his integrity, moral commitment, and deep sense of justice. He was compassionate and empathetic, often standing up for the oppressed and marginalized.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Camus had a subtle and dry sense of humor, often infused with irony and wit. His humor was reflective of his philosophical views on the absurdity of life.

RELATIONSHIPS Camus had several significant relationships throughout his life. He was married twice, first to Simone Hié and then to Francine Faure. He also had notable romantic liaisons with actresses and intellectuals, including María Casares.

MONEY AND FAME Camus achieved significant fame and financial success, especially after winning the Nobel Prize. However, he remained humble and often expressed discomfort with his celebrity status.

FOOD AND DRINK Camus enjoyed simple Mediterranean cuisine, reflecting his Algerian roots. He appreciated good wine and often engaged in lively conversations over meals with friends.

MUSIC AND ARTS Camus had a deep appreciation for the arts, particularly classical music and theatre. He was actively involved in theatrical productions and had a keen interest in painting and sculpture.

LITERATURE Camus was an avid reader and a prolific writer. His literary works encompass novels, essays, plays, and philosophical texts. His writing often explored themes of existentialism, absurdism, and humanism.  His most famous works include The Stranger, The Plague, and The Myth of Sisyphus.

Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957, making him the second-youngest recipient of the award. The prize was largely awarded for his extended essay Reflections on the Guillotine, which argued against capital punishment.

Albert Camus was all about the existential crisis. He was like a one-man gloom factory, churning out despair like a sausage machine.

Now, don’t get me wrong, the man could write. There’s no denying that. But his books are about as cheerful as a funeral in a swamp. The Stranger? A corker of a title, you'd think, but it’s really just a guy wandering around being miserable. The Plague? A bit on the nose, perhaps. And don’t even get me started on The Myth of Sisyphus. That’s a book that’ll make you want to give up and push a boulder uphill for the rest of your life just to feel something.

But here’s the thing: despite the constant drizzle of doom and gloom, Camus was a master of his craft. He could spin a yarn like nobody’s business. And there’s something undeniably compelling about someone who can take the most ordinary of situations – a guy going to the beach, a town hit by a plague – and turn it into a soul-searching odyssey.

So, while Camus might not have been the life of the party, he was certainly a master of the literary equivalent of a wet blanket. And for that, we should probably be grateful. After all, someone’s got to explore the darker corners of the human psyche. Just don’t expect them to do it with a smile.

NATURE Camus had a profound connection with nature, often reflecting on the beauty of the Algerian landscape in his works. He enjoyed spending time outdoors, appreciating the tranquility and inspiration it provided.

PETS Camus named his cat Cigarette, reflecting his keen habit of smoking.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Camus was passionate about football (soccer) and played as a goalkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team until he contracted tuberculosis in 1930.  He believed sports were a valuable means of building camaraderie and discipline.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Camus occasionally incorporated scientific ideas into his philosophical writings.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Camus explored themes of meaning, existence, and human freedom, often challenging traditional religious and philosophical beliefs.

Camus's philosophical contributions, particularly to existentialism and absurdism, are highly regarded. He believed that the human search for meaning was ultimately futile, as life was inherently meaningless. Despite this, Camus argued that individuals could find purpose and fulfillment through the creation of their own values and the pursuit of personal freedom.

POLITICS Camus was politically active, advocating for justice and human rights. He opposed totalitarianism and colonialism, speaking out against both the Nazi occupation of France and the French colonial rule in Algeria. 

Camus joined the French Communist Party in 1935, seeing it as a vehicle for challenging the deep-rooted inequality between Europeans and Algerians. Despite his involvement, he never embraced Marxist ideology. Later, his criticism of communism in L'Homme révolté (The Rebel) led to a protracted quarrel with the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.

SCANDAL Camus faced criticism and scandal, particularly for his opposition to the Algerian War of Independence. His stance alienated him from many fellow intellectuals and activists. Some historians believe that Camus was killed by KGB agents for his criticism of Stalin's regime.

MILITARY RECORD Camus did not serve in the military, as his health and political circumstances prevented him from enlisting during World War II. However, he was active within the French Resistance to the German occupation of France.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Camus struggled with tuberculosis for most of his life, which significantly impacted his health and physical fitness. Despite this, he remained active and engaged in intellectual and social pursuits.

HOMES Camus lived in various places throughout his life, including Algiers, Paris, and Provence. His homes often reflected his minimalist and practical lifestyle.

TRAVEL Camus traveled extensively, particularly throughout Europe and North Africa. His travels influenced his writing and philosophical perspectives.

He had intense motorphobia (fear of automobiles) and avoided riding in cars as much as possible. Instead he preferred traveling by train.

DEATH Albert Camus died in a car accident on January 4, 1960, near Sens, France. Ironically, he had a return train ticket in his coat pocket, having been persuaded by a friend to ride in his car. His untimely death at the age of 46 shocked the literary and philosophical communities.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Camus is the subject of numerous films, documentaries, and books. His works have been adapted for film and theater. Camus' life and works continue to inspire and influence modern media and scholarship.

ACHIEVEMENTS Camus' achievements include a rich legacy of literary and philosophical works that continue to be studied and celebrated worldwide. His most notable recognition was receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957 for his profound impact on modern thought and literature.

