WHAT FAMOUS FOR French philosopher, author, and Nobel Prize laureate, known for his existentialist and absurdist philosophy, as well as his novels and plays.
BIRTH Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913, in Mondovi, French Algeria (now Dréan, Algeria).
FAMILY BACKGROUND Camus was born into a poor French-Algerian family. His father, Lucien Camus, served in a Zouave infantry regiment and was wounded in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during World War I. Lucien died later that year from his wounds in a makeshift army hospital. His deaf and illiterate mother, Catherine Hélène Sintès Camus, was of Spanish descent and worked as a cleaning woman to support the family.
CHILDHOOD Albert and his mother lived without many basic material possessions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers. Despite the hardships, he excelled academically and developed a love for literature and philosophy.
EDUCATION Camus showed academic promise despite his challenging background and gained a scholarship in 1924 to study at a prestigious lyceum (secondary school) near Algiers. His education was interrupted by a severe bout of tuberculosis at the age of 17, which affected him throughout his life. Nevertheless, he continued to pursue his intellectual interests passionately.
In 1933, Camus enrolled at the University of Algiers and completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting his thesis on Plotinus.
CAREER RECORD Camus began his career as a journalist, working for the leftist newspaper Alger Républicain and later the clandestine newspaper Combat during World War II. His literary career took off with the publication of The Stranger in 1942. He went on to write numerous novels, essays, and plays, earning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.
APPEARANCE Albert Camus was known for his handsome and rugged features, often sporting a trench coat and a cigarette in hand, which became iconic images associated with him.
Albert Camus Photograph by United Press International
FASHION Camus preferred a simple yet stylish wardrobe, often seen in classic suits, trench coats, and occasionally casual wear. His fashion reflected his practical yet refined taste.
CHARACTER Camus was known for his integrity, moral commitment, and deep sense of justice. He was compassionate and empathetic, often standing up for the oppressed and marginalized.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Camus had a subtle and dry sense of humor, often infused with irony and wit. His humor was reflective of his philosophical views on the absurdity of life.
RELATIONSHIPS Camus had several significant relationships throughout his life. He was married twice, first to Simone Hié and then to Francine Faure. He also had notable romantic liaisons with actresses and intellectuals, including María Casares.
MONEY AND FAME Camus achieved significant fame and financial success, especially after winning the Nobel Prize. However, he remained humble and often expressed discomfort with his celebrity status.
FOOD AND DRINK Camus enjoyed simple Mediterranean cuisine, reflecting his Algerian roots. He appreciated good wine and often engaged in lively conversations over meals with friends.
MUSIC AND ARTS Camus had a deep appreciation for the arts, particularly classical music and theatre. He was actively involved in theatrical productions and had a keen interest in painting and sculpture.
LITERATURE Camus was an avid reader and a prolific writer. His literary works encompass novels, essays, plays, and philosophical texts. His writing often explored themes of existentialism, absurdism, and humanism. His most famous works include The Stranger, The Plague, and The Myth of Sisyphus.
Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957, making him the second-youngest recipient of the award. The prize was largely awarded for his extended essay Reflections on the Guillotine, which argued against capital punishment.
Albert Camus was all about the existential crisis. He was like a one-man gloom factory, churning out despair like a sausage machine.
Now, don’t get me wrong, the man could write. There’s no denying that. But his books are about as cheerful as a funeral in a swamp. The Stranger? A corker of a title, you'd think, but it’s really just a guy wandering around being miserable. The Plague? A bit on the nose, perhaps. And don’t even get me started on The Myth of Sisyphus. That’s a book that’ll make you want to give up and push a boulder uphill for the rest of your life just to feel something.
But here’s the thing: despite the constant drizzle of doom and gloom, Camus was a master of his craft. He could spin a yarn like nobody’s business. And there’s something undeniably compelling about someone who can take the most ordinary of situations – a guy going to the beach, a town hit by a plague – and turn it into a soul-searching odyssey.
So, while Camus might not have been the life of the party, he was certainly a master of the literary equivalent of a wet blanket. And for that, we should probably be grateful. After all, someone’s got to explore the darker corners of the human psyche. Just don’t expect them to do it with a smile.
NATURE Camus had a profound connection with nature, often reflecting on the beauty of the Algerian landscape in his works. He enjoyed spending time outdoors, appreciating the tranquility and inspiration it provided.
PETS Camus named his cat Cigarette, reflecting his keen habit of smoking.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Camus was passionate about football (soccer) and played as a goalkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team until he contracted tuberculosis in 1930. He believed sports were a valuable means of building camaraderie and discipline.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Camus occasionally incorporated scientific ideas into his philosophical writings.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Camus explored themes of meaning, existence, and human freedom, often challenging traditional religious and philosophical beliefs.
Camus's philosophical contributions, particularly to existentialism and absurdism, are highly regarded. He believed that the human search for meaning was ultimately futile, as life was inherently meaningless. Despite this, Camus argued that individuals could find purpose and fulfillment through the creation of their own values and the pursuit of personal freedom.
POLITICS Camus was politically active, advocating for justice and human rights. He opposed totalitarianism and colonialism, speaking out against both the Nazi occupation of France and the French colonial rule in Algeria.
Camus joined the French Communist Party in 1935, seeing it as a vehicle for challenging the deep-rooted inequality between Europeans and Algerians. Despite his involvement, he never embraced Marxist ideology. Later, his criticism of communism in L'Homme révolté (The Rebel) led to a protracted quarrel with the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
SCANDAL Camus faced criticism and scandal, particularly for his opposition to the Algerian War of Independence. His stance alienated him from many fellow intellectuals and activists. Some historians believe that Camus was killed by KGB agents for his criticism of Stalin's regime.
MILITARY RECORD Camus did not serve in the military, as his health and political circumstances prevented him from enlisting during World War II. However, he was active within the French Resistance to the German occupation of France.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Camus struggled with tuberculosis for most of his life, which significantly impacted his health and physical fitness. Despite this, he remained active and engaged in intellectual and social pursuits.
HOMES Camus lived in various places throughout his life, including Algiers, Paris, and Provence. His homes often reflected his minimalist and practical lifestyle.
TRAVEL Camus traveled extensively, particularly throughout Europe and North Africa. His travels influenced his writing and philosophical perspectives.
He had intense motorphobia (fear of automobiles) and avoided riding in cars as much as possible. Instead he preferred traveling by train.
DEATH Albert Camus died in a car accident on January 4, 1960, near Sens, France. Ironically, he had a return train ticket in his coat pocket, having been persuaded by a friend to ride in his car. His untimely death at the age of 46 shocked the literary and philosophical communities.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Camus is the subject of numerous films, documentaries, and books. His works have been adapted for film and theater. Camus' life and works continue to inspire and influence modern media and scholarship.
ACHIEVEMENTS Camus' achievements include a rich legacy of literary and philosophical works that continue to be studied and celebrated worldwide. His most notable recognition was receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957 for his profound impact on modern thought and literature.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Queen Consort of the United Kingdom, married to King Charles III.
BIRTH Born Camilla Rosemary Shand on July 17, 1947, in King's College Hospital, London, England.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Camilla is the daughter of Major Bruce Shand, a British Army officer turned wine merchant, and Rosalind Cubitt, daughter of the 3rd Baron Ashcombe. She is the eldest of three children, with a sister, Annabel Elliot, and a brother, Mark Shand, who sadly passed away in 2014.
CHILDHOOD Camilla grew up in a well-to-do family, spending her early years in East Sussex and South Kensington. She had a privileged upbringing, surrounded by country estates and the London social scene. Camilla had a fondness for the outdoors and horses from a young age.
EDUCATION She was educated at Dumbrells School in Sussex, Queen's Gate School in South Kensington, and Mon Fertile finishing school in Switzerland. She later briefly attended the Institut Britannique in Paris.
CAREER RECORD Before becoming Queen Consort, Camilla worked as a secretary and for various organizations. She was involved in numerous charitable endeavors, particularly focusing on literacy, animal welfare, and osteoporosis, the latter inspired by her mother’s battle with the disease.
Camilla was crowned alongside Charles on May 6, 2023 at Westminster Abbey, London.
On her coronation day
APPEARANCE Camilla is known for her classic and elegant style, often seen wearing tailored outfits, hats, and pearls. She has blonde hair and a warm, approachable demeanor.
FASHION Her fashion sense is sophisticated and understated, often favoring British designers. She is frequently seen in elegant dresses for royal engagements and public appearances. Camilla is known for her love of hats and coats.
CHARACTER Camilla is often described as warm, down-to-earth, and humorous. She is known for her resilience and ability to handle public scrutiny with grace.
SENSE OF HUMOUR She is known for her good sense of humor and quick wit, often lightening the mood during public engagements and in her personal life.
RELATIONSHIPS Camilla first met Guards officer Andrew Parker Bowles through his younger brother, Simon. After an on-and-off relationship, their engagement was announced in 1973, and they married on July 4, 1973 in a Roman Catholic ceremony at the Guards' Chapel, Wellington Barracks, in London. They had two children, Tom and Laura.
A divorce was granted in early 1995, after 21 years of marriage, on the grounds they had been living separately for years.
Camilla had a longstanding relationship with Prince Charles, which eventually led to their marriage on April 9, 2005 in a civil ceremony at the Guildhall in Windsor. It was followed by a Service of Prayer and Dedication at St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.
