Bette Davis

NAME Ruth Elizabeth Davis, professionally known as Bette Davis

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Bette Davis was an iconic actress renowned for her portrayals of strong, independent women in films like What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Jezebel, and All About Eve.

BIRTH Bette Davis was born on April 5, 1908, at 55 Cedar Street, Lowell, Massachusetts.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Her father, Harlow Morrell Davis, was a law student who became a patent attorney. Her mother, Ruth Augusta "Ruthie" Favor, hailed from Tyngsboro, Massachusetts. Most of Bette’s ancestors were New Englanders dating back to the 1600s.

When she was eight, her parents divorced, and her mother raised her and her sister, Barbara.

CHILDHOOD Born Ruth Elizabeth Davis, she was affectionately known as "Betty" from an early age. When she was ten, her parents divorced, and her mother raised her and her sister.

EDUCATION Bette Davis's education played a crucial role in shaping her future career. She attended various boarding schools, including Crestalban in Lanesborough, Massachusetts, for three years. Later, she enrolled at Cushing Academy in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, her mother's alma mater. At Cushing Academy, she developed a taste for acting and began performing in school productions.

Davis's passion for acting grew during her teenage years. After Cushing Academy, she participated in summer stock theater in Rochester, New York. She then moved to New York City to pursue her acting dreams. Davis enrolled in the John Murray Anderson/Robert Milton School of Theatre and Dance, where she became a star pupil and Lucille Ball was a classmate.

CAREER RECORD Broadway debut in 1929

Signed with Warner Bros. in 1931

Starred in numerous classic films, including Dangerous, Jezebel, All About Eve, and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?

Continued to act in film, television, and theater throughout her career

APPEARANCE Bette Davis had a distinctive and memorable appearance that contributed significantly to her iconic status in Hollywood. Her most striking feature was undoubtedly her eyes, which were large, expressive, and slightly wide-set. These eyes became so famous that they inspired the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes in the 1980s. Key aspects of Bette Davis' appearance included her large, expressive eyes, a mouth that could appear as a demure bow one moment and wide and startlingly sexual the next, skin that seemed to "glitter," and a distinctive forehead that was also expressive.

Bette Davis in 1935 Wikipedia

Davis was known for her willingness to alter her appearance dramatically for roles. She would often use makeup, wigs, and even prosthetics to transform herself. For What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), she famously shaved her hairline and eyebrows and plastered her face with powder. In Mr. Skeffington (1944), she wore period wigs and portrayed both a youthful and aged version of her character.

Davis was notable for her willingness to age naturally on screen. She admitted freely to her age, which was unusual for actresses of her time. As she aged, she allowed her wrinkles to show, valuing authenticity over preserving a youthful appearance. She once remarked about her early years, "Compared to what I look like now, I was an absolute living doll!"

FASHION Off-screen, Davis favored simplicity in her clothing, often wearing block colors or simple patterns. She was known for her "outdoorsy New England look" and sports clothes. Her style evolved over time, including a "hipster phase" in the 1980s where she predominantly dressed in black.

CHARACTER Davis was determined, outspoken, and fiercely independent, qualities that translated into her powerful performances.

SPEAKING VOICE Her distinctive, husky speaking voice added gravitas to her performances. It was often described as sultry and commanding

SENSE OF HUMOUR Davis had a sharp wit, evidenced by her playful feuds and pranks, such as installing a Coca-Cola machine on the set of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? to antagonize Joan Crawford.

RELATIONSHIPS Bette Davis's personal life was as dramatic as her on-screen performances. Throughout her life, she was married four times, each marriage reflecting a different stage in her personal and professional journey.

Her first marriage was to Harmon Oscar Nelson. They married on August 18, 1932 in Yuma, Arizona in 1932, and it lasted only six years. They reportedly clashed over Davis's rising fame and income. 

Her second marriage was to Arthur Farnsworth. They married on December 30, 1940 at Home Ranch, Rimrock, Arizona. The marriage was tragically cut short by his death just three years later. 

On November 29, 1945, Davis married William Grant Sherry. This marriage gave her one biological daughter, Barbara Davis Sherry (known as B.D., born in 1947, but ended in divorce in 1950 due to reported abuse. 

Davis's final marriage was to actor Gary Merrill, her co-star from All About Eve. They married on July 28, 1950 and adopted two children, Margot and Michael, but their relationship was strained by Merrill's struggles with alcohol. They divorced in 1960. Sadly, Margot was later diagnosed with severe learning disabilities and required institutionalization.

Davis and Merrill posing in a promotional image for All About Eve

Reflecting on her personal life, Davis once admitted, "If I was a fool in my personal life, I can't blame acting for that. I chose very foolishly." Her marriages were often tumultuous, and the challenges she faced in her personal life are well documented.

Her feuds, particularly with Joan Crawford, were legendary in Hollywood.

MONEY AND FAME Davis achieved immense fame and fortune, becoming one of Hollywood’s most celebrated actresses. Davis was known for her business acumen and shrewd negotiating skills

FOOD AND DRINK Bette Davis had some distinctive eating and drinking habits. She was a proponent of staying hydrated, drinking a glass of water every hour. Her breakfast often consisted of a simple and quick meal: a three-minute soft-boiled egg. Davis enjoyed simple, traditional New England fare like homemade burgers, cucumber salad, cornish game hen, and fresh berries with cold cream. One of her favorite foods was baked beans, and she even shared her own recipe for them.

In terms of beverages, Davis enjoyed white wine and was a regular coffee drinker, sometimes consuming 3-4 cups with breakfast. Unfortunately, Davis also had a significant addiction to smoking. She was a heavy smoker, consuming up to 100 Vantage cigarettes per day. Her cigarette addiction was so severe that she always needed to have one in her hand.

While Davis didn't follow any extreme diets, she seemed to prefer simple, hearty foods reminiscent of her New England upbringing. Her most notable habits were her frequent water consumption and, sadly, her heavy cigarette smoking.