Queen Camilla

NAME Queen Camilla

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Queen Consort of the United Kingdom, married to King Charles III.

BIRTH Born Camilla Rosemary Shand on July 17, 1947, in King's College Hospital, London, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Camilla is the daughter of Major Bruce Shand, a British Army officer turned wine merchant, and Rosalind Cubitt, daughter of the 3rd Baron Ashcombe. She is the eldest of three children, with a sister, Annabel Elliot, and a brother, Mark Shand, who sadly passed away in 2014.

CHILDHOOD Camilla grew up in a well-to-do family, spending her early years in East Sussex and South Kensington. She had a privileged upbringing, surrounded by country estates and the London social scene. Camilla had a fondness for the outdoors and horses from a young age.

EDUCATION She was educated at Dumbrells School in Sussex, Queen's Gate School in South Kensington, and Mon Fertile finishing school in Switzerland. She later briefly attended the Institut Britannique in Paris.

CAREER RECORD Before becoming Queen Consort, Camilla worked as a secretary and for various organizations. She was involved in numerous charitable endeavors, particularly focusing on literacy, animal welfare, and osteoporosis, the latter inspired by her mother’s battle with the disease.

Camilla was crowned alongside Charles on May 6, 2023 at Westminster Abbey, London.

On her coronation day

APPEARANCE Camilla is known for her classic and elegant style, often seen wearing tailored outfits, hats, and pearls. She has blonde hair and a warm, approachable demeanor.

FASHION Her fashion sense is sophisticated and understated, often favoring British designers. She is frequently seen in elegant dresses for royal engagements and public appearances. Camilla is known for her love of hats and coats.

CHARACTER Camilla is often described as warm, down-to-earth, and humorous. She is known for her resilience and ability to handle public scrutiny with grace.

SENSE OF HUMOUR She is known for her good sense of humor and quick wit, often lightening the mood during public engagements and in her personal life.

RELATIONSHIPS Camilla first met Guards officer Andrew Parker Bowles through his younger brother, Simon. After an on-and-off relationship, their engagement was announced in 1973, and they married on July 4, 1973 in a Roman Catholic ceremony at the Guards' Chapel, Wellington Barracks, in London. They had two children, Tom and Laura. 

A divorce was granted in early 1995, after 21 years of marriage, on the grounds they had been living separately for years. 

Camilla had a longstanding relationship with Prince Charles, which eventually led to their marriage on April 9, 2005 in a civil ceremony at the Guildhall in Windsor. It was followed by a Service of Prayer and Dedication at St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.

MONEY AND FAME Camilla's marriage to Prince Charles brought significant public attention and scrutiny. As Queen Consort, she has access to considerable royal resources and wealth.

FOOD AND DRINK Camilla enjoys traditional British cuisine and is known to be a good cook.

MUSIC AND ARTS Camilla has an appreciation for the arts, often attending theatre productions, concerts, and supporting various cultural initiatives.

LITERATURE She is an avid reader and is known to be a fan of historical fiction.

Queen Camilla has said that the book she returns to over and over again is Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, she launched The Reading Room on Instagram, which was later relaunched as a charity called ‘The Queen’s Reading Room.’

NATURE Camilla enjoys spending time in the countryside, often engaging in outdoor activities like gardening. She also produces her own honey at her home in Wiltshire, which is sold at Fortnum & Mason to raise money for charity.

PETS She is known to be an animal lover, particularly fond of dogs. Camilla adopted two rescue Jack Russell terriers, Beth and Bluebell, from Battersea Dogs and Cats Home.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Camilla enjoys horse riding, gardening, and outdoor activities. She has also shown interest in other sports, supporting various athletic events. She is also a fan of the BBC program Strictly Come Dancing.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Her public engagements have included support for scientific research and education, particularly in health-related areas such as osteoporosis.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Camilla is a member of the Church of England and participates in various religious ceremonies and functions as part of her royal duties.

Both her children with Andrew Parker Bowles were brought up in their father's Roman Catholic faith,. Camilla remained an Anglican and did not convert to Roman Catholicism.

POLITICS While she does not engage in politics directly, her role as Queen Consort involves significant public and charitable work that often intersects with political issues.

SCANDAL Her relationship with Prince Charles was highly publicized and controversial, particularly during and after his marriage to Princess Diana. Despite the initial scandal, public perception has softened over the years.

MILITARY RECORD Camilla has personal links to military organizations connected to her father, Major Bruce Shand. She supports various military charities and often attends events with veterans and serving soldiers.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Camilla has faced some health issues over the years, including osteoporosis, which she actively works to raise awareness about. She keeps fit by taking ballet classes and leading a balanced lifestyle.

HOMES Camilla resides in various royal residences, including Clarence House in London and Highgrove House in Gloucestershire. She also has a home in Wiltshire.

TRAVEL As Queen Consort, she travels extensively, both domestically and internationally, often accompanying King Charles III on state visits and royal tours. Her first official overseas visit was to the United States in November 2005.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Camilla has been depicted in numerous media forms, including television series like The Crown, documentaries, and extensive coverage in newspapers and magazines.