MONEY AND FAME Camilla's marriage to Prince Charles brought significant public attention and scrutiny. As Queen Consort, she has access to considerable royal resources and wealth.
FOOD AND DRINK Camilla enjoys traditional British cuisine and is known to be a good cook.
MUSIC AND ARTS Camilla has an appreciation for the arts, often attending theatre productions, concerts, and supporting various cultural initiatives.
LITERATURE She is an avid reader and is known to be a fan of historical fiction.
Queen Camilla has said that the book she returns to over and over again is Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, she launched The Reading Room on Instagram, which was later relaunched as a charity called ‘The Queen’s Reading Room.’
NATURE Camilla enjoys spending time in the countryside, often engaging in outdoor activities like gardening. She also produces her own honey at her home in Wiltshire, which is sold at Fortnum & Mason to raise money for charity.
PETS She is known to be an animal lover, particularly fond of dogs. Camilla adopted two rescue Jack Russell terriers, Beth and Bluebell, from Battersea Dogs and Cats Home.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Camilla enjoys horse riding, gardening, and outdoor activities. She has also shown interest in other sports, supporting various athletic events. She is also a fan of the BBC program Strictly Come Dancing.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Her public engagements have included support for scientific research and education, particularly in health-related areas such as osteoporosis.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Camilla is a member of the Church of England and participates in various religious ceremonies and functions as part of her royal duties.
Both her children with Andrew Parker Bowles were brought up in their father's Roman Catholic faith,. Camilla remained an Anglican and did not convert to Roman Catholicism.
POLITICS While she does not engage in politics directly, her role as Queen Consort involves significant public and charitable work that often intersects with political issues.
SCANDAL Her relationship with Prince Charles was highly publicized and controversial, particularly during and after his marriage to Princess Diana. Despite the initial scandal, public perception has softened over the years.
MILITARY RECORD Camilla has personal links to military organizations connected to her father, Major Bruce Shand. She supports various military charities and often attends events with veterans and serving soldiers.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Camilla has faced some health issues over the years, including osteoporosis, which she actively works to raise awareness about. She keeps fit by taking ballet classes and leading a balanced lifestyle.
HOMES Camilla resides in various royal residences, including Clarence House in London and Highgrove House in Gloucestershire. She also has a home in Wiltshire.
TRAVEL As Queen Consort, she travels extensively, both domestically and internationally, often accompanying King Charles III on state visits and royal tours. Her first official overseas visit was to the United States in November 2005.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Camilla has been depicted in numerous media forms, including television series like The Crown, documentaries, and extensive coverage in newspapers and magazines.
ACHIEVEMENTS Queen Camilla has successfully navigated her role within the royal family, earning respect and admiration for her charitable work. She has become Patron or President of over 100 charities and has played a significant role in raising awareness about osteoporosis and supporting literacy and animal welfare initiatives.
She was appointed a Lady of the Garter by Queen Elizabeth II.
Her 75th birthday edition of Country Life was the best-selling of all time.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR David Cameron is best known for serving as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and for leading the Conservative Party.
BIRTH David Cameron was born on October 9, 1966, in Marylebone, London.
FAMILY BACKGROUND David Cameron comes from a wealthy and influential family. His father, Ian Donald Cameron, was a stockbroker, and his mother, Mary Fleur Cameron (née Mount), was a Justice of the Peace. His family has a long history of involvement in politics and finance.
Cameron is a lineal descendant of William IV by his paternal grandmother, Enid Agnes Maud Levita, through the king's mistress, Dorothea Jordan
CHILDHOOD David Cameron spent his early years in Peasemore, Berkshire. He enjoyed a privileged upbringing and was exposed to politics and public service from a young age.
EDUCATION Cameron was educated at Eton College, one of the most prestigious schools in the UK.
Six weeks before taking his O-Levels at Eton, Cameron was caught smoking cannabis. He admitted the offense and, since he had not been involved in selling drugs, he was not expelled but was fined, prevented from leaving school grounds, and given a "Georgic" (a punishment involving copying 500 lines of Latin text).
He went on to study Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated with first-class honors. At Oxford, he was a member of the Bullingdon Club, an exclusive dining society.
CAREER RECORD David Cameron began his career in politics working as a researcher for the Conservative Party. He later became a special adviser to Norman Lamont and Michael Howard.
In 2001, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Witney. He became the leader of the Conservative Party in 2005 and led the party to victory in the 2010 general election.
As Prime Minister, he formed a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats. Cameron's tenure was marked by austerity measures, the Scottish independence referendum, and the Brexit referendum. He resigned as Prime Minister in 2016 following the Brexit vote.
In 2023 Cameron returned to frontline politics after being appointed foreign secretary by Rishi Sunak and given a life peerage, created Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton
APPEARANCE David Cameron is of medium build, with fair skin, blue eyes, and brown hair, which has grayed over time. He is often seen in formal attire, reflecting his political career.
By Lauren Hurley / https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-cameron,
FASHION Cameron is known for his classic and conservative fashion sense. He typically wears well-tailored suits and ties, appropriate for his role as a political leader.
CHARACTER David Cameron is often described as charismatic, articulate, and pragmatic. He is known for his calm demeanor and ability to handle pressure.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Cameron has a dry sense of humor and often uses wit in his speeches and interviews. He is known to be personable and engaging in private settings.
The then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown received a Christmas card from David Cameron saying, "Merry Christmas from me and 'the props'" after Brown accused Cameron of using his children as props in his 2008 conference speech.
RELATIONSHIPS David Cameron married Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield, the daughter of Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, 8th Baronet, on June 1, 1996, at the Church of St. Augustine of Canterbury, East Hendred, Oxfordshire. She was a Marlborough College school friend of Cameron's sister Clare and had been invited on a Cameron family holiday in Tuscany, Italy, where the couple's romance started.
The Camerons have had four children. Their first child, Ivan Reginald Ian, was born on April 8, 2002, with a rare combination of cerebral palsy and a form of severe epilepsy called Ohtahara syndrome, requiring round-the-clock care. Ivan died at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, on February 25, 2009, aged six.
Their other three children are Nancy, Arthur, and Florence.
MONEY AND FAME David Cameron has amassed significant wealth through his political career and family background. His net worth has been bolstered by investments and inheritance.
During his tenure as prime minister, Cameron, took a 5 percent pay cut, reducing his earnings from £150,000 pa to £142,500.
FOOD AND DRINK Cameron enjoys traditional British cuisine and is known to be a fan of roast dinners and fish and chips. He also appreciates fine wines and has a well-stocked wine cellar.
When he was the Leader of the Opposition, Cameron drank a cup of tea with up to 10 spoonfuls of sugar in it before Prime Minister’s Questions.
MUSIC AND ARTS David Cameron has an eclectic taste in music, ranging from classical to contemporary pop. He is known to enjoy the works of artists like The Smiths and The Killers. He also has an appreciation for the arts, often attending cultural events.
LITERATURE Cameron is an avid reader, with a particular interest in historical and political literature. He has cited Winston Churchill and other prominent political figures as influences.
NATURE Cameron enjoys spending time in the countryside and is a keen supporter of environmental conservation. As Prime minister, he often spent weekends at his country home, Chequers, engaging in outdoor activities.
PETS The Cameron family has had several pets, including dogs. Their pets have often been seen accompanying them at their country residence.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cameron is a fan of various sports, including tennis and football. He supports Aston Villa Football Club. He also enjoys running and cycling, often participating in charity events.
SCIENCE AND MATHS While not particularly noted for contributions to science and maths, Cameron has supported educational initiatives in these fields during his tenure as Prime Minister.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY David Cameron identifies as a member of the Church of England and has spoken about the importance of faith in his life. His political philosophy blends traditional conservatism with modern social policies.
POLITICS Cameron's political career is marked by his leadership of the Conservative Party, his role in forming a coalition government, and his efforts to modernize the party. His tenure as Prime Minister included significant policy decisions on austerity, healthcare, education, and foreign affairs. The most defining moment of his career was the Brexit referendum, which led to his resignation.
In 2023 Cameron was appointed foreign secretary by Rishi Sunak. He was the first former prime minister to be appointed to a ministerial post since Alec Douglas-Home in 1970.
SCANDAL Cameron's career was not without controversy. The Panama Papers leak in 2016 revealed his family's offshore financial interests, leading to public scrutiny. He faced criticism for his handling of the Brexit referendum and the subsequent political fallout.
MILITARY RECORD His tenure as Prime Minister included decisions on military interventions, such as the UK's involvement in Libya and Syria.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cameron has maintained good health and physical fitness. He is known for his love of running and often participates in outdoor activities to stay fit.
HOMES Cameron has several residences, including a home in Notting Hill, London, and a country house in Oxfordshire. During his premiership, he lived at 10 Downing Street and Chequers, the Prime Minister's country residence.
TRAVEL As Prime Minister, Cameron traveled extensively for diplomatic and state visits. He has visited numerous countries across Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa, representing the UK on the global stage.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA David Cameron has appeared in various media formats, including news interviews, documentaries, and political debates. His memoir, For the Record, provides an in-depth look at his life and career.
ACHIEVEMENTS David Cameron's achievements include modernizing the Conservative Party, forming a coalition government, and implementing significant economic and social reforms. His tenure saw the legalization of same-sex marriage and reforms to welfare and education. Despite the controversy surrounding Brexit, his impact on British politics is significant.