She owned a nightclub in Hollywood for U.S. servicemen and women, where food and drinks were free.

MUSIC AND ARTS Kim Carnes’ hit song "Bette Davis Eyes" in 1981 brought her renewed recognition, earning admiration from her granddaughter.

LITERATURE Davis's love for reading was so pronounced that it reportedly contributed to the end of her first marriage. In a 1938 divorce, her husband claimed "She Read Too Much" as one of the reasons for their separation. While this headline was likely sensationalized, it suggests that Davis spent a significant amount of time reading.

Davis authored multiple books during her lifetime:

This 'N That - Written during her recovery from a stroke in the late 1970s

Bette Davis, The Lonely Life - Her last book, issued in paperback in 1990, which included an update covering 1962 to 1989. She wrote the final chapter of "The Lonely Life" while in San Sebastian, Spain, demonstrating her commitment to writing even in her later years.

Davis's fondness for writing extended to her professional relationships. During the pre-production of a film, she developed a habit of frequently phoning the director with her thoughts, often hanging up abruptly after stating her opinion. This behavior suggests she was constantly thinking about and articulating her ideas, much like a writer.

Even after her death, Davis's connection to literature persisted. Her daughter, B.D. Hyman, wrote a book about Bette called My Mother's Keeper in 1985, which, although scandalous, further cemented Davis's place in literary discussions.

NATURE Bette enjoyed New England's natural beauty, where her family roots lay.

PETS Bette Davis was a devoted animal lover throughout her life, with a particular fondness for dogs. This passion for canine companions suggests she likely enjoyed spending time in nature as well.  She arrived in Hollywood in 1930 with her wire-haired terrier, Boojum, by her side. At times, she even had four Scotties as pets simultaneously. Her dedication to animal welfare went beyond personal ownership.  She served as the lifetime president of the Tailwaggers Society of Southern California, an organization dedicated to animal well-being.  She even went a step further by organizing a fundraising event in 1938 to support an animal hospital and guide dog training programs.

Despite a couple of unfortunate incidents, like being bitten on the ankle by Errol Flynn's dog while filming The Sisters in 1938 and another bite on the nose from a Scottie she was pet-sitting in 1942, Davis's love for dogs remained unwavering.  She famously said, "I still loved dogs, except for the one who bit me."  In addition to her own pets, Davis cared for homeless dogs, demonstrating her compassion extended beyond her personal companions. 

Source Sister Celluloid

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Davis led Girl Scouts and Cub Scouts during her childhood and stayed connected to youth organizations throughout her life.

As a child, Davis participated in various sports at Virgil Junior High School, including tennis, volleyball, and swimming. She even won trophies in athletics. At the age of 12, her passion for sports led to her first screen role when a director noticed her playing baseball.

As an adult, Davis specifically enjoyed swimming, tennis, and bridge.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Bette Davis lived by a philosophy of resilience and independence, as reflected in her epitaph: "She did it the hard way."

POLITICS Davis was vocal about industry politics, often challenging studio heads and advocating for actors' rights.

She was generally liberal in her political views.

Davis registering to vote in 1964 https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/ark:/21198/zz0002sq14

SCANDAL Davis was involved in several public scandals throughout her career, including feuds with other actresses and studio executives Her rivalry with Joan Crawford was both professional and personal, reaching legendary heights during the filming of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?

MILITARY RECORD She actively supported U.S. troops during World War II through her Hollywood nightclub.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS The years leading up to her death were marked by declining health. In quick succession, she battled breast cancer, a stroke, and a broken hip.  The cancer's spread accelerated roughly 1-1.5 years before her death.  A serious illness while accepting an award at a Spanish film festival led to hospitalization in France, where she eventually passed away.

HOMES Bette Davis owned several notable homes throughout her life, each offering a glimpse into different periods of her personal and professional journey.

Her roots trace back to Lowell, Massachusetts, where she was born in a large, pink Victorian house on April 5, 1908. The house has since been subdivided into private residences, but a plaque commemorating Davis is set between the first and second floors of the exterior.

In Sugar Hill, New Hampshire, Davis owned a farmhouse called Butternut Cottage. This is believed to have been her first home, although there are rumors that it unfortunately burned down.

During the early stages of her career, while starring in Of Human Bondage, Davis lived in a Spanish Colonial Revival house in Beverly Hills, California, with her first husband, Harmon "Ham" Nelson.

In Laguna Beach, California, she resided at 1991 Ocean Way from 1947 to 1950. This six-bedroom Norman Revival home was perched atop a beachside cliff, offering stunning views. Davis described it as "a dream ... filled with antiques, wood-panelled walls, and all my beloved books." Today, this historic property is recognized on the Laguna Beach register of historic buildings.

TRAVEL Bette Davis traveled extensively for her career, including a final journey to France, where she passed away.

She famously turned down the lead in The African Queen due to its on-location filming.

DEATH Bette Davis passed away on October 6, 1989, at the age of 81. She succumbed to breast cancer at the American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, a suburb of Paris.  Her battle with cancer had been ongoing for several years, with a mastectomy performed about five years before her passing.

Following her death, Bette Davis's remains were brought back to Los Angeles for burial.  Her final resting place is Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills.  She shares a white marble sarcophagus with her mother, Ruth Favor Davis, and her sister, Barbara "Bobby" Davis Berry.  Atop the sarcophagus stands a marble statue depicting a Greek goddess holding a bouquet of flowers.

The inscription on Davis's grave is a remarkable reflection of her life and career.  The epitaph, "She did it the hard way," was reportedly suggested by Joseph Mankiewicz, who directed her in the 1950 film All About Eve.  Interestingly, Davis herself had proposed these very lines for her epitaph just a few months before her death.