ACHIEVEMENTS Queen Camilla has successfully navigated her role within the royal family, earning respect and admiration for her charitable work. She has become Patron or President of over 100 charities and has played a significant role in raising awareness about osteoporosis and supporting literacy and animal welfare initiatives. 

She was appointed a Lady of the Garter by Queen Elizabeth II. 

Her 75th birthday edition of Country Life was the best-selling of all time.

Source Anglotopia

David Cameron

NAME David William Donald Cameron

WHAT FAMOUS FOR David Cameron is best known for serving as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and for leading the Conservative Party.

BIRTH David Cameron was born on October 9, 1966, in Marylebone, London.

FAMILY BACKGROUND David Cameron comes from a wealthy and influential family. His father, Ian Donald Cameron, was a stockbroker, and his mother, Mary Fleur Cameron (née Mount), was a Justice of the Peace. His family has a long history of involvement in politics and finance.

Cameron is a lineal descendant of William IV by his paternal grandmother, Enid Agnes Maud Levita, through the king's mistress, Dorothea Jordan

CHILDHOOD David Cameron spent his early years in Peasemore, Berkshire. He enjoyed a privileged upbringing and was exposed to politics and public service from a young age. 

EDUCATION Cameron was educated at Eton College, one of the most prestigious schools in the UK. 

Six weeks before taking his O-Levels at Eton, Cameron was caught smoking cannabis. He admitted the offense and, since he had not been involved in selling drugs, he was not expelled but was fined, prevented from leaving school grounds, and given a "Georgic" (a punishment involving copying 500 lines of Latin text).

He went on to study Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated with first-class honors. At Oxford, he was a member of the Bullingdon Club, an exclusive dining society.

CAREER RECORD David Cameron began his career in politics working as a researcher for the Conservative Party. He later became a special adviser to Norman Lamont and Michael Howard. 

In 2001, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Witney. He became the leader of the Conservative Party in 2005 and led the party to victory in the 2010 general election. 

As Prime Minister, he formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. Cameron's tenure was marked by austerity measures, the Scottish independence referendum, and the Brexit referendum. He resigned as Prime Minister in 2016 following the Brexit vote.  

In 2023 Cameron returned to frontline politics after being appointed foreign secretary by Rishi Sunak and given a life peerage, created Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton

APPEARANCE David Cameron is of medium build, with fair skin, blue eyes, and brown hair, which has grayed over time. He is often seen in formal attire, reflecting his political career.

By Lauren Hurley / https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-cameron, 

FASHION Cameron is known for his classic and conservative fashion sense. He typically wears well-tailored suits and ties, appropriate for his role as a political leader.

CHARACTER David Cameron is often described as charismatic, articulate, and pragmatic. He is known for his calm demeanor and ability to handle pressure.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cameron has a dry sense of humor and often uses wit in his speeches and interviews. He is known to be personable and engaging in private settings.

The then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown received a Christmas card from David Cameron saying, "Merry Christmas from me and 'the props'" after Brown accused Cameron of using his children as props in his 2008 conference speech.

RELATIONSHIPS David Cameron married Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield, the daughter of Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, 8th Baronet, on June 1, 1996, at the Church of St. Augustine of Canterbury, East Hendred, Oxfordshire. She was a Marlborough College school friend of Cameron's sister Clare and had been invited on a Cameron family holiday in Tuscany, Italy, where the couple's romance started. 

The Camerons have had four children. Their first child, Ivan Reginald Ian, was born on April 8, 2002, with a rare combination of cerebral palsy and a form of severe epilepsy called Ohtahara syndrome, requiring round-the-clock care. Ivan died at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, on February 25, 2009, aged six.

Their other three children are Nancy, Arthur, and Florence.

MONEY AND FAME David Cameron has amassed significant wealth through his political career and family background. His net worth has been bolstered by investments and inheritance.

During his tenure as prime minister, Cameron, took a 5 percent pay cut, reducing his earnings from £150,000 pa to £142,500. 

FOOD AND DRINK Cameron enjoys traditional British cuisine and is known to be a fan of roast dinners and fish and chips. He also appreciates fine wines and has a well-stocked wine cellar.

When he was the Leader of the Opposition, Cameron drank a cup of tea with up to 10 spoonfuls of sugar in it before Prime Minister’s Questions. 

MUSIC AND ARTS David Cameron has an eclectic taste in music, ranging from classical to contemporary pop. He is known to enjoy the works of artists like The Smiths and The Killers. He also has an appreciation for the arts, often attending cultural events.

LITERATURE Cameron is an avid reader, with a particular interest in historical and political literature. He has cited Winston Churchill and other prominent political figures as influences.

NATURE Cameron enjoys spending time in the countryside and is a keen supporter of environmental conservation. As Prime minister, he often spent weekends at his country home, Chequers, engaging in outdoor activities.

PETS The Cameron family has had several pets, including dogs. Their pets have often been seen accompanying them at their country residence.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cameron is a fan of various sports, including tennis and football. He supports Aston Villa Football Club. He also enjoys running and cycling, often participating in charity events.