The 43-year-old Cameron was the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR John Calvin was a prominent French theologian, pastor, and reformer during the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his influential work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, and his role in developing the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism.
BIRTH John Calvin was born on July 10, 1509, in Noyon, Picardy, France.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Calvin was born into a middle-class family. His father, Gérard Cauvin, was the procurator fiscal (a church administrator) of the Noyon District and secretary of the diocese. His mother, Jeanne Lefranc, was noted for her piety.
CHILDHOOD Calvin's childhood was marked by his early exposure to religious education and the influences of the Catholic Church due to his father's employment.
EDUCATION John Calvin was a dedicated student with a thirst for knowledge. His educational journey spanned several prestigious institutions. He began with a traditional path towards the priesthood, attending the Collège de la Marche and Collège de Montaigu at the University of Paris. However, his father encouraged a switch to law, leading Calvin to the Universities of Orléans and Bourges. Here, he excelled and earned his Doctor of Law degree in Orléans by 1532.
Beyond the legal realm, Calvin's curiosity extended to the burgeoning humanist and Reformation movements. He joined like-minded friends in delving into the Greek Bible, further enriching his intellectual pursuits. In 1534, he even added Hebrew to his linguistic repertoire while studying in Basle.
Portrait of Young John Calvin from the collection of the Library of Geneva.
Calvin's deep appreciation for education didn't end with his own studies. Recognizing its importance, he actively supported the founding of Geneva's college and academy in 1559. His vision was to cultivate future administrators and establish Geneva as a center for French-language theological studies.
CAREER RECORD Calvin initially pursued a career in law but shifted to theology following his adoption of Luther's ideas around 1533. He became a leading figure in the Reformation, moving to Geneva, Switzerland, where he established a theocratic government. His work in Geneva included preaching, writing, and developing a robust system of ecclesiastical discipline.
A typical day for Calvin involved writing letters, delivering lectures, preaching sermons, and attending to visitors. Sometimes, he was needed for settling disputes. Towards the end, Calvin said to his friends who were worried about his daily regimen of work, "What! Would you have the Lord find me idle when He comes?"
During his nearly 25 years of ministry in Geneva, Calvin lectured to theological students and preached an average of five sermons a week. He wrote a commentary on nearly every book of the Bible and numerous treatises on theological topics. His correspondence fills eleven volumes. Here's resume:
1533 Calvin became prominent in Paris as an evangelical preacher following his adoption of Luther's ideas.
1534-1536 He spent time studying, writing, and formulating his theology.
1536-1538 After Geneva declared itself a Protestant republic, he assisted in Geneva's reformation movement.
1538-1541 Calvin wrote and taught in Strasbourg as a Professor of Theology at the university there.
1541-1564 Calvin returned to Geneva on September 13, 1541 to assist in reforming the church and became pastor of the Cathedral of St. Peter. Though not a member of the government, he drafted ordinances regarding a constitution for Geneva.
APPEARANCE Contemporary portraits depict Calvin as having a long face, a pointed beard, and a serious, austere demeanour. He typically wore the clerical dress of the time.
Anonymous portrait of John Calvin
FASHION Calvin was known for his modest and austere fashion, reflecting his religious convictions. He preferred simple, dark robes typical of Protestant clergy.
He forbade the wearing of slashed breeches, reflecting his preference for modest and simple attire.
CHARACTER Calvin was known for his intellectual rigor, disciplined lifestyle, and unwavering commitment to his religious beliefs. He was also seen as somewhat stern and unyielding in his principles.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Calvin was not particularly known for his sense of humor. His writings and actions reflect a serious and earnest personality focused on religious and moral reform.
RELATIONSHIPS John Calvin, deeply engrossed in his work, didn't consider marriage until his thirties. When he finally did, he enlisted his friends to find a suitable wife. His criteria were clear: the woman should be chaste, agreeable, undemanding, frugal, patient, and attentive to his health.
Martin Bucer, a fellow reformer, knew a widow with two children named Idelette de Bure who seemed to fit the bill perfectly. He discreetly recommended her to Calvin, and they were married in August 1540.
Idelette may have borne Calvin a son and possibly daughters, but sadly, none survived infancy. A long illness eventually took its toll, and she passed away in 1549. Even on her deathbed, Idelette's character shone through. She remained patient, and her final words were described as "edifying," offering comfort and inspiration.
Portrait of Idelette de Bure By Xavier Würth
He never remarried after Idelette's death, calling her "my life's best companion."
Calvin had a close relationship with fellow reformer William Farel
MONEY AND FAME Despite his significant influence, Calvin lived modestly. He did not seek wealth or fame, instead dedicating his life to his theological work and the governance of the Geneva church.
Calvin's 1536 work, Institutes of the Christian Religion, thrust him into the forefront of Protestantism as a thinker and spokesman. In Geneva, he received a house and stipend from the government.
In 1541, he was appointed pastor of the Cathedral of St. Peter with a decent salary, a fine house, and 250 gallons of wine a year.
Calvin expressed his views on usury in a letter to his friend Oekolampadius, where he reinterpreted certain scripture passages and argued that money could be made fruitful just as it is permissible to charge for using the barren walls and roof of a house. He also believed that money should be lent to those in dire need without expecting interest.
FOOD AND DRINK Calvin was known for his simple and frugal diet, consistent with his ascetic lifestyle. He preferred plain food and avoided excess.
MUSIC AND ARTS Calvin had a complicated relationship with music and the arts. He appreciated music as a gift from God meant to recreate and give pleasure to man and allowed music in church for the singing of hymns and psalms, However, he was wary of music and other arts' potential to distract from religious devotion..
LITERATURE Calvin was a prolific writer. His first published work wasn't directly theological. It was a meticulously edited edition of the Roman philosopher Seneca's De Clementia, accompanied by his insightful commentary. This early work showcased his intellectual prowess.
In 1536, Calvin produced his magnum opus: Christianae Religionis Institutio (Institutes of the Christian Religion). This wasn't just a book; it was a personal statement of faith aiming to unify the burgeoning Protestant movement. It had a profound impact on the development of Protestantism.
The Institutes emphasized God's absolute power, knowledge, and control (omnipotence, omniscience, etc.). It also introduced the concept of predestination, where God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be damned.
The title page of the fifth and final 1559 edition of Institutio Christianae Religionis
Following the Institutes, Calvin continued to be a prolific writer. In 1539, he released his Commentary on Romans, which marked the beginning of a series covering most of the Old and New Testaments (these commentaries were later collected and published in 1617).
Beyond theological treatises, Calvin also played a role in shaping the city of Geneva. In 1541, his Ecclesiastical Ordinances were adopted, establishing a strict moral code that became the foundation for both church and state in Geneva.
NATURE Calvin appreciated the beauty of God's creation but did not often write about nature explicitly. His focus remained on theological and ecclesiastical matters.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS In his private moments, Calvin would spend time on Lake Geneva, reading scripture and drinking red wine.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Calvin's emphasis on education and rational thought indirectly supported the intellectual environment that fostered scientific advancement.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Calvin's theological work deeply influenced Christian philosophy and the development of Reformed theology. His ideas on predestination, the sovereignty of God, and the authority of Scripture were particularly impactful.
John Calvin's religious journey wasn't linear. In his youth, he pursued a legal career, but by 1533, a turning point arrived. Around 1533, he experienced a significant religious conversion, which he later described as being initiated by God. In his Commentary on the Book of Psalms (1557), Calvin reflects on his conversion, stating that God "subdued and brought my heart to docility," indicating that it was a sudden and decisive transformation led by divine intervention. Calvin attributes this change to a moment when God "subdued" his mind and heart, turning him away from his previous path and toward a new understanding of faith.
Calvin's conversion marked a turning point in his life, corresponding with his growing disillusionment with the Roman Catholic Church and his increasing attraction to Protestant ideas, especially those centered on the authority of Scripture and justification by faith.
A sermon by Nicholas Cop, Rector of the Sorbonne, emphasizing the Bible's authority, solidified Calvin's conversion experience. He left Catholicism and embraced a simpler form of Christianity.
One of Calvin's core beliefs was predestination. He argued that God, through Jesus' sacrifice, had already chosen certain souls (the elect) for salvation, while others were destined for damnation. This concept highlighted humanity's inherent sinfulness and the inability to achieve salvation by oneself.
Calvin proposed three markers to potentially identify the elect: participation in baptism and communion, a public declaration of faith, and a righteous moral life. However, the ultimate decision remained with God.
Calvin viewed sermons as the cornerstone of church services. He believed they should challenge the congregation to deeply contemplate their faith.
Upon returning to Geneva from Strasbourg after a three year absence, he famously resumed his sermons at the exact Bible verse he had left off at previously.
Calvin's influence extended beyond theology. He played a key role in establishing a theocracy (religious rule) in Geneva. His authority grew with the arrival of French Protestant refugees.
The passage concludes with an interesting detail. Apparently, Calvin received a complaint about his lengthy sermons. The quote suggests someone (possibly a church official) urging him to shorten them to avoid giving "Satan any handle." This glimpse reveals a potential tension between Calvin's passion for preaching and concerns about practicality.
POLITICS Calvin played a significant political role in Geneva, drafting ordinances for the government and establishing a theocratic governance system. His religious and political authority was reinforced by the arrival of many French refugees. His ideas on church governance and the relationship between church and state were revolutionary.