A small, private graveside service was held for close friends and family, followed by a public memorial service on a Hollywood sound stage.  To honor her legacy, The Bette Davis Foundation was established by her estate managers.  This foundation provides financial assistance to aspiring young actors and actresses.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Bette Davis has been a prominent figure in media and pop culture for decades, her legacy enduring well beyond her passing. Here are notable mentions of her appearances and references:

Bette Davis: The Benevolent Volcano (1984) explored her career and personality through interviews and rare footage.

Stardust: The Bette Davis Story (2006), narrated by Susan Sarandon, delved into her life and career.

In Feud: Bette and Joan (2017), Susan Sarandon played Davis, dramatizing her rivalry with Joan Crawford during the filming of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?

Davis appeared as herself in TV specials and interviews, notably on talk shows like The Tonight Show and The Dick Cavett Show, where her sharp wit and intelligence shone.

Kim Carnes' 1981 smash hit "Bette Davis Eyes" made Davis a pop culture icon for a new generation. The song celebrated her distinctive allure, with lyrics referencing her famously expressive eyes. Davis loved the song and praised it for making her "part of modern history."

Davis has been featured or referenced in numerous biographies and memoirs about Hollywood, including The Divine Feud by Shaun Considine, which focuses on her relationship with Joan Crawford.

In several episodes of The Simpsons, Davis is referenced as a cultural touchstone, including nods to her films and rivalry with Joan Crawford.

ACHIEVEMENTS Davis was a trailblazer, becoming the first person to receive ten Oscar nominations and cementing her legacy as a Hollywood legend. Her career continues to influence and inspire actors and filmmakers worldwide.

She won Oscars for Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938).

Source Sister Celluloid 

Saint David

NAME Saint David (Dewi Sant in Welsh)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Saint David is renowned as the patron saint of Wales, a significant religious figure in Welsh history, and the founder of Celtic monastic communities.

BIRTH Born circa 520 AD near the present-day city of St Davids in Pembrokeshire, Wales.  He was said to have been born during a tempestuous storm on a clifftop near St. Bride's Bay in Pembrokeshire.

FAMILY BACKGROUND His lineage was distinguished, tracing back to Welsh royalty. Saint David is believed to be the son of Sant (a prince of Ceredigion) and Non, a saintly woman who later became venerated in her own right. Notably, David was reportedly the grandson of Ceredig ap Cunedda, the king of Ceredigion.

CHILDHOOD Little is documented about his childhood, but early accounts suggest he was raised in a devout Christian environment.

Even before his birth, David was believed to have performed miracles. When his mother, while pregnant, attended a church service, the preacher found himself unable to speak until she left, hinting at the child's future significance.

EDUCATION He studied under St. Paulinus at the Hen Fynyw monastery in Cardiganshire for at least 10 years, where he excelled in scripture and theology. His participation and eloquent address at the Synod of Brefi around 550 AD further demonstrate his substantial theological and rhetorical training.

CAREER RECORD Became a priest and later a bishop.

Founded multiple monasteries and churches across Wales including a monastery at Mynyw (Menevia), which later became St Davids. 

Led the Welsh Church and played a significant role in its development.

Attended the Synod of Brefi, an important gathering of Welsh church leaders.

APPEARANCE Though no contemporary images exist, later depictions show him as a tall, austere figure, often holding a dove or standing on a raised platform.

A stained glass window at St Non's Chapel, St David's by Llywelyn2000 

FASHION As a Christian priest and later archbishop, David's attire would have reflected his religious office. He likely wore a long tunic or robe reaching his ankles, possibly with a cloak or mantle for outdoor wear. His clothing would have been simple and unadorned, mirroring the ascetic lifestyle he embraced.

Common elements of 6th-century male dress suggest that David's everyday attire may have included a linen or wool undershirt with long sleeves, a woolen tunic reaching to the knees, and a belt at the waist perhaps adorned with a simple buckle. Trousers or breeches made of wool and leather shoes, possibly fastened with laces or toggles, would have completed his attire.

For warmth, he may have worn a rectangular cloak fastened at the shoulder, and a cap or hood for colder weather. Any jewelry would have been minimal, likely limited to a simple cross as a symbol of his Christian faith. Given his ascetic lifestyle, David's clothing would have emphasized modesty and functionality rather than luxury or ornamentation. The materials used would likely have been locally sourced wool and linen, dyed with natural pigments like woad for blue or madder for red.

CHARACTER He was a deeply spiritual, practical, and compassionate man, committed to serving both God and the people of Wales.

SPEAKING VOICE His sermons were described as powerful and inspiring, capable of moving large crowds.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Though known for his piety, some stories reflect his gentle wit, particularly in his guidance to monks on balancing labor with devotion.

RELATIONSHIPS Saint David lived a celibate life and dedicated himself to God and the monastic community. He had a close relationship with his mother, Saint Non.

MONEY AND FAME David eschewed wealth and status, living a life of extreme simplicity and focused on spiritual matters and serving the needs of others. He urged others to do the same.

 A depiction of Saint David, highlighting his monastic lifestyle and connection to simplicity

FOOD AND DRINK David was known for his strict monastic lifestyle, which included a simple diet of bread, salt, herbs and water (earning him the nickname "David the Water Drinker" or "Dewi Ddyfrwr" in Welsh). Meat and beer were forbidden in his monastic community.

MUSIC AND ARTS As the founder of a monastery, David likely encouraged some form of liturgical chanting or singing as part of religious services, which was common in early Christian monastic communities. However, his austere lifestyle suggests that any music would have been simple and focused on worship rather than entertainment.

Saint David's legacy has had a significant impact on Welsh musical traditions:

The St David's Cathedral, built on the site of his original monastery, has been an important center for religious music for centuries. It currently has a renowned cathedral choir and hosts an annual music festival.

Many Welsh hymns and choral works have been inspired by Saint David's life and teachings.

The celebration of St David's Day on March 1st has become an occasion for musical performances and festivals throughout Wales. 

LITERATURE David wrote a strict monastic rule for his community, inspired by Egyptian monasticism. While this rule was influential, it does not appear to have survived as a written text attributed directly to David.