SCIENCE AND MATHS While not particularly noted for contributions to science and maths, Cameron has supported educational initiatives in these fields during his tenure as Prime Minister.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY David Cameron identifies as a member of the Church of England and has spoken about the importance of faith in his life. His political philosophy blends traditional conservatism with modern social policies.

POLITICS Cameron's political career is marked by his leadership of the Conservative Party, his role in forming a coalition government, and his efforts to modernize the party. His tenure as Prime Minister included significant policy decisions on austerity, healthcare, education, and foreign affairs. The most defining moment of his career was the Brexit referendum, which led to his resignation.

In 2023 Cameron was appointed foreign secretary by Rishi Sunak. He was the first former prime minister to be appointed to a ministerial post since Alec Douglas-Home in 1970.

SCANDAL Cameron's career was not without controversy. The Panama Papers leak in 2016 revealed his family's offshore financial interests, leading to public scrutiny. He faced criticism for his handling of the Brexit referendum and the subsequent political fallout.

MILITARY RECORD His tenure as Prime Minister included decisions on military interventions, such as the UK's involvement in Libya and Syria.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cameron has maintained good health and physical fitness. He is known for his love of running and often participates in outdoor activities to stay fit.

HOMES Cameron has several residences, including a home in Notting Hill, London, and a country house in Oxfordshire. During his premiership, he lived at 10 Downing Street and Chequers, the Prime Minister's country residence.

TRAVEL As Prime Minister, Cameron traveled extensively for diplomatic and state visits. He has visited numerous countries across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa, representing the UK on the global stage.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA David Cameron has appeared in various media formats, including news interviews, documentaries, and political debates. His memoir, For the Record, provides an in-depth look at his life and career.

ACHIEVEMENTS David Cameron's achievements include modernizing the Conservative Party, forming a coalition government, and implementing significant economic and social reforms. His tenure saw the legalization of same-sex marriage and reforms to welfare and education. Despite the controversy surrounding Brexit, his impact on British politics is significant.

The 43-year-old Cameron was the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.

John Calvin

NAME John Calvin

WHAT FAMOUS FOR John Calvin was a prominent French theologian, pastor, and reformer during the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his influential work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, and his role in developing the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism.

BIRTH John Calvin was born on July 10, 1509, in Noyon, Picardy, France.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Calvin was born into a middle-class family. His father, Gérard Cauvin, was the procurator fiscal (a church administrator) of the Noyon District and secretary of the diocese. His mother, Jeanne Lefranc, was noted for her piety.

CHILDHOOD Calvin's childhood was marked by his early exposure to religious education and the influences of the Catholic Church due to his father's employment.

EDUCATION John Calvin was a dedicated student with a thirst for knowledge. His educational journey spanned several prestigious institutions. He began with a traditional path towards the priesthood, attending the Collège de la Marche and Collège de Montaigu at the University of Paris. However, his father encouraged a switch to law, leading Calvin to the Universities of Orléans and Bourges. Here, he excelled and earned his Doctor of Law degree in Orléans by 1532.

Beyond the legal realm, Calvin's curiosity extended to the burgeoning humanist and Reformation movements. He joined like-minded friends in delving into the Greek Bible, further enriching his intellectual pursuits. In 1534, he even added Hebrew to his linguistic repertoire while studying in Basle.

Portrait of Young John Calvin from the collection of the Library of Geneva.

Calvin's deep appreciation for education didn't end with his own studies. Recognizing its importance, he actively supported the founding of Geneva's college and academy in 1559.  His vision was to cultivate future administrators and establish Geneva as a center for French-language theological studies.

CAREER RECORD Calvin initially pursued a career in law but shifted to theology following his adoption of Luther's ideas around 1533. He became a leading figure in the Reformation, moving to Geneva, Switzerland, where he established a theocratic government. His work in Geneva included preaching, writing, and developing a robust system of ecclesiastical discipline.

A typical day for Calvin involved writing letters, delivering lectures, preaching sermons, and attending to visitors. Sometimes, he was needed for settling disputes. Towards the end, Calvin said to his friends who were worried about his daily regimen of work, "What! Would you have the Lord find me idle when He comes?" 

During his nearly 25 years of ministry in Geneva, Calvin lectured to theological students and preached an average of five sermons a week. He wrote a commentary on nearly every book of the Bible and numerous treatises on theological topics. His correspondence fills eleven volumes. Here's resume:

1533 Calvin became prominent in Paris as an evangelical preacher following his adoption of Luther's ideas.  

1534-1536 He spent time studying, writing, and formulating his theology.

1536-1538 After Geneva declared itself a Protestant republic, he assisted in Geneva's reformation movement.

1538-1541 Calvin wrote and taught in Strasbourg as a Professor of Theology at the university there. 

1541-1564 Calvin returned to Geneva on September 13, 1541 to assist in reforming the church and became pastor of the Cathedral of St. Peter. Though not a member of the government, he drafted ordinances regarding a constitution for Geneva.

APPEARANCE Contemporary portraits depict Calvin as having a long face, a pointed beard, and a serious, austere demeanour. He typically wore the clerical dress of the time.

Anonymous portrait of John Calvin 

FASHION Calvin was known for his modest and austere fashion, reflecting his religious convictions. He preferred simple, dark robes typical of Protestant clergy.