SCANDAL Calvin's life was relatively scandal-free, although his rigorous enforcement of moral discipline in Geneva and his role in the execution of Michael Servetus, a heretic, were controversial.
In 1537, Calvin demanded that every Geneva citizen swear to the Confession of Faith on pain of banishment. This led to his temporary expulsion from Geneva when the Geneva Council rejected the reform.
MILITARY RECORD Protestant Geneva was constantly under threat from Catholic armies. In his preface to Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin condemned all revolutionary or subversive activity.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Calvin slept little and suffered from various health issues, including stomach trouble, chronic headaches, asthma, catarrh, malaria, ulcerated piles, gout, gallstones, and tuberculosis. Despite his ailments, he continued to work diligently and was often carried to the pulpit to preach when he could no longer walk.
HOMES John Calvin's life involved several residences throughout France and Switzerland. His early years were spent in Noyon, France (until 1520). From 1525 to 1529, he resided at 10 Rue du Cros in Anneau, France. Following his religious conversion in 1534, he sought refuge in Basel, Switzerland.
Calvin's time in Geneva, Switzerland, was significant but not continuous. He initially lived there from 1536 to 1538. However, after being asked to leave, he moved to Strasbourg, Switzerland, where he resided from 1538 to 1541. Finally, in 1541, he returned to Geneva permanently, establishing his last home at 11 Rue Calvin.
TRAVEL Calvin traveled primarily for educational and religious purposes. His most notable relocations were his moves to Geneva and Strasbourg.
DEATH Following several years of illness, Calvin died on May 27, 1564. He was buried in an unmarked grave in Plais Palais Cemetery, Geneva, as per his instructions to avoid creating a Protestant shrine.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Calvin's life and work have been the subject of numerous historical and theological studies. He is frequently referenced in discussions of the Reformation and Protestant theology.
The character Calvin from the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, created by Bill Watterson, was named after John Calvin, reflecting the young character's belief in predestination and his stuffed tiger Hobbes' dim view of human nature.
ACHIEVEMENTS Established himself as a major figure in Protestant theology
Founded a religious movement (Calvinism) that continues to influence Christianity today
His ideas had a lasting impact on social, political, and economic life in Europe and beyond
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Maria Callas is renowned for her extraordinary operatic soprano voice and her dramatic interpretations of operatic roles. She is considered one of the most influential opera singers of the 20th century.
BIRTH Maria Callas was born Sophia Cecelia Kalos on December 2, 1923, at Flower Hospital (now the Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center) in Manhattan, New York.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Maria was born to Greek immigrant parents, George Kalogeropoulos, a pharmacist, and Evangelia Dimitriadou. The family later adopted the shortened surname, Callas. The family emigrated to the United States before Maria's birth, seeking better opportunities.
CHILDHOOD Maria had a challenging childhood marked by her parents' turbulent relationship and eventual separation. Her mother, recognizing Maria's vocal talent, pushed her into singing from a young age, which Maria later resented.
EDUCATION Maria studied at the National Conservatoire in Athens under the tutelage of Elvira de Hidalgo, who played a significant role in shaping her vocal technique and career.
CAREER RECORD Maria Callas's career began in Greece, but her rise to international fame started with her debut at the Verona Arena in 1947. She performed at major opera houses worldwide, including La Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and the Royal Opera House in London. She was known for roles in operas such as "Norma," "La Traviata," "Tosca," and "Lucia di Lammermoor."
Callas faced vocal decline in the late 1950s and retired from singing in the mid-1960s
APPEARANCE Maria Callas was known for her striking stage presence.
In the early years of her career, Callas was a heavy and full-figured woman, standing 5' 8½" and weighing up to 200 pounds. Between 1953 and 1954, she lost a considerable amount of weight, which enhanced her stage appeal and led to a glamorous, elegant appearance.
Below is Callas as Giulia in the Opera "La Vestale", by Gaspare Spontini, 1954
By Teatro alla Scala - https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ Wikipedia
FASHION Callas was a fashion icon, often dressed in high fashion and couture. She had a particular affinity for the designs of Dior, and her style was characterized by elegance and sophistication.
CHARACTER Maria Callas was known for her fiery temperament and passionate nature. She was dedicated to her art, often pushing herself to her limits to achieve perfection in her performances.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Despite her serious and intense persona on stage, Callas had a sharp wit and could be charming and humorous in private settings.
RELATIONSHIPS Maria Callas's personal life was tumultuous. She married Giovanni Battista Meneghini, an Italian industrialist, in 1949. He assumed control of her career until 1959, when the marriage dissolved.
Her most famous and controversial relationship was with Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which ultimately ended in heartbreak when he left her for Jacqueline Kennedy.
MONEY AND FAME Callas achieved great wealth and fame throughout her career. She became a global celebrity in the 1950s commanded high fees for her performances and lived a luxurious lifestyle.
Callas was passionate, demanding, and could throw a tantrum that would make a toddler blush. The press ate it up, of course, turning everything into a scandal – her fiery personality, her supposed rivalry other opera singers and then there was the whole Aristotle Onassis mess. Talk about drama!
FOOD AND DRINK Between 1953 and 1954, she lost nearly 80 pounds through a low-calorie diet of mainly salads and chicken, transforming her stage presence.
Callas had a love-hate relationship with food, especially given her dramatic weight loss. Her diet and weight were often topics of public discussion.
MUSIC AND ARTS Maria Callas exploded onto the opera scene in Italy. Her voice? Breathtaking. Her stage presence? Like a panther ready to pounce. She tackled the most demanding roles, these bel canto operas that could leave lesser singers gasping for air. But Maria? She devoured them.
Leonard Bernstein called her the "Bible of opera"! Even after her career ended too soon, her recordings kept selling like wildfire. Nearly thirty years after her death, Maria Callas is still the definition of a diva, a true legend who shook the world of opera to its core.
Callas was deeply passionate about music and the arts. Her contributions to opera were not just limited to her vocal performances; she also brought a deep understanding of the dramatic aspects of opera, transforming the way roles were portrayed.
LITERATURE Maria enjoyed literature and often read to relax. She was particularly fond of Greek classics and romantic novels.
PETS Callas had a poodle named Toy, which she adored. Her dog often accompanied her during her travels.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Maria enjoyed watching movies and listening to a wide variety of music. Her primary hobby, however, was her relentless pursuit of perfection in opera.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Maria Callas was a devout Greek Orthodox Christian, and her faith played a role in her personal life.
POLITICS Callas was not overtly political, although her relationship with Onassis brought her into contact with influential political figures.
SCANDAL Her affair with Aristotle Onassis was highly scandalous and widely publicized, especially because it ended her marriage to Meneghini and eventually led to public heartbreak when Onassis married Jacqueline Kennedy.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Her health was a concern throughout her life, particularly in her later years. The pressure of her career and personal issues took a toll on her voice and overall health.
Callas had myopia, a condition that made it difficult for her to see things clearly at a distance. This necessitated the use of eyeglasses or contact lenses, though she often performed without them for aesthetic reasons. Her poor eyesight was a significant factor during rehearsals and performances, where she had to rely heavily on her memory and spatial awareness.
HOMES Callas lived in various places, including New York, Athens, Milan, her villa in Sirmione, Italy. She spent her last years living largely in isolation in Paris
TRAVEL She traveled extensively for her performances, spending much of her life on the road in the world's major cultural capitals.
DEATH Maria Callas passed away on September 16, 1977, in Paris, France, from a heart attack at the age of 53. She was cremated, and her ashes were scattered over the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Greece, as per her wishes.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Callas has been the subject of numerous documentaries, films, and books. Notable portrayals include the 2002 film Callas Forever and the documentary Maria by Callas (2017), which provides an intimate look at her life and career.
ACHIEVEMENTS Maria Callas is celebrated for her revolutionary contributions to opera, combining her unique voice with dramatic intensity and compelling stage presence. She left an indelible mark on the world of classical music, and her recordings remain highly regarded to this day.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR James Callaghan is best known for being the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979. He is notable for being the only British Prime Minister to have held all four of the Great Offices of State: Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, and Prime Minister.
BIRTH Born on March 27, 1912, in Portsmouth, England.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Callaghan's father, James Callaghan Sr., was a Chief Petty Officer in the Royal Navy, and his mother, Charlotte Callaghan, worked as a cook. The family was of modest means.
CHILDHOOD Callaghan grew up in Portsmouth. His father died when he was nine, leaving the family in financial difficulty. Despite these challenges, he had a happy childhood.
EDUCATION Attended Portsmouth Northern Secondary School. He had to leave school at 16 to help support his family and worked as a clerk for the Inland Revenue. Afterwards he was self-educated through reading and night classes
CAREER RECORD Callaghan began his career as a tax inspector before becoming involved in trade union activities. Here's his resume:
Tax inspector (1929-1936)
Trade union official (1936-1945)
Member of Parliament (MP) for Cardiff South (1945-1987)
Held various cabinet positions:
Chancellor of the Exchequer (1964-1967)
Home Secretary (1967-1970)
Foreign Secretary (1974-1976)
Prime Minister (1976-1979)
Leader of the Opposition (1979-1980)
After his premiership, he continued to be active in politics, eventually becoming a life peer in 1987.