His teachings were passed down orally. The earliest known written account of Saint David's life was composed around 1095 by Rhygyfarch, son of Bishop Sulien, nearly 500 years after David's death. This Life of St David became the primary source for much of what we know about the saint, though it likely includes a mix of historical fact and legend.

NATURE David revered nature and encouraged sustainable practices like manual ploughing without oxen.

During a sermon at Llanddewi Brefi, David is said to have caused a hill to rise up beneath him so that he could address the large crowd. A white dove reportedly landed on his shoulder during this sermon, symbolizing divine favor. He is also said to have struck his staff into dry ground, causing a spring to burst forth.

He is also credited with introducing honeybees to Ireland through a blessing that allowed them to follow a monk named Modomnoc.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS His focus was on prayer and manual labor rather than recreation.

SCIENCE AND MATHS While not a scientist or mathematician in the modern sense, his emphasis on observation and understanding the natural world reflects a connection to early forms of scientific inquiry. His understanding of natural cycles likely supported agricultural innovations within his monasteries.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Saint David's philosophy and theology were deeply rooted in asceticism and monastic discipline, reflecting the austere Christian practices of the 6th century. David embraced a life of extreme simplicity, adhering to a strict diet of bread, vegetables, and water. He encouraged his followers to abstain from meat and beer as a form of penance.

David established a rigorous monastic rule for his community. Monks were required to till the fields themselves without the use of animals, and personal possessions were strictly forbidden; even saying "my book" was considered an offense. Evenings were dedicated to prayer, reading, and writing. The daily routine began at dawn with prayer, followed by work in the monastery and fields.

David was known for his orthodox Christian beliefs. He spoke out against Pelagianism, a heretical doctrine that emphasized human free will over divine grace. At the Synod of Brefi, he eloquently defended the orthodox position against Pelagian teachings.

David's spiritual philosophy emphasized the importance of "doing the little things" in God's presence with conscientiousness and devotion, maintaining joy while keeping faith and creed, and focusing on relationships and working diligently at what is within one's reach.

Saint David is renowned for numerous miraculous acts throughout his life. These miracles played a significant role in establishing his reputation as a holy man and ultimately led to his canonization.

These include miracles of protection. When faced with poisoned bread, David either blessed it and ate it unharmed or, in another version, divided it into three parts. A dog and a crow died after eating the first two parts, while David safely consumed the blessed third part.

Furthermore, David allegedly sent St. Scuthyn across the sea on the back of a sea monster to warn him of a poisoning plot. 

These miraculous deeds, combined with his austere lifestyle and profound teachings, solidified Saint David's reputation as a holy man and ultimately led to his canonization as the patron saint of Wales.

POLITICS David supported Welsh independence and unity, encouraging warriors to wear leeks in battle to distinguish themselves from their Saxon foes.

SCANDAL No known scandals are associated with Saint David; his life is celebrated for its piety and moral integrity.

MILITARY RECORD While not a soldier, David’s counsel in wearing leeks for identification played a symbolic role in Welsh military success.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS His ascetic lifestyle likely contributed to his reputed vigor and longevity.

Among the most notable miracles attributed to him are healing miracles. David is said to have restored sight to a blind man and to have cured the blindness of his teacher, St. Paulinus, both through the sign of the cross. He also cleansed deadly water at Bath, transforming it into a warm, healing pool.

David is credited with several resurrection miracles, including bringing a dead child back to life by splashing water on the child's face.

HOMES As a young man, David received his religious education at Whitland monastery in Carmarthenshire, where he was taught by St Paulinus of Wales. This period of study would have shaped his future as a religious leader and teacher.

Around 550 AD, David founded his most famous and enduring home - a monastery near his birthplace, which became the site of the present-day St Davids Cathedral. This monastery was established in what was then known as Mynyw (Menevia). The settlement that grew around it came to be called Tyddewi, meaning "David's House" in Welsh.

The monastery David founded became a center of religious life and pilgrimage. Over time, it evolved into the grand St Davids Cathedral and Bishop's Palace complex we see today.

Saint David at his monastery in Mynyw (Menevia), later known as St Davids

TRAVEL He traveled extensively across Wales and possibly to Brittany, founding monasteries and spreading Christianity.

DEATH Saint David died on March 1st, most likely in the year 589, although some sources suggest it may have been 601. His passing was marked by several notable events. The date of his death, March 1st, is now celebrated as Saint David's Day. According to tradition, the monastery was "filled with angels as Christ received his soul" at the moment of his death. David's final words to his followers were derived from a sermon he delivered on the previous Sunday: "Be joyful, keep the faith, and do the little things that you have heard and seen me do."

Following his death, David was buried within the grounds of his own monastery, now the site of St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. The exact location of his original burial site within the monastery remains uncertain. However, his shrine quickly became a popular destination for pilgrims throughout the Middle Ages.

The early shrine was destroyed by fire in 645 but was consistently renewed and rebuilt. Vikings repeatedly raided the shrine, removing valuable metal adornments. In 1275, a new shrine was constructed, with the ruined base still visible today. The medieval shrine housed relics believed to be David's body, kept within a portable casket on the stone base. These relics are now lost, possibly dispersed during the Reformation when Bishop Barlow reported seizing silver-plated reliquaries containing skulls and bones.

David's burial site evolved into a significant pilgrimage destination. Pope Callixtus II decreed that two pilgrimages to St David's Cathedral were equivalent to one visit to Rome. The shrine attracted thousands of pilgrims seeking healing, help, or forgiveness. Even after the Reformation, pilgrims continued to visit the site, albeit in smaller numbers. Today, while the original relics are lost, St David's Cathedral continues to honor his memory with a restored shrine and remains an important site for both religious pilgrims and those interested in Welsh Christian heritage.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Saint David appears in hagiographies, Welsh folklore, and numerous artistic depictions. Hymns such as “Dewi Sant” (Saint David in Welsh) are sung in churches during his feast day. His legacy is celebrated annually on Saint David’s Day.