He forbade the wearing of slashed breeches, reflecting his preference for modest and simple attire.

CHARACTER Calvin was known for his intellectual rigor, disciplined lifestyle, and unwavering commitment to his religious beliefs. He was also seen as somewhat stern and unyielding in his principles.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Calvin was not particularly known for his sense of humor. His writings and actions reflect a serious and earnest personality focused on religious and moral reform.

RELATIONSHIPS John Calvin, deeply engrossed in his work, didn't consider marriage until his thirties. When he finally did, he enlisted his friends to find a suitable wife. His criteria were clear: the woman should be chaste, agreeable, undemanding, frugal, patient, and attentive to his health.

Martin Bucer, a fellow reformer, knew a widow with two children named Idelette de Bure who seemed to fit the bill perfectly. He discreetly recommended her to Calvin, and they were married in August 1540.

Idelette may have borne Calvin a son and possibly daughters, but sadly, none survived infancy. A long illness eventually took its toll, and she passed away in 1549.  Even on her deathbed, Idelette's character shone through. She remained patient, and her final words were described as "edifying," offering comfort and inspiration.

Portrait of Idelette de Bure By Xavier Würth

He never remarried after Idelette's death, calling her "my life's best companion."

Calvin had a close relationship with fellow reformer William Farel

MONEY AND FAME Despite his significant influence, Calvin lived modestly. He did not seek wealth or fame, instead dedicating his life to his theological work and the governance of the Geneva church.

Calvin's 1536 work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, thrust him into the forefront of Protestantism as a thinker and spokesman. In Geneva, he received a house and stipend from the government. 

In 1541, he was appointed pastor of the Cathedral of St. Peter with a decent salary, a fine house, and 250 gallons of wine a year. 

Calvin expressed his views on usury in a letter to his friend Oekolampadius, where he reinterpreted certain scripture passages and argued that money could be made fruitful just as it is permissible to charge for using the barren walls and roof of a house. He also believed that money should be lent to those in dire need without expecting interest. 

FOOD AND DRINK Calvin was known for his simple and frugal diet, consistent with his ascetic lifestyle. He preferred plain food and avoided excess.

MUSIC AND ARTS Calvin had a complicated relationship with music and the arts. He appreciated music as a gift from God meant to recreate and give pleasure to man and allowed music in church for the singing of hymns and psalms, However, he was wary of music and other arts' potential to distract from religious devotion..

LITERATURE Calvin was a prolific writer. His first published work wasn't directly theological. It was a meticulously edited edition of the Roman philosopher Seneca's De Clementia, accompanied by his insightful commentary. This early work showcased his intellectual prowess.

In 1536, Calvin produced his magnum opus: Christianae Religionis Institutio (Institutes of the Christian Religion). This wasn't just a book; it was a personal statement of faith aiming to unify the burgeoning Protestant movement. It had a profound impact on the development of Protestantism.

The Institutes emphasized God's absolute power, knowledge, and control (omnipotence, omniscience, etc.). It also introduced the concept of predestination, where God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned.

The title page of the fifth and final 1559 edition of Institutio Christianae Religionis

Following the Institutes, Calvin continued to be a prolific writer. In 1539, he released his Commentary on Romans, which marked the beginning of a series covering most of the Old and New Testaments (these commentaries were later collected and published in 1617).

Beyond theological treatises, Calvin also played a role in shaping the city of Geneva. In 1541, his Ecclesiastical Ordinances were adopted, establishing a strict moral code that became the foundation for both church and state in Geneva.

NATURE Calvin appreciated the beauty of God's creation but did not often write about nature explicitly. His focus remained on theological and ecclesiastical matters.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS In his private moments, Calvin would spend time on Lake Geneva, reading scripture and drinking red wine.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Calvin's emphasis on education and rational thought indirectly supported the intellectual environment that fostered scientific advancement.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Calvin's theological work deeply influenced Christian philosophy and the development of Reformed theology. His ideas on predestination, the sovereignty of God, and the authority of Scripture were particularly impactful.

John Calvin's religious journey wasn't linear. In his youth, he pursued a legal career, but by 1533, a turning point arrived.  Around 1533, he experienced a significant religious conversion, which he later described as being initiated by God. In his Commentary on the Book of Psalms (1557), Calvin reflects on his conversion, stating that God "subdued and brought my heart to docility," indicating that it was a sudden and decisive transformation led by divine intervention. Calvin attributes this change to a moment when God "subdued" his mind and heart, turning him away from his previous path and toward a new understanding of faith.

Calvin's conversion marked a turning point in his life, corresponding with his growing disillusionment with the Roman Catholic Church and his increasing attraction to Protestant ideas, especially those centered on the authority of Scripture and justification by faith. 

A sermon by Nicholas Cop, Rector of the Sorbonne, emphasizing the Bible's authority, solidified  Calvin's conversion experience. He left Catholicism and embraced a simpler form of Christianity.

One of Calvin's core beliefs was predestination. He argued that God, through Jesus' sacrifice, had already chosen certain souls (the elect) for salvation, while others were destined for damnation. This concept highlighted humanity's inherent sinfulness and the inability to achieve salvation by oneself.