APPEARANCE Callaghan was known for his robust build and amiable face, often seen with his distinctive glasses. He was known for his shock of white hair (later in life)
FASHION He typically dressed in conservative suits, reflecting his straightforward and practical approach to politics.
CHARACTER Callaghan was known for his pragmatism, resilience, and ability to connect with the common people. He was often referred to as “Sunny Jim” for his optimistic demeanor.
SENSE OF HUMOUR He had a good sense of humor and was known for his wit and ability to put others at ease with his jokes and stories.
RELATIONSHIPS James Callaghan first met Audrey Elizabeth Moulton at the Maidstone Baptist church Sunday school where they both worked, then at the Labour Party. They married on July 28, 1938, her 23rd birthday, and honeymooned in Paris and Chamonix.
The Callaghans had three children: two daughters, Margaret and Julia, and a son, Michael. He was known to have a close and supportive family life.
MONEY AND FAME Callaghan lived a relatively modest lifestyle compared to many politicians. His fame was primarily due to his political career and his reputation as a dedicated public servant.
FOOD AND DRINK He enjoyed traditional British food and was not known for any particular culinary extravagance.
MUSIC AND ARTS Callaghan had a fondness for music and enjoyed singing. He was known to participate in singing "The Red Flag" at Labour Party conferences.
LITERATURE He was well-read and enjoyed reading political biographies and historical books.
NATURE Callaghan appreciated the countryside and enjoyed spending time at his farm in Sussex.
PETS He had a fondness for dogs and kept them as pets.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Callaghan enjoyed sailing and was a keen gardener. He also liked to watch cricket and rugby.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Callaghan was interested in technological advancements and their implications for society.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Callaghan was raised in the Baptist church and his beliefs influenced his moral and ethical approach to politics. He was known for his sense of social justice and fairness.
POLITICS Callaghan was a member of the Labour Party and his political career was marked by his efforts to manage economic challenges and industrial relations. His tenure as Prime Minister was notably impacted by the “Winter of Discontent” in 1978-79, a period of widespread strikes.
Jim Callaghan was elected to Parliament at the 1945 election, and was regarded as being on the left wing of the Labour Party. He climbed the greasy pole in government, becoming Chancellor under Harold Wilson. Now, the British economy at that time? Let's just say it was about as stable as a unicycle on a tightrope. Callaghan wrestled with a wobbly balance of payments and those pesky currency speculators. He had to devalue the pound in '67, a decision about as popular as a wet weekend in Blackpool.
Next stop, Home Secretary. Here's where things got hairy. Callaghan had to send the army in to help with the whole Northern Ireland kerfuffle. After a time in Opposition he was appointed Foreign Secretary under Wilson again. Callaghan renegotiated Britain's membership of the European Communities – fancy way of saying the Common Market.
Then, bam! Wilson threw in the towel and Callaghan became Labour leader in a bit of a bunfight. He was appointed prime minister on April 5, 1976. but things weren't exactly rosy. Labour clung to power by its fingernails, and strikes were rife in the infamous "Winter of Discontent." A lost devolution referendum for Scotland didn't help matters. Callaghan, though personally popular, couldn't hold on, and Labour got trounced in the 1979 election by Margaret Thatcher, ushering in a loooong period of opposition for Labour.
Callaghan stuck around for a bit, became Leader of the Opposition, even tried to change how Labour picked its leaders. But by 1987, he called it a day and retired to the House of Lords.
SCANDAL Callaghan's time in office was not particularly scandal-ridden compared to many of his contemporaries, although his government faced criticism over its handling of the economic crisis and strikes.
MILITARY RECORD He served in the Royal Navy during World War II, reaching the rank of Lieutenant.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Callaghan maintained good health for most of his life, staying active through his interests in gardening and sailing.
HOMES He lived in various places throughout his career, including London and his farm in Sussex, where he spent his retirement.
TRAVEL Callaghan traveled extensively, both during his naval service and his political career, visiting numerous countries as Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister.
DEATH James Callaghan passed away on March 26, 2005, just one day before his 93rd birthday, at his home in East Sussex. Callaghan remains to date the UK's longest-lived former prime minister.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Callaghan appeared frequently in media throughout his political career and has been portrayed in various historical documentaries and dramas about British politics.
He appeared in the 1971 BBC documentary Yesterday's Men. This documentary focused on the Labour Party's leadership and former ministers after their defeat in the 1970 general election. The program sought to explore how these prominent political figures were adjusting to life out of office. The documentary was controversial and caused a stir among the Labour leadership. Callaghan and his colleagues were reportedly displeased with how they were portrayed, believing that the documentary misrepresented their adjustment to opposition life and their ongoing political work.
ACHIEVEMENTS Callaghan's achievements include his service in all four of the Great Offices of State, his efforts to maintain social harmony during challenging economic times, and his role in the European Community's expansion and the negotiation of Britain's terms of entry. His legacy is also marked by his contributions to the Labour Party and his influence on British politics.
NAME Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, commonly known as Caligula.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Caligula is infamous for his tyrannical and extravagant reign as the Roman Emperor from AD 37 to 41. His rule is often highlighted by accounts of extreme cruelty, eccentricity, and erratic behavior.
BIRTH Caligula was born on August 31, AD 12, in Antium, Italy (modern-day Anzio).
FAMILY BACKGROUND Father: Germanicus Caesar (15 BC-19 AD), a prominent Roman general and the stepson and great-nephew of Tiberius.
Mother: Agrippina the Elder, granddaughter of Augustus and Scribonia.
Siblings: Four other sons (Tiberius and Gaius Julius, who died young; Nero, Drusus), and three daughters (Julia Livilla, Drusilla, and Agrippina the Younger).
Significant family events:
In 33 AD, Agrippina committed suicide after being banished by Tiberius.
When his favorite sister Julia Drusilla died on June 10, 38, Caligula was badly affected by the loss. He had the Roman Senate declare her a Goddess, as Diva Drusill and declared a year of national mourning, imposing a chilling silence across the empire. Laughter, celebratory feasts, and even the simple act of bathing were banned for all citizens. The penalty for violating this edict? Death.
Insanity was prevalent in his family.
CHILDHOOD Young Caligula, accompanying his father on military campaigns, became a familiar sight to the Roman legions. The soldiers, charmed by the young boy, affectionately nicknamed him "Caligula," which translates to "little boots" – a reference to the miniature military uniform his parents dressed him in.
In 14 AD, during a tense situation within Germanicus's camp, bordering on mutiny, Caligula was briefly sent away for his safety. However, fearing the consequences of upsetting the superstitious soldiers, he was soon brought back to appease them.
EDUCATION He received a typical Roman education for a noble, including training in rhetoric, literature, and the arts. He was also exposed to the military discipline of his father's legions.
CAREER RECORD Caligula's early career was relatively uneventful until he was adopted by Tiberius and became his heir.
37 AD: Became emperor at the age of 24 after the death of Tiberius.
37-41 AD: Reign marked by brutality, extravagance, and political instability.
APPEARANCE Contemporary accounts describe Caligula as tall and pale, with a thin face and piercing eyes. He had a massive, hairy body, bald head, and thin legs and neck. Caligula was prematurely bald and sensitive about it, making it a capital crime to look down on him from above.
Believing himself to be the reincarnation of Jupiter he grew a long, tangled beard.
Marble bust, 37–41 AD by Sergey Sosnovskiy from Saint-Petersburg, Russia
FASHION He dressed extravagantly, often in ornate and luxurious clothing, and sometimes donned costumes of various gods and demigods.
CHARACTER Caligula's character is described as complex, with initial promise giving way to cruelty, paranoia, and madness. He was known for his erratic and ruthless decisions.
SENSE OF HUMOUR His sense of humor was often cruel and macabre, including making jokes about executions and tortures.
When incensed by the Roman citizens cheering for a gladiatorial team he did not support, Caligula wished aloud that the Roman people had one neck so he could slay them all with one stroke.
RELATIONSHIPS Caligula had numerous relationships, both heterosexual and homosexual. He was married four times, with his most notable wife being Caesonia.
On his appointment as emperor, Caligula adopted his cousin Gernellus and six months later had the poor chap executed.
MONEY AND FAME His reign was marked by extravagant spending, leading to financial troubles for the empire. His fame, largely negative, endures through history.
FOOD AND DRINK Caligula indulged in lavish banquets and was known for his gluttony. He enjoyed exotic and expensive foods.
His horse Incitatus was treated to luxurious foods.
MUSIC AND ARTS He was a patron of the arts and enjoyed theatrical performances, sometimes participating himself.
LITERATURE Caligula was literate and appreciated literature, although there are no significant literary works attributed to him.
NATURE He had a fondness for gardens and often enjoyed their beauty, incorporating them into his palatial estates.
PETS Caligula had a notable affection for horses, with his favorite being Incitatus.(meaning "spurred on"). Incitatus lived a life of unimaginable luxury, residing in a stable of polished marble and enjoying meals served from an ivory manger. A golden goblet quenched his thirst, and a team of dedicated slaves catered to his every whim. Caligula even hosted lavish parties where Incitatus himself was the guest of honor! The rumor that Caligula intended to make Incitatus a consul, a position equivalent to a high-ranking senator, further cemented his reputation for eccentricity.
Caligula and Incitatus, drawing by Jean Victor Adam
HOBBIES AND SPORTS He enjoyed watching gladiatorial games and chariot races.