ACHIEVEMENTS David’s establishment of monastic communities, promotion of Christian teachings, and enduring cultural legacy have made him an icon of Welsh heritage. St Davids in Pembrokeshire, named in his honor, is the smallest city in the UK. 

King David

NAME King David

WHAT FAMOUS FOR King David is renowned as the second King of Israel, a warrior who defeated Goliath, a shepherd who became a sovereign, a musician and poet who authored many Psalms, and a central figure in biblical history.

BIRTH Born circa 1040 BC in Bethlehem, Judah, King David's exact birth date is not recorded, but his legacy began in humble origins.

FAMILY BACKGROUND David was the youngest of eight sons of Jesse, a farmer and sheep breeder from the tribe of Judah. His family lineage is traced directly to Abraham, forming a cornerstone of Israel's history.

CHILDHOOD David spent his early years tending his father's sheep in the uplands of Judah. His shepherd duties gave him a profound understanding of nature and the discipline required to protect and guide a flock.

EDUCATION Primarily self-educated, Davis learned through observation, experience. He likely had some religious instruction from local elders as he was well-versed in the Torah. His time as a shepherd provided practical and spiritual lessons that shaped his leadership style.

CAREER RECORD Shepherd

Musician in King Saul's court

Defeated Goliath

Commander of the Israelite army

David was anointed king in 993 BC, uniting Israel and establishing Jerusalem as the nation's capital.

APPEARANCE David was described in 1 Samuel 16:12 as  "ruddy, with a fine appearance and handsome features."

While the Bible doesn't provide extensive details about David's physical appearance he was likely athletic and strong, given his background as a shepherd and warrior.

King David Playing the Harp (1622) by Gerard van Honthorst

FASHION Though he initially wore the simple attire of a shepherd, David later donned royal garments as king. Yet, his preference for humility often shone through, as when he wore plain linen while celebrating the Ark of the Covenant's return.

When Saul gave him his tunic, a coat of armour and a bronze helmet to fight Goliath, David felt uncomfortable so resorted to his own shepherd's attire. 

CHARACTER David was known for his courage, loyalty, and devotion to God. Despite his flaws, he was called “a man after God’s own heart.”

SENSE OF HUMOUR David displayed wit and sharp thinking, often using cleverness to escape dangerous situations, including evading King Saul's wrath.

When in refuge from Saul he spotted him in a cave relieving himself. The outlaw crept up unnoticed and cut off a corner of Saul's robe. 

RELATIONSHIPS David's first wife was Michal, daughter of King Saul. In that era, courtship customs differed significantly from today. He earned her hand by a courageous act: slaying 200 Philistines and presenting their foreskins to King Saul as a tribute.

David later married Bathsheba under controversial circumstances. He also had other wives and concubines. A consequence of this was having numerous mothers-in-law.

David fathered 19 sons and many daughters. The betrayal and tragic death of his beloved son Absalom deeply grieved the King. His most renowned son was Solomon, who succeeded him as king.

David and Jonathan, King Saul's son, shared a close and enduring friendship.

MONEY AND FAME King David amassed considerable wealth and fame during his reign, becoming one of the most powerful and influential figures in biblical history. His wealth stemmed from various sources, including military conquests that brought substantial booty and tribute, the expansion of Israel's borders, which granted control over important trade routes and resources, and the extraction of significant quantities of gold from Ophir. He also received valuable gifts from other rulers.

The scale of David's wealth was truly staggering. He bequeathed an estimated 100,000 talents of gold and 1,000,000 talents of silver for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. In modern terms, the gold alone would be worth approximately $158.63 billion, while the silver would amount to $18.051 billion. David also made a substantial personal contribution of 3,000 talents of gold and 7,000 talents of silver, valued at about $4.88 billion. These figures suggest that David's net worth easily exceeded $200 billion in today's currency.

David's fame grew rapidly throughout his life. His defeat of Goliath and subsequent military victories established him as a celebrated warrior. He was recognized as an effective leader and commander, earning admiration from both his troops and the populace. He established a significant empire, extending Israel's influence from Egypt to Lebanon and from the Mediterranean to the Arabian Desert. By bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, he made the city the political and religious center of Israel. 

His reputation as a skilled musician and poet, particularly through the Psalms attributed to him, further enhanced his fame. 

David's legacy was so profound that he became the model king of Israel, mentioned more frequently than any other human in the Old Testament. His wealth, military successes, and spiritual leadership established him as a central figure in Jewish and Christian traditions, with his influence extending far beyond his own lifetime.

FOOD AND DRINK Biblical accounts reveal that during his escape across the Jordan River, David was provided with "cheese of kine" (cows' milk cheese). This suggests a well-established tradition of cheesemaking in ancient Israel. Further evidence of this can be found in 1 Samuel 17:18, where David presents ten cheeses to the captain of the army. The existence of a location near Jerusalem known as "The Valley of the Cheesemakers" further supports the development of cheesemaking skills, including the production of acid-curd cheeses, lactic cheeses, and fermented milks similar to today's unsweetened yogurt.

King David recognized the importance of olive cultivation. He placed a high value on olive trees, even appointing guards to protect the olive groves and warehouses, ensuring the safety of these trees and their precious oil.

While in the wilderness, David famously ate pressed fig cakes and raisin cakes, flavored with coriander. His meals reflected the staples of ancient Israelite cuisine.

MUSIC AND ARTS David's early life was spent as a shepherd, tending his father's flocks on the Judean hills. Undoubtedly, these solitary days were filled with music. He likely spent hours playing his flute and harp, finding inspiration in the surrounding landscapes.

Later, David was summoned to the court of King Saul to soothe the monarch's troubled spirit. Saul suffered from melancholic episodes, and David's skillful harp playing brought him great comfort, earning the young shepherd the king's affection.