Calvin proposed three markers to potentially identify the elect: participation in baptism and communion, a public declaration of faith, and a righteous moral life.  However, the ultimate decision remained with God.

Calvin viewed sermons as the cornerstone of church services. He believed they should challenge the congregation to deeply contemplate their faith.

Upon returning to Geneva from Strasbourg after a three year absence, he famously resumed his sermons at the exact Bible verse he had left off at previously.

Calvin's influence extended beyond theology. He played a key role in establishing a theocracy (religious rule) in Geneva. His authority grew with the arrival of French Protestant refugees. 

The passage concludes with an interesting detail. Apparently, Calvin received a complaint about his lengthy sermons. The quote suggests someone (possibly a church official) urging him to shorten them to avoid giving "Satan any handle." This glimpse reveals a potential tension between Calvin's passion for preaching and concerns about practicality.

POLITICS Calvin played a significant political role in Geneva, drafting ordinances for the government and establishing a theocratic governance system. His religious and political authority was reinforced by the arrival of many French refugees. His ideas on church governance and the relationship between church and state were revolutionary.

SCANDAL Calvin's life was relatively scandal-free, although his rigorous enforcement of moral discipline in Geneva and his role in the execution of Michael Servetus, a heretic, were controversial.

In 1537, Calvin demanded that every Geneva citizen swear to the Confession of Faith on pain of banishment. This led to his temporary expulsion from Geneva when the Geneva Council rejected the reform.

MILITARY RECORD Protestant Geneva was constantly under threat from Catholic armies. In his preface to Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin condemned all revolutionary or subversive activity.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Calvin slept little and suffered from various health issues, including stomach trouble, chronic headaches, asthma, catarrh, malaria, ulcerated piles, gout, gallstones, and tuberculosis. Despite his ailments, he continued to work diligently and was often carried to the pulpit to preach when he could no longer walk.

HOMES John Calvin's life involved several residences throughout France and Switzerland. His early years were spent in Noyon, France (until 1520). From 1525 to 1529, he resided at 10 Rue du Cros in Anneau, France. Following his religious conversion in 1534, he sought refuge in Basel, Switzerland.

Calvin's time in Geneva, Switzerland, was significant but not continuous. He initially lived there from 1536 to 1538. However, after being asked to leave, he moved to Strasbourg, Switzerland, where he resided from 1538 to 1541. Finally, in 1541, he returned to Geneva permanently, establishing his last home at 11 Rue Calvin.

TRAVEL Calvin traveled primarily for educational and religious purposes. His most notable relocations were his moves to Geneva and Strasbourg.

DEATH Following several years of illness, Calvin died on May 27, 1564. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Plais Palais Cemetery, Geneva, as per his instructions to avoid creating a Protestant shrine.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Calvin's life and work have been the subject of numerous historical and theological studies. He is frequently referenced in discussions of the Reformation and Protestant theology.

The character Calvin from the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, created by Bill Watterson, was named after John Calvin, reflecting the young character's belief in predestination and his stuffed tiger Hobbes' dim view of human nature.

ACHIEVEMENTS Established himself as a major figure in Protestant theology

Founded a religious movement (Calvinism) that continues to influence Christianity today

His ideas had a lasting impact on social, political, and economic life in Europe and beyond

Sources Microsoft Encarta. Christian History

Maria Callas

NAME Maria Callas (born Sophia Cecelia Kalos)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Maria Callas is renowned for her extraordinary operatic soprano voice and her dramatic interpretations of operatic roles. She is considered one of the most influential opera singers of the 20th century.

BIRTH Maria Callas was born Sophia Cecelia Kalos on December 2, 1923, at Flower Hospital (now the Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center) in Manhattan, New York.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Maria was born to Greek immigrant parents, George Kalogeropoulos, a pharmacist, and Evangelia Dimitriadou. The family later adopted the shortened surname, Callas. The family emigrated to the United States before Maria's birth, seeking better opportunities.

CHILDHOOD Maria had a challenging childhood marked by her parents' turbulent relationship and eventual separation. Her mother, recognizing Maria's vocal talent, pushed her into singing from a young age, which Maria later resented.

EDUCATION Maria studied at the National Conservatoire in Athens under the tutelage of Elvira de Hidalgo, who played a significant role in shaping her vocal technique and career.

CAREER RECORD Maria Callas's career began in Greece, but her rise to international fame started with her debut at the Verona Arena in 1947. She performed at major opera houses worldwide, including La Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and the Royal Opera House in London. She was known for roles in operas such as "Norma," "La Traviata," "Tosca," and "Lucia di Lammermoor." 

Callas faced vocal decline in the late 1950s and retired from singing in the mid-1960s

APPEARANCE Maria Callas was known for her striking stage presence. 

In the early years of her career, Callas was a heavy and full-figured woman, standing 5' 8½" and weighing up to 200 pounds. Between 1953 and 1954, she lost a considerable amount of weight, which enhanced her stage appeal and led to a glamorous, elegant appearance.

Below is Callas as Giulia in the Opera "La Vestale", by Gaspare Spontini, 1954

By Teatro alla Scala - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ Wikipedia

FASHION Callas was a fashion icon, often dressed in high fashion and couture. She had a particular affinity for the designs of Dior, and her style was characterized by elegance and sophistication.