Caligula enjoyed organizing large-scale fights. He once entered the arena himself, ensuring his victory by having wooden swords for his opponents while he used a real one.
Caligula never learnt to swim.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caligula conducted experiments to produce gold from orpiment, an early form of alchemy.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caligula considered himself a living god and demanded to be worshiped as such, reflecting his megalomania rather than any coherent philosophical stance.
One of the most controversial of Caligula's acts was his plan for Jerusalem. Upon learning about the city's imageless temple, a holy site for Jews, Caligula decreed the placement of a life-sized statue of himself within the holiest chamber. This act of desecration would have been a direct affront to Jewish beliefs. Although his advisors desperately pleaded with him, fearing a violent uprising, Caligula remained stubbornly determined. Thankfully, his death in 41 AD came before this plan could be implemented, sparing the temple and potentially averting a major religious conflict.
POLITICS His political actions were often arbitrary and brutal. He conducted purges of perceived enemies and demanded absolute loyalty.
SCANDAL Caligula's reign was filled with scandalous behavior, including alleged incest with his sisters, and bizarre public spectacles. He executed many of his relatives and engaged in numerous acts of cruelty, including sawing rivals in half and feeding criminals to animals.
Caligula tormented his senators by making them run in front of his chariot for miles.
MILITARY RECORD Though initially popular with the military, his later campaigns were erratic and sometimes bizarre, such as the ill-fated campaign in Britain which ended with his soldiers collecting seashells.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caligula suffered from a serious illness in 37 AD, likely exacerbated by a depraved lifestyle. He was possibly afflicted by encephalitis or lead poisoning.
His health declined during his reign, and he may have suffered from epilepsy or other mental disorders.
HOMES In 31 AD, at the young age of nineteen, Caligula was sent to live with Tiberius at the secluded Villa Jovis on Capri. This marked the beginning of a six-year period under the watchful eye of the emperor.
After becoming emperor, his principal residence was the imperial palace on Palatine Hill, but he also had numerous other estates.
TRAVEL Caligula traveled throughout the Roman Empire, including to the provinces, often with grandiose displays.
Upon becoming Emperor, Caligula craved a dramatic display of defiance. An astrologer had dared to suggest he'd never be emperor, with odds as unlikely as "riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae." In response, Caligula embarked on a seemingly impossible feat. He ordered the construction of a temporary bridge, a colossal structure stretching over two miles across the bay, using ships as pontoons. Dressed in the legendary breastplate of Alexander the Great, Caligula then triumphantly rode his horse across the bridge, proving the astrologer wrong in a spectacle that defied both logic and expectation.
Caligula's extravagance extended to Lake Nemi, where he harbored a pleasure barge unlike any other. This floating palace boasted opulent features like private baths, lavish dining rooms, and even gardens overflowing with vines and fruit trees.
DEATH Caligula's reign of terror came to a bloody end on January 24, 41 AD. Just a day before his planned departure for Alexandria, he was brutally murdered by Praetorian tribunes Cassius Chaerea and Cornelius Sabinus, along with several other centurions.
The assassination unfolded during a performance by a troupe of young actors at a palace games festival honoring the divine Augustus. In the midst of the festivities, Chaerea lunged at Caligula, striking the first blow. Confined within a narrow space, escape or rescue proved impossible. By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guards arrived, their emperor lay dead. The chaos escalated as the Praetorians, fueled by fear and ambition, cut down many others, including innocent senators and bystanders. The carnage only ceased when the Praetorians asserted control.
Fearing retribution from Caligula's remaining allies, the assassins then hunted down and murdered his wife, Caesonia, and their young daughter, Julia Drusilla.
The Assassination of the Emperor Caligula, by Lazzaro Baldi, between 1624 and 1703
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caligula has been depicted in numerous films, television series, and books, often highlighting his excesses and cruelty. Notable portrayals include by Malcolm McDowell in the 1979 film Caligula, known for its graphic content and produced by Bob Guccione of Penthouse fame.
ACHIEVEMENTS Caligula’s reign is not noted for significant positive achievements. However, his actions and the subsequent reaction to his rule significantly impacted the Roman Empire's administrative structure and imperial succession.
Sources Book of Lists, Cassells Book of Humorous Quotations
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Michael Caine is famous for being an iconic British actor known for his distinctive voice and versatility in both dramatic and comedic roles. He has appeared in over 130 films, becoming one of the most respected and beloved actors of his generation.
BIRTH Michael Caine was born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. on March 14, 1933, in Rotherhithe, London, England.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Michael Caine's father, Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Sr., was a fish market porter, and his mother, Ellen Frances Marie (née Burchell), was a cook and charwoman. He grew up in a working-class family during the tough times of the Great Depression and World War II. He had a younger brother, Stanley (also an actor), and an older half-brother, David Burchell.
CHILDHOOD Caine's childhood was marked by poverty and the turmoil of wartime London. Young Maurice wore surgical boots as a toddler due to rickets caused by a poverty-stricken diet. During World War II, he was evacuated to the countryside, where he lived with a family who starved him and locked him in a cupboard.
Despite the hardships, he developed a love for cinema early on, often escaping into the local movie theaters.
EDUCATION Caine attended Hackney Downs School but left at the age of 16 to take on a series of low-paying jobs. He later pursued acting by joining a repertory company and studying drama.
CAREER RECORD Caine's career began in the 1950s with minor roles in theater and television. Here's his resume.
Began acting on stage in 1953.
Film debut in 1956.
Acted in over 160 films across various genres, including war films, spy thrillers, comedies, and dramas.
Notable films include: Alfie (1966), The Ipcress File (1965), Get Carter (1971), The Italian Job (1969), Educating Rita (1983), The Cider House Rules (1999), Batman Begins (2005), and many more.
Won two Academy Awards (Best Supporting Actor), a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
APPEARANCE Michael Caine is known for his tall stature, standing at 6 feet 2 inches. He has a distinctive cockney accent, sharp features, and often wears glasses. He is often described as having a debonair charm.
Michael Caine in 2012. By Manfred Werner / Tsui - Own work, Wikipedia
FASHION Caine's fashion style is quintessentially British, often seen in well-tailored suits. In his younger days, he was known for his mod fashion, characterized by slim-fitting clothes and stylish glasses.
CHARACTER Michael Caine is widely regarded as charming, down-to-earth, and professional. He is known for his strong work ethic and dedication to his craft.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Caine possesses a sharp and dry sense of humor. His wit and ability to laugh at himself have endeared him to fans and colleagues alike.
RELATIONSHIPS Michael Caine has been married twice. His first marriage was to actress Patricia Haines in 1954, which ended in divorce four years later. They had a daughter, Dominique (who was named after the heroine of Ayn Rand's novel, The Fountainhead).
Flicking through the channels in 1971, Caine came across a commercial for Maxwell House coffee in which actress and model Shakira Baksh was dancing in the background. Smitten in an instant, Michael enlisted a friend in the advertising world to track down this mysterious beauty, and they were introduced soon after. They married on January 8, 1973 at the Algiers Hotel in Las Vegas, and they have been together ever since. They have one daughter, Natasha.
Caine and Shakira in Venice, Italy, in 2014. By ShakiraCaine.com
MONEY AND FAME Caine's long and successful career has made him one of the wealthiest and most recognizable actors in the world. He has maintained his humility despite his fame and fortune.
FOOD AND DRINK Michael Caine enjoys traditional British cuisine and has a fondness for fine wines. He is known to enjoy a good steak and classic comfort foods.
MUSIC AND ARTS Caine has a deep appreciation for music and the arts. He has often spoken about his love for jazz and classical music.
Michael Caine, the man with the voice smoother than a vintage Bentley and as quintessentially British as a lukewarm cup of tea, has been gracing our screens for a staggering eight decades. With over 160 films under his belt, he's a true icon of British cinema.
The 1960s were Caine's coming-out party. He swaggered onto the scene in flicks like Zulu (fighting off hordes of angry Zulus with, presumably, impeccable manners), The Ipcress File (playing a spy so cool, James Bond might have taken notes), and The Italian Job (performing a daring heist, though perhaps without a valid driver's license – bit of a sticky situation that).
Believe it or not, the iconic role of Alfie was actually rejected by two other actors before landing in Caine's lap. Imagine a world where Michael Caine wasn't the world's most charming Lothario! A terrifying alternate reality.
His foray into American accents was...interesting. For his role in Hurry Sundown, Vivien Leigh, in a moment of eccentric genius, instructed him to repeat "four door Ford" all day for weeks on end. One can only hope passersby weren't too alarmed by this constant muttering.
When filming Mona Lisa, the production offices were set up in the very same hospital where Caine himself was born. Just goes to show, you can never escape your roots, even if those roots involve a stint in a disused hospital.
Caine's trophy cabinet positively rattles with awards. He's been nominated for an Oscar an astonishing number of times, somehow managing to snag one in each decade from the 60s to the 00s. Though there was a hilarious snafu when he won Best Supporting Actor for Hannah and Her Sisters but was busy filming, ahem, Jaws: The Revenge (let's not dwell on that one).
His most heartwarming reason for taking a role? Why, his daughter of course! Since she was too young for his usual gritty fare, he signed on for The Muppet Christmas Carol. Because what says quality family entertainment more than a singing, dancing Scrooge opposite Kermit the Frog?