A talented musician, David played the harp for King Saul throughout his youth. In Psalm 150, he passionately called upon all of creation to join in celebrating God with music and instruments of every kind.

David was also a gifted dancer, a talent that, according to his wife Michal, was somewhat excessive.

LITERATURE David is renowned for his profound poetry, particularly evident in the Psalms. Traditionally attributed with composing 73 of the 150 Psalms, his work stands out as a testament to the human condition, exploring the full spectrum of human experience – joy, sorrow, anger, and praise – with raw honesty and poetic brilliance. Often compared to a biblical Bob Dylan, David's Psalms offer profound insights into the human soul.

One of his most famous Psalms is Psalm 51, known as "The Miserere," a poignant expression of repentance written after his adultery with Bathsheba. This Psalm, with its raw vulnerability and heartfelt plea for forgiveness, continues to resonate with readers centuries later.

NATURE His experience as a shepherd instilled in David a deep respect for nature. He cultivated olive trees and ensured their protection, reflecting his agricultural acumen.

David's familiarity with nature as a former shepherd informs the imagery in his famous Psalm 23,  The Lord Is My Shepherd.

PETS David’s role as a shepherd suggests he had a close bond with sheep, which likely felt like companions during his solitary days in the fields.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS As a youth, David’s slinging skills, honed while protecting his sheep, proved pivotal in his battle against Goliath.

David's deep faith was central to his life, he dedicated time to studying religious texts

SCIENCE AND MATHS While not known for contributions to science, David displayed organizational prowess, particularly in planning Jerusalem's infrastructure and army.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY David's theology was deeply rooted in monotheism, recognizing the one true God of Israel. He saw his kingship as a divine appointment, understanding his role as God's representative on earth. After his sin with Bathsheba, David demonstrated a profound understanding of repentance and forgiveness, as evidenced in Psalm 51. He also emphasized the importance of worship, bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem and initiating plans for the temple.

David was described in 1 Samuel 13:14 as a man after God's own heart. This description was given by Samuel when he rebuked Saul for his disobedience, contrasting Saul's actions with the future king (David) who would follow God's commands.

David had a strong desire to build a temple for God, but the Almighty specifically prohibited David from building the temple because he was a man of war who had shed blood. This prohibition is recorded in 1 Chronicles 28:3.

Psalm 22 is considered a prophetic psalm that vividly describes aspects of the crucifixion of Jesus, including the division of garments and casting lots for clothing. This psalm, attributed to David, demonstrates the prophetic nature of some of his writings, which were later seen as foreshadowing the suffering of the Messiah.

David's faith journey was not without its challenges. While he exhibited unwavering trust in God as a young shepherd and warrior, his faith was tested during periods of exile and war, as reflected in the anguish and steadfastness expressed in his psalms. As king, he faced new temptations and challenges, most notably the incident with Bathsheba. Despite these setbacks, David's life and writings demonstrate a deep, enduring faith that became a model for future generations.

King David In Prayer by Pieter de Grebber (c. 1640)

POLITICS King David's politics were characterized by a blend of domestic and foreign policies aimed at unifying, strengthening, and expanding the Israelite kingdom.

Domestically, David focused on unification, establishing Jerusalem as the capital and dividing Israel into twelve tribes with independent administrative structures. He also implemented a taxation system and administered justice, further solidifying his rule.

Foreign policy was marked by a combination of military expansion and diplomacy. Through successful campaigns against neighboring kingdoms, David significantly expanded Israel's territory. He also formed strategic alliances, such as with Hiram of Tyre, to enhance Israel's regional position. His foreign policy can be characterized by offensive realism, prioritizing Israel's power and security through expansion and conquest.

David's approach to governance was deeply influenced by his spiritual beliefs. He viewed his kingship as a divine appointment, seeking to balance political power with spiritual leadership. His handling of personal failures demonstrated a philosophy of sincere repentance and divine forgiveness.

David's political acumen laid the groundwork for Solomon's reign. The military successes and diplomatic marriages during David's rule enabled Solomon to focus on diplomacy and infrastructure development. Moreover, David established a strong foundation for the Davidic dynasty, shaping Israelite politics for generations to come.

SCANDAL David's relationship with King Saul was a complex one, marked by both admiration and fear. While David initially soothed Saul's troubled spirit with his music, their relationship eventually deteriorated. Saul, consumed by jealousy over David's growing popularity and military successes, attempted to kill him, forcing David to flee into the wilderness.

One of David's most significant failings occurred when he succumbed to lust. From the roof of his palace, he saw Bathsheba bathing and, despite her being married to another man, he took her. To cover up his sin, David arranged for Bathsheba's husband, Uriah, to be placed in the front lines of battle and left unsupported, ensuring his death. When Bathsheba became pregnant, David's attempts to conceal his actions were unsuccessful. The child born from their affair died, and David, consumed by guilt, penned Psalm 51, a heartfelt expression of repentance.

The Prophet Nathan rebukes King David, oil on canvas by Eugène Siberdt, 

MILITARY RECORD King David's military achievements were extensive and transformative for ancient Israel. His most famous victory occurred during the conflict with the Philistines, when he faced the giant Goliath in single combat. Refusing the king's armor, David used his sling to slay Goliath, establishing his reputation as a formidable warrior.

Saul appointed David as commander of his army, and from then on both as Saul's military commander and later as king himself, his successes were numerous. He defeated and subdued the Philistines, conquering Gath and its surrounding territories. Davidalso conquered Moab, making them tributaries to Israel. David's victories extended to the Arameans, defeating their armies and establishing garrisons in their land. He also crushed the forces of Hadadezer, king of Zobah, capturing numerous chariots and soldiers. Abishai, David's commander, further solidified their power by defeating the Edomites.

These military successes significantly expanded Israel's territory. David's conquests stretched from Egypt to Lebanon and from the Mediterranean to the Arabian Desert, granting Israel control over vital trade routes and resources. His empire even extended as far as the Euphrates River, encompassing vassal states.