CHARACTER Maria Callas was known for her fiery temperament and passionate nature. She was dedicated to her art, often pushing herself to her limits to achieve perfection in her performances.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Despite her serious and intense persona on stage, Callas had a sharp wit and could be charming and humorous in private settings.

RELATIONSHIPS Maria Callas's personal life was tumultuous. She married Giovanni Battista Meneghini, an Italian industrialist, in 1949. He assumed control of her career until 1959, when the marriage dissolved.

Her most famous and controversial relationship was with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which ultimately ended in heartbreak when he left her for Jacqueline Kennedy.

MONEY AND FAME Callas achieved great wealth and fame throughout her career. She became a global celebrity in the 1950s commanded high fees for her performances and lived a luxurious lifestyle.

Callas was passionate, demanding, and could throw a tantrum that would make a toddler blush. The press ate it up, of course, turning everything into a scandal – her fiery personality, her supposed rivalry other opera singers and then there was the whole Aristotle Onassis mess.  Talk about drama!

FOOD AND DRINK Between 1953 and 1954, she lost nearly 80 pounds through a low-calorie diet of mainly salads and chicken, transforming her stage presence.

Callas had a love-hate relationship with food, especially given her dramatic weight loss. Her diet and weight were often topics of public discussion.

MUSIC AND ARTS Maria Callas exploded onto the opera scene in Italy. Her voice? Breathtaking. Her stage presence? Like a panther ready to pounce. She tackled the most demanding roles, these bel canto operas that could leave lesser singers gasping for air. But Maria? She devoured them.

Leonard Bernstein called her the "Bible of opera"!  Even after her career ended too soon, her recordings kept selling like wildfire.  Nearly thirty years after her death, Maria Callas is still the definition of a diva, a true legend who shook the world of opera to its core.

Callas was deeply passionate about music and the arts. Her contributions to opera were not just limited to her vocal performances; she also brought a deep understanding of the dramatic aspects of opera, transforming the way roles were portrayed.

LITERATURE Maria enjoyed literature and often read to relax. She was particularly fond of Greek classics and romantic novels.

PETS Callas had a poodle named Toy, which she adored. Her dog often accompanied her during her travels.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Maria enjoyed watching movies and listening to a wide variety of music. Her primary hobby, however, was her relentless pursuit of perfection in opera.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Maria Callas was a devout Greek Orthodox Christian, and her faith played a role in her personal life.

POLITICS Callas was not overtly political, although her relationship with Onassis brought her into contact with influential political figures.

SCANDAL Her affair with Aristotle Onassis was highly scandalous and widely publicized, especially because it ended her marriage to Meneghini and eventually led to public heartbreak when Onassis married Jacqueline Kennedy.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Her health was a concern throughout her life, particularly in her later years. The pressure of her career and personal issues took a toll on her voice and overall health.

Callas had myopia, a condition that made it difficult for her to see things clearly at a distance. This necessitated the use of eyeglasses or contact lenses, though she often performed without them for aesthetic reasons. Her poor eyesight was a significant factor during rehearsals and performances, where she had to rely heavily on her memory and spatial awareness.

HOMES Callas lived in various places, including New York, Athens, Milan, her villa in Sirmione, Italy. She spent her last years living largely in isolation in Paris

TRAVEL She traveled extensively for her performances, spending much of her life on the road in the world's major cultural capitals.

DEATH Maria Callas passed away on September 16, 1977, in Paris, France, from a heart attack at the age of 53. She was cremated, and her ashes were scattered over the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Greece, as per her wishes.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Callas has been the subject of numerous documentaries, films, and books. Notable portrayals include the 2002 film Callas Forever and the documentary Maria by Callas (2017), which provides an intimate look at her life and career.

ACHIEVEMENTS Maria Callas is celebrated for  her revolutionary contributions to opera, combining her unique voice with dramatic intensity and compelling stage presence. She left an indelible mark on the world of classical music, and her recordings remain highly regarded to this day.

James Callaghan

NAME Leonard James Callaghan

WHAT FAMOUS FOR James Callaghan is best known for being the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. He is notable for being the only British Prime Minister to have held all four of the Great Offices of State: Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, and Prime Minister.

BIRTH Born on March 27, 1912, in Portsmouth, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Callaghan's father, James Callaghan Sr., was a Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy, and his mother, Charlotte Callaghan, worked as a cook. The family was of modest means.

CHILDHOOD Callaghan grew up in Portsmouth. His father died when he was nine, leaving the family in financial difficulty. Despite these challenges, he had a happy childhood.

EDUCATION Attended Portsmouth Northern Secondary School. He had to leave school at 16 to help support his family and worked as a clerk for the Inland Revenue. Afterwards he was self-educated through reading and night classes

CAREER RECORD Callaghan began his career as a tax inspector before becoming involved in trade union activities. Here's his resume:

Tax inspector (1929-1936)

Trade union official (1936-1945)

Member of Parliament (MP) for Cardiff South (1945-1987)

Held various cabinet positions:

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1964-1967)

Home Secretary (1967-1970)

Foreign Secretary (1974-1976)

Prime Minister (1976-1979)

Leader of the Opposition (1979-1980)

After his premiership, he continued to be active in politics, eventually becoming a life peer in 1987.