Finally, in 2000, the Queen herself bestowed upon him a knighthood, solidifying his status as a national treasure. And his favorite film of his own? The heartwarming Educating Rita. A fitting choice for a man who's brought so much charm and wit to the silver screen.
LITERATURE Michael Caine is an avid reader and has written several autobiographies, including What's It All About? (1992) and The Elephant To Hollywood (2010). He also wrote the acting guide Acting in Film: An Actor's Take on Moviemaking (1990) and two collections of trivia Not Many People Know That!: Michael Caine's Almanac of Amazing Information (1984), and And Not Many People Know This Either! (1985). Proceeds from the trivia books went to the National Playing Fields Association (now Fields in Trust) of which Caine is a prominent supporter.
NATURE Caine enjoys spending time in nature, particularly in his garden. He finds solace and relaxation in the outdoors.
PETS Caine has had pets throughout his life, including dogs, which he is particularly fond of.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caine enjoys gardening, watching football, and playing golf. He is also a fan of cricket.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caine has shown an interest in technology and innovation, especially as it relates to filmmaking.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caine is not overtly religious but has expressed a belief in fate and the importance of personal integrity and kindness. Shakira Baksh is a Muslim, while Caine is a Christian.
POLITICS Michael Caine has voiced his political opinions on various issues, often advocating for moderate and pragmatic approaches. He has expressed support for Brexit, citing his belief in self-governance for the UK.
SCANDAL Caine's career has been relatively free of scandal. He has maintained a reputation for professionalism and respectability.
Booze and cigarettes were his companions through the 60s, a two-bottle-a-day vodka habit fueled by endless cigarettes. Thankfully, Tony Curtis gave him a talking-to in 1971, and Caine finally kicked the smoking habit in his 70s.
MILITARY RECORD Caine was called up for national service in the British Army in 1951 at 18 and was deployed to South Korea. He served with the Royal Fusiliers and had a near-death experience that "formed his character." He learned to live every moment as if it were his last.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caine has faced health challenges over the years, including hip replacements. Despite these, he has remained active and continues to work in film.
HOMES Caine lodged with composer John Barry in the early 1960s for a few months, and also shared a London flat with actor Terence Stamp early in his career.
Caine has owned several homes, including properties in London and Surrey. He also has a home in Miami, Florida.
TRAVEL Michael Caine enjoys traveling, both for work and leisure. He has traveled extensively around the world for film shoots and personal vacations.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caine has made numerous appearances on television talk shows, award ceremonies, and in documentaries. He is a beloved guest known for his engaging stories and humor.
"Michael Caine," a Top 10 song in Britain by Madness, sampled his quote "My Name Is Michael Caine."
ACHIEVEMENTS Michael Caine's career spans over eight decades with numerous iconic film roles. He has won numerous awards, including two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and The Cider House Rules (1999). He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000 for his contributions to cinema.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Roman general who conquered Gaul (modern-day France)
Statesman who played a critical role in the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire
Dictator of Rome for a brief period before his assassination
Roman statesman and general
BIRTH Born July 12, 102 BC in Rome. His birth was via Caesarian section, hence his name "Caesar," derived from the Latin "Caedere" meaning "to cut."
FAMILY BACKGROUND Julius Caesar hailed from a distinguished lineage, tracing his roots back to the Roman aristocracy. He belonged to the prestigious Julian clan, known for its ancient heritage. However, despite their noble blood, the Julii Caesares weren't particularly wealthy by Roman aristocratic standards. Though his father, Gaius Julius Caesar (also a praetor), and his mother, Aurelia Cotta (from a prominent plebeian family), held respectable positions, the family lacked recent figures of significant political power.
A key connection for Caesar came through his aunt, Julia. Married to Gaius Marius, a celebrated general and reformer of the Roman army, she linked Caesar to the Populares faction within the Senate.
CHILDHOOD Caesar possessed a flamboyant streak even as a youth. He was known for daring horseback riding, showcasing his skill by riding at full speed without stirrups and even holding his hands behind his head.
EDUCATION Caesar mastered several languages, including Hebrew and Gallic dialects, a valuable asset in his future endeavors.
Caesar's thirst for knowledge and oratory skills led him to Rhodes in 76 BC. This brief hiatus from his early political career allowed him to hone his rhetorical talents through formal education. While details are unclear, some accounts mention an incident where Caesar took a leadership role during his studies, perhaps foreshadowing his future ambitions.
CAREER RECORD Caesar rose through the Roman ranks through bribes and his gift for oratory, always maintaining a huge workload.
81 BC: Joined the army in Asia in the war against Mithridates, King of Pontus.
78 BC: Returned to Rome to pursue a career in law.
68 BC: Became Quaestor in Spain and secured a seat in the Senate.
67 BC: Returned to Rome as leader of the popular party.
65 BC: Formed a political alliance with Crassus and was put in charge of buildings and games.
63 BC: Elected chief pontiff.
61 BC: Became Governor of Spain.
60 BC: Formed the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus.
59 BC: Served as Consul, then became governor of Gaul.
49 BC: After Crassus died, Caesar and Pompey became rivals, leading to a civil war.
46 BC: Defeated Pompey and his sons, and was awarded a ten-year dictatorship.
APPEARANCE Julius Caesar's physical presence was striking. He had a well-proportioned head with a strong jaw and prominent brow. His piercing dark eyes conveyed intelligence and intensity. Caesar kept his hair short, likely due to early balding, which was a concern for Romans who viewed a full head of hair as desirable. He maintained a clean-shaven face and a lean, athletic build.
Caesar was known for his meticulous personal grooming. He reportedly removed unwanted body hair and was likely left-handed. Despite his efforts, his receding hairline remained a source of self-consciousness, as baldness wasn't considered ideal in Roman society.
Below is the Tusculum portrait, possibly the only surviving sculpture of Caesar made during his lifetime.
FASHION Caesar's image was carefully cultivated. Self-conscious about his baldness, a social disadvantage in Rome, he famously lobbied the Senate to wear a laurel wreath constantly – a mark of victory that conveniently disguised his receding hairline. He maintained a meticulously groomed appearance, reportedly plucking facial hair with tweezers daily.
In contrast to the Britons he described during the Gaul uprising, Caesar often went bareheaded, showcasing his clean-shaven face and preference for neatness. His attire, however, could be striking. During the 52 BC Gallic uprising, he stood out in a scarlet cloak, a bold statement on the battlefield. His writings highlight the stark contrast between his Roman soldiers and the Britons he encountered at Deal, who surprised him by fighting naked except for blue body paint and minimal jewelry.
CHARACTER Bold, ambitious, and intelligent. Some considered Caesar ruthless and power-hungry.
Caesar's youth was marked by a potent mix of confidence and ambition. He possessed a certain aristocratic swagger and youthful exuberance. His ambition was undeniable, famously captured in the statement: "I would rather be first in a little Iberian village than second in Rome." However, some, like G.B. Shaw, viewed his pragmatism as a lack of originality or moral conviction.
Despite this interpretation, Caesar's charisma and bravery were undeniable. He refused a bodyguard, stating, "It is better to die once rather than live always in fear of death." This unwavering confidence stemmed from a belief in his own destiny, a belief in his "star" that would guide his path.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Caesar had a serious character but maintained a mask of smiling, light-hearted gaiety.
RELATIONSHIPS Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, a leader of the Populist Democratic party, at age 17. Sulla ordered Caesar to divorce her, but he refused. After about thirteen years of marriage, Cornelia died early in her husband's quaestorship, which occurred in BC 69 or 68.
In 67 BC, Julius Caesar married Pompeia. She was the daughter of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, a son of a former consul, and Cornelia, the daughter of the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Their union coincided with his rise to prominence, as he was elected Pontifex Maximus, Rome's chief priest, just two years later in 63 BC. This prestigious position came with an official residence on the Via Sacra.
However, scandal soon struck. In 62 BC, Pompeia hosted a religious festival restricted to women, the Bona Dea. A young patrician named Publius Clodius snuck in disguised as a woman, allegedly seeking to seduce Pompeia. When discovered, Clodius was prosecuted for sacrilege. Though Caesar himself offered no evidence against Clodius, who was ultimately acquitted, the incident cast a shadow on Pompeia's reputation.
Caesar, unwilling to tolerate any hint of impropriety, divorced Pompeia. He famously declared, "My wife ought not even to be under suspicion," a statement that birthed the proverb "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." This phrase emphasizes the importance of impeccable conduct for those associated with powerful figures.
Julius Caesar married 17-year-old Calpurnia in 59 BC, during his consulship. Described as modest and reserved, Calpurnia seems to have been a devoted wife, tolerating Caesar's known extramarital affairs.
Engraving of Calpurnia by Hubertus Quellinus
Rumors of Caesar's philandering were rife. He was said to have seduced the wives of prominent allies and maintained a long-term relationship with Servilia, an open secret in Rome. His affairs extended beyond Roman borders, including the Mauretanian queen, Eunoë.
But his most famous entanglement was with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. She claimed Caesar fathered her son, Caesarion. Despite these relationships, Caesar's marriage to Calpurnia remained childless.
Caesar was nicknamed "the bald adulterer" by soldiers.
MONEY AND FAME Caesar's ambition came at a cost. Early in his career, he heavily burdened himself with debt to gain favor with the Roman populace. He lavishly funded public games, including a spectacular event that diverted the Tiber River for a theatrical performance. These extravagant displays earned him popularity but left him teetering on financial ruin, with debts reaching millions of Euros in today's terms.