David's military prowess was marked by his reliance on divine guidance, seeking the Lord's counsel before battles. He established garrisons in conquered territories to maintain control and formed strategic alliances, such as with Hiram of Tyre, to strengthen Israel's regional position.

David's military achievements laid the foundation for Israel's golden age. He transformed Israel from a small kingdom into a major regional power, providing the stability and resources necessary for his son Solomon's reign. His military successes became a model for future Israelite kings.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS David's youthful vigor as a shepherd and warrior gave way to frailty in old age, reflecting a life of physical exertion and hardship.

HOMES  David was born and raised in Bethlehem, often referred to as the "City of David." This was his family home and the place where he was anointed as the future king by the prophet Samuel.

After being pursued by King Saul, David lived a nomadic life. He spent time in caves and out under the stars, residing temporarily in various locations, including Ziklag.

Upon Saul's death, David moved to Hebron at God's instruction. He ruled there as king over Judah for seven and a half years, and several of his children were born there. This period served as an important preparation for his reign over all Israel.

Finally, David established Jerusalem as his capital. He conquered the city from the Jebusites and made it both the political and spiritual center of Israel constructing his palace on Jerusalem’s highest hill, Zion. He brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem and planned to build a temple there, a task that was ultimately completed by his son Solomon. David's move to Jerusalem marked the final and most significant phase of his reign, solidifying the city's importance in Israelite history and establishing it as the enduring "City of David."

TRAVEL David’s life involved extensive travel, from tending sheep in the fields to fleeing King Saul in the wilderness and later leading military campaigns across the region.

DEATH David died in Jerusalem around 970 BC, after a 40-year reign, leaving a legacy as one of Israel's greatest kings.

The Bible states that David died after a long and eventful life. Before his death, he gave a final speech to his son Solomon, offering spiritual counsel, warnings about maintaining faithfulness to God, and instructions for handling unfinished political matters.

The Bible states that David was buried in the "City of David" (1 Kings 2:10). This refers to the original settlement of Jerusalem, located on a narrow ridge south of the Temple Mount, an area now known as Ophel.

There is significant debate about the exact location of David's tomb. A site on Mount Zion, outside the current Old City walls, is traditionally venerated as David's Tomb, but this location was likely outside the city walls during David's time.

Despite the uncertainty surrounding the exact location, David's tomb remains a significant pilgrimage site for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, reflecting the enduring legacy of this important biblical figure.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA King David has been a significant figure in various forms of media for centuries, reflecting his enduring influence in religious, artistic, and popular culture. Here’s an overview of his appearances:

1. ART King David in Prayer by Pieter de Grebber: This painting depicts David in a moment of devotion, emphasizing his spiritual connection with God.

Michelangelo’s Sculpture of David: Though primarily representing the young shepherd before battling Goliath, this iconic statue captures David's strength and contemplation.

Chagall’s Biblical Paintings: Marc Chagall included David in his vibrant depictions of biblical stories, showcasing his role as a musician and king.

2, LITERATURE Biblical Texts: David's life story, from his anointing to his reign and Psalms, is a central narrative in the 

God Knows by Joseph Heller is a satirical novel that presents David as a witty narrator reflecting on his tumultuous life.

3. MUSIC Handel’s Saul features David prominently, especially highlighting his musical skills and relationship with King Saul.

Leonard Cohen’s "Hallelujah" alludes to David’s life, particularly his complex relationship with God and Bathsheba.

4. FILM David and Bathsheba (1951): Starring Gregory Peck and Susan Hayward, this Hollywood film dramatizes David’s moral failing and its consequences.

King David (1985): Richard Gere portrays David in this film, focusing on his rise to power and personal struggles.

The Bible: David (1997): A made-for-TV movie with Nathaniel Parker as David, offering a more comprehensive view of his life.

5. TELEVISION The Bible (2013 Miniseries): David’s story is dramatized, showcasing key moments like his battle with Goliath and reign as king.

Kings (2009): A modern reimagining of David’s story set in a fictional monarchy, with Ian McShane as King Saul and Chris Egan as David Shepherd.

THEATER King David: A Musical (1997): Written by Alan Menken and Tim Rice, this stage production explores David’s journey with a blend of drama and music.

ACHIEVEMENTS David united Israel, established Jerusalem as its capital, authored many Psalms, and was promised an eternal dynasty, fulfilled through Jesus Christ, according to Christian tradition.

Charles Darwin

NAME Charles Robert Darwin

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Developing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

BIRTH Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, coincidentally the same day as Abraham Lincoln.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Born into a wealthy and influential family. His father, Robert Darwin, was a successful doctor known for his stern demeanor, while his mother, Susannah Wedgwood, was the daughter of renowned potter Josiah Wedgwood. Tragically, Susannah passed away when Darwin was just eight years old, leaving his three elder sisters to raise him.

Darwin's paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a naturalist, poet, and philosopher who proposed his own theory of evolution, which Charles later distanced himself from

CHILDHOOD From an early age, Darwin displayed a keen interest in natural history and geology. He spent countless hours collecting various specimens, including coins, birds' eggs, plants, pebbles, and beetles. However, his academic pursuits at school suffered as he increasingly devoted his time to outdoor activities like shooting, dog training, and rat-catching. This lack of focus greatly displeased his father, who famously lamented, "You care for nothing but shooting, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself and all your family." Furthermore, his three elder sisters were frequent critics of his perceived lack of ambition and academic dedication.

As a child, Darwin was so passionate about chemistry that friends nicknamed him "Gas." 

Chalk drawing of seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816.

EDUCATION Darwin attended Shrewsbury School, but his academic performance suffered due to his fascination with shooting, dogs, and rat-catching. His father once lamented, “You care for nothing but shooting, dogs, and rat-catching and will be a disgrace to yourself and all your family.”