APPEARANCE Callaghan was known for his robust build and amiable face, often seen with his distinctive glasses. He was known for his shock of white hair (later in life)

James Callaghan By © European Communities, 1975, Wikipedia

FASHION He typically dressed in conservative suits, reflecting his straightforward and practical approach to politics.

CHARACTER Callaghan was known for his pragmatism, resilience, and ability to connect with the common people. He was often referred to as “Sunny Jim” for his optimistic demeanor.

SENSE OF HUMOUR He had a good sense of humor and was known for his wit and ability to put others at ease with his jokes and stories.

RELATIONSHIPS James Callaghan first met Audrey Elizabeth Moulton at the Maidstone Baptist church Sunday school where they both worked, then at the Labour Party. They married on July 28, 1938, her 23rd birthday, and honeymooned in Paris and Chamonix. 

The Callaghans had three children: two daughters, Margaret and Julia, and a son, Michael. He was known to have a close and supportive family life.

MONEY AND FAME Callaghan lived a relatively modest lifestyle compared to many politicians. His fame was primarily due to his political career and his reputation as a dedicated public servant.

FOOD AND DRINK He enjoyed traditional British food and was not known for any particular culinary extravagance.

MUSIC AND ARTS Callaghan had a fondness for music and enjoyed singing. He was known to participate in singing "The Red Flag" at Labour Party conferences.

LITERATURE He was well-read and enjoyed reading political biographies and historical books.

NATURE Callaghan appreciated the countryside and enjoyed spending time at his farm in Sussex.

PETS He had a fondness for dogs and kept them as pets.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Callaghan enjoyed sailing and was a keen gardener. He also liked to watch cricket and rugby.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Callaghan was interested in technological advancements and their implications for society.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Callaghan was raised in the Baptist church and his beliefs influenced his moral and ethical approach to politics. He was known for his sense of social justice and fairness.

POLITICS Callaghan was a member of the Labour Party and his political career was marked by his efforts to manage economic challenges and industrial relations. His tenure as Prime Minister was notably impacted by the “Winter of Discontent” in 1978-79, a period of widespread strikes.

Jim Callaghan was elected to Parliament at the 1945 election, and was regarded as being on the left wing of the Labour Party. He climbed the greasy pole in government,  becoming Chancellor under Harold Wilson. Now, the British economy at that time? Let's just say it was about as stable as a unicycle on a tightrope. Callaghan wrestled with a wobbly balance of payments and those pesky currency speculators. He had to devalue the pound in '67, a decision about as popular as a wet weekend in Blackpool.

Next stop, Home Secretary. Here's where things got hairy. Callaghan had to send the army in to help with the whole Northern Ireland kerfuffle. After a time in Opposition he was appointed Foreign Secretary under Wilson again. Callaghan renegotiated Britain's membership of the European Communities – fancy way of saying the Common Market. 

Then, bam! Wilson threw in the towel and Callaghan became Labour leader in a bit of a bunfight. He was appointed prime minister on April 5, 1976.  but things weren't exactly rosy. Labour clung to power by its fingernails, and strikes were rife in the infamous "Winter of Discontent." A lost devolution referendum for Scotland didn't help matters. Callaghan, though personally popular, couldn't hold on, and Labour got trounced in the 1979 election by Margaret Thatcher, ushering in a loooong period of opposition for Labour.

Callaghan stuck around for a bit, became Leader of the Opposition, even tried to change how Labour picked its leaders. But by 1987, he called it a day and retired to the House of Lords.

SCANDAL Callaghan's time in office was not particularly scandal-ridden compared to many of his contemporaries, although his government faced criticism over its handling of the economic crisis and strikes.

MILITARY RECORD He served in the Royal Navy during World War II, reaching the rank of Lieutenant.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Callaghan maintained good health for most of his life, staying active through his interests in gardening and sailing.

HOMES He lived in various places throughout his career, including London and his farm in Sussex, where he spent his retirement.

TRAVEL Callaghan traveled extensively, both during his naval service and his political career, visiting numerous countries as Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister.

DEATH James Callaghan passed away on March 26, 2005, just one day before his 93rd birthday, at his home in East Sussex. Callaghan remains to date the UK's longest-lived former prime minister.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Callaghan appeared frequently in media throughout his political career and has been portrayed in various historical documentaries and dramas about British politics.

He appeared in the 1971 BBC documentary Yesterday's Men. This documentary focused on the Labour Party's leadership and former ministers after their defeat in the 1970 general election. The program sought to explore how these prominent political figures were adjusting to life out of office. The documentary was controversial and caused a stir among the Labour leadership.  Callaghan and his colleagues were reportedly displeased with how they were portrayed, believing that the documentary misrepresented their adjustment to opposition life and their ongoing political work.

ACHIEVEMENTS Callaghan's achievements include his service in all four of the Great Offices of State, his efforts to maintain social harmony during challenging economic times, and his role in the European Community's expansion and the negotiation of Britain's terms of entry. His legacy is also marked by his contributions to the Labour Party and his influence on British politics.