However, Caesar was a shrewd politician. In 59 BC, he enacted an anti-corruption law, aiming to clean up the Roman political scene. By 45 BC, his influence reached unprecedented heights. His image adorned Roman coins, a mark of his power. He even rejected a crown offered by Mark Antony, perhaps wary of appearing too kingly.
Despite his official recognition as a god and a temple dedicated to him, Caesar cultivated a more charismatic image. His smile and charm were legendary, and he exuded an aura of destiny. He embraced grandeur, living a life of luxury and ceremony. Interestingly, his soldiers were paid in salt, a valuable commodity in Roman times, which is believed to be the origin of the word "salary."
FOOD AND DRINK Caesar hosted a banquet for up to 260,000 guests to celebrate his victory over Pompey.
In a gluttonous age, Caesar himself was known for moderation in his food and drink. Even during military campaigns, he shared the same rations and beverages as his soldiers, demonstrating a connection and willingness to endure hardship alongside his men.
MUSIC AND ARTS The Roman legions sang filthy songs about Julius Caesar, which the Roman authorities tried to ban.
LITERATURE Caesar started one of the earliest newspapers, the Acta Diurna (The Daily News), containing daily announcements of various orders, marriages, births, deaths, military appointments, and more. It was written on a board in public places in Rome.
Caesar's accounts of his invasion of Britain and the subdual of Gaul are familiar to Latin students. His De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civile are models of simple and clear military history writing. He wrote in a clear and simple style, using the third person and favoring the ablative absolute construction.
NATURE It is likely that herding dogs were brought to England by Caesar during his 55 BC invasion and interbred with local dogs.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caesar understood the importance of personal connection. During his time overseeing public games in 66 BC, he used the opportunity to stage spectacular events in the Circus Maximus, boosting his popularity with the public. However, these extravagant displays came at a significant cost, adding to his already substantial debt.
Caesar possessed impressive physical prowess. A skilled swordsman and horseman, he was renowned for his stamina and endurance. He could reportedly march alongside his legionaries for days, keeping pace with even the most seasoned soldiers. His athleticism wasn't limited to land; he was also a superb swimmer, famously braving rough waters with his sword in his teeth and military commentaries held high above the water.
Caesar was known to participate in sigillography, the collection and study of seals and their symbolism. This seemingly unlikely hobby hints at a curious and multifaceted personality.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caesar formulated the Julian calendar with the help of Egyptian astronomers.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A far-seeing statesman, Caesar believed, "Men are nearly always willing to believe what they wish to be true."
He led by example, and refused to sleep in a tent when his men were out in the cold and wet.
SCANDAL Caesar was known for his political ambitions and economic manipulation. He conquered Gaul for political gain and was often economical with the truth when reporting his British campaigns. During his journey to his rhetoric course, Caesar was captured by pirates and held for ransom. He joked with the pirates about how he would capture and crucify them. Once the ransom was paid, Caesar gathered a fleet, captured the pirates, and crucified them.
Accused of involvement in a conspiracy and criticized for his relationship with Cleopatra.
MILITARY RECORD Julius Caesar possessed a remarkably clear mind for military strategy, modeling his approach on that of Alexander the Great.
1. PAYING HIS SOLDIERS Caesar paid his soldiers in salt, a valuable commodity in Roman times, rather than money. This practice led to the term "salary" originating from the Latin word for salt, "sal."
2. QUICK CAMPAIGNS In his swift campaign against King Pharnaces in Zela, Asia Minor, in 47 BC, Caesar famously summarized his victory with the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered").
3. SECRET MESSAGES Caesar used a simple cipher for passing secret messages, advancing each letter of the alphabet by one place. For example, his name "Caesar" would be encoded as "Dbftbs."
4. LEADING FROM THE FRONT
Even nearing the age of 50, Caesar fought in the front lines with his troops. His presence and active participation in battle greatly encouraged his soldiers, who admired him and found renewed vigor in his leadership. He often marched alongside his legionaries on foot, outpacing them to set the rhythm for his cavalry, and would seize a spade to help his men dig in during fortifications.
5. CONQUEST OF GAUL
From 58 to 50 BC, Caesar subdued Gaul, selling thousands of Belgic tribespeople into slavery through the total annihilation of Gaelic forces. At the Battle of Alcae in Gaul, his 70,000 troops, though outnumbered 5:1, emerged victorious. Caesar's leadership was pivotal, as he led from the front. According to Plutarch, the entire campaign resulted in the conquest of 800 cities, the subjugation of 300 tribes, one million men sold into slavery, and another three million dead on the battlefields. While ancient historians often exaggerated such figures, Caesar's conquest of Gaul was undoubtedly the greatest military triumph since Alexander the Great's campaigns.
Gallic king Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, painting by Lionel Royer in 1899
EXPEDITIONS TO BRITAIN In 55 and 54 BC, Caesar crossed to Britain in response to the Britons aiding his enemies in Gaul. He lost many ships due to inadequate beaching, failing to account for the tides. The woad-painted inhabitants of Kent outmatched Caesar's Romans, preventing them from advancing beyond the beach. Both expeditions failed to secure a foothold, and Caesar withdrew to Gaul, although he did bring several tribes to heel on his second attempt. Militarily, these ventures were disasters and the biggest blow to Anglo-Italian relations until the release of "Save Your Love" by Renée and Renato almost 2,000 years later.
CROSSING THE RUBICON In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, declaring "Alea iacta est" ("The die is cast"), an act of treason that ignited a civil war against Pompey. The Rubicon was a stream dividing Caesar's province from Italy proper. Despite initiating the Civil War, Caesar's leniency led him to repeatedly face the same enemies. He defeated Pompey at Pharsalus.
AFRICAN CAMPAIGN When he landed at Adrumetum in Africa, Caesar tripped and fell, which was considered unlucky in Roman tradition. He quickly kissed the ground, saying, "Thus do I take possession of thee, North Africa."
EGYPTIAN CIVIL WAR In 47 BC, while in Egypt, Caesar involved himself in the Egyptian civil war.
FINAL VICTORY IN SPAIN In 45 BC, Caesar's final victory at Munda in Spain over the sons of Pompey solidified his position as the sole leader of the Roman world.
As Tim Finn of Crowded House succinctly put it in "Weather For You," "Julius Caesar blue, couldn't conquer the sky."
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caesar maintained a healthy lifestyle and was known for his riding and military prowess.
He suffered from epilepsy and migraine headaches
HOMES Caesar lived in various locations throughout Rome, including his family home on the Palatine Hill.
Caesar's palace was located in Subura. Contrary to what one might expect, it was quite a modest house. It frequently served as the site for Caesar's dinner parties.
TRAVEL Caesar traveled extensively throughout the Roman world during his military campaigns.
When Caesar invaded Britain, he lost many ships due to insufficiently beaching them and not accounting for the tides, a mistake likely due to the lack of significant tides in the Mediterranean.
In 45 BC, due to increasing traffic congestion, Caesar banned all wheeled vehicles, including chariots, from the center of Rome during daylight hours.
Caesar crossed the River Thames at Brentford, where a stone marked the spot of the crossing.
DEATH Caesar was killed by a republican group on the Ides of March (March 15) at the Senate house.
The Death of Caesar (1798) by Vincenzo Camuccini
On the night before the fatal Ides of March in 44 BC, Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, had a fearful dream and begged him not to attend the festival. The day before his assassination, while dining with friends, Caesar was asked what kind of death he thought was best. He replied, "A sudden one." That night, Caesar's ceremonial armor fell with a great crash.
Fearing Caesar's growing power and ambitions for absolute rule, a conspiracy formed, involving some 60 individuals. Ironically, one of the assassins, Marcus Brutus, was considered a close friend and confidante of Caesar, even viewed as a son by some accounts.
A fateful twist unfolded moments before the attack. A Greek scholar named Artemidorus reportedly approached Caesar, thrusting a note into his hand that detailed the assassination plot. Preoccupied with other matters, Caesar tragically ignored the warning. He entered the Senate chamber, note still clutched, where the conspirators awaited. Armed with daggers, they descended upon Caesar, inflicting 23 wounds.
Caesar is said to have recognized Brutus among his attackers. Defeated and heartbroken, he surrendered to his fate.
Following the assassination, a celestial event added an eerie touch - the appearance of a comet, the Julium Sidus.
Caesar's funeral was a spectacle of public mourning, with magistrates carrying his body. However, the act of assassination sparked outrage. Angry mobs set fire to the homes of Brutus and his co-conspirators, forcing them into exile. Legend suggests Brutus eventually sought refuge in Britain.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Julius Caesar has been portrayed in numerous works of literature, film, and television, solidifying his place in popular culture.
Famous examples include William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar and the HBO series Rome.
Handel wrote an opera titled "Giulio Cesare."
ACHIEVEMENTS Caesar's achievements are vast and long-lasting. He:
Conquered Gaul, significantly expanding the Roman Empire.
Reformed the Roman calendar, which is still the basis for our modern calendar.
Introduced social and political reforms aimed at improving the lives of Roman citizens.
Authored influential military commentaries that continue to be studied today.
Played a pivotal role in the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire.
The King of Diamonds in a deck of cards represents Julius Caesar.
Sources 4,000 Amazing Trivia Facts, Faber Book of Anecdotes
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