In 1825, Darwin began studying medicine at Edinburgh University but found the sight of human suffering unbearable. Two years later, he shifted to the University of Cambridge to prepare for a career as a Church of England clergyman. At Cambridge, he indulged in beetle-collecting, riding, and shooting while co-founding the "Glutton Club," where members dined on exotic animals like puma.

Under the mentorship of geologist Adam Sedgwick and botanist John Stevens Henslow, Darwin developed meticulous observational and collection skills. He eventually graduated in 1831, excelling in theology and passing in other subjects.

CAREER RECORD 1831-1836: Served as naturalist on the HMS Beagle voyage around the world.

1859: Published On the Origin of Species, which revolutionized scientific understanding of life.

Continued research and writing: Published numerous other works, including The Descent of Man, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, and The Power of Movement in Plants.

APPEARANCE Darwin stood at a towering six feet tall. Though he sported a less distinguished appearance during his school days, he later became known for his signature big, bushy white beard. 

His distinctive nose almost prevented him from securing a position as naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Captain Robert FitzRoy harbored concerns that someone with such a broad, squat nose lacked the fortitude and determination to endure the rigors of a long voyage of exploration.

Darwin, c. 1854,

FASHION Dressed conservatively for his time.

CHARACTER Darwin was a gentle soul, possessing a kindness that extended even to the most insignificant creatures. He was also a remarkably modest and kind individual. 

He was a patient and meticulous observer with a highly analytical mind.

Darwin was admired by the crew of the Beagle for his intellect and amiable nature, and they affectionately nicknamed him "Philos." 

Darwin struggled with social anxiety, often finding himself uncomfortable in large gatherings. He was also known to stutter, which occasionally hindered his communication.

SENSE OF HUMOUR While Darwin's scientific work was serious, he occasionally injected humor into his observations. For example, he once quipped, "An American monkey, after getting drunk on brandy, would never touch it again, and thus was wiser than many men". 

Darwin's scientific curiosity extended to the phenomenon of humor itself. In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), he explored the biological aspects of emotional behavior, including laughter. He drew connections between human laughter and the reactions of apes to tickling, noting similarities in facial expressions and vocalizations

RELATIONSHIPS Charles Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, at Maer Church in Staffordshire on January 29, 1839.

In his late 20s, Darwin experienced a period of intense introspection. He meticulously weighed the pros and cons of marriage, even creating a list with columns titled "Marry" and "Not Marry." Ultimately, he decided to pursue a life with Emma.

Their courtship, however, was not without its challenges. Despite his father's reservations, Darwin delayed proposing to Emma during his initial visit to Maer in July 1838. He did, however, share his groundbreaking ideas on transmutation with her.

Following a period of intense work and recurring bouts of illness in London, Darwin returned to Maer and finally proposed to Emma on November 11th. He once again discussed his revolutionary theories, which understandably caused Emma some concern.

In an attempt to alleviate her anxieties, Emma urged him to read from the Gospel of St. John, specifically "our Saviour's farewell discourse to his disciples," a passage that emphasizes the importance of abiding in faith. Darwin's warm and reassuring response soothed Emma's concerns, though a degree of apprehension regarding his radical ideas remained.

The couple finally wed in an Anglican ceremony at Maer that was also adapted to accommodate Emma's Unitarian beliefs.

Emma's family resided in the nearby Jacobean Maer Hall. The couple enjoyed a long and fulfilling marriage, though Emma did not share her husband's fervent interest in his scientific pursuits. Despite this, she remained supportive of his work, even if she found his experiments somewhat perplexing.

The Darwins were blessed with ten children, sadly losing three in infancy. Charles, ever the scientist, occasionally enlisted his children in his research endeavors.

Their sons achieved notable success in their respective fields: George became a renowned Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, Francis pursued a career in botany, and Leonard distinguished himself as a Royal Engineer, a prominent figure in scientific expeditions, and even served as a Member of Parliament.

The couple also had two daughters, but the tragic loss of their daughter Annie at the age of ten deeply affected both Charles and Emma. This personal tragedy profoundly challenged Darwin's long-held belief in a benevolent God.

Emma Darwin in 1840

Darwin maintained close relationships with fellow scientists.

MONEY AND FAME Born into wealth, but his scientific work did not significantly increase his personal fortune.

Darwin's early career was a mix of triumphs and setbacks. Upon his return from the Beagle voyage in 1836, he was initially lauded in London for his groundbreaking geological discoveries. However, his initial account of the voyage garnered little public attention. This changed with the 1839 publication of his Journal of Researches (later known as The Voyage of the Beagle), which achieved significant commercial success.

Darwin's comfortable financial standing, derived from an inheritance of £5,000 per annum, allowed him to dedicate his life to his scientific pursuits without financial constraints. In 1842, he relocated to Down House in Downe, Kent, where he would spend the remainder of his life immersed in his research.

The publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859 catapulted Darwin into international stardom. The first edition sold out completely on the very first day, a testament to the book's immediate impact. During Darwin's lifetime, the book enjoyed immense popularity, with 35 printings in 11 languages. Today, its influence remains undeniable, with over 400 printings in approximately 30 languages. The enduring value of his work is further evidenced by the fact that a single leaf from Origin of Species fetched a staggering £45,000 at auction in 1999.

The enduring fascination with Darwin's work continues to this day, reflected in the substantial value of his publications and personal effects. In 2024, a rare first edition and author's presentation copy of On the Origin of Species sold for a remarkable £305,200 at auction, more than double its estimated value.

FOOD AND DRINK Charles Darwin's culinary habits were as diverse and intriguing as his scientific pursuits. He ventured beyond the ordinary, sampling a wide array of exotic dishes throughout his life.

During his time at Christ's College, Cambridge, Darwin's adventurous spirit manifested in his presidency of the "Glutton Club," a society dedicated to the culinary exploration of the unusual. This early foray into the realm of gastronomic experimentation foreshadowed his later culinary adventures.

Darwin's travels, particularly the voyage of the HMS Beagle, exposed him to a plethora of exotic flavors. He sampled armadillo, which he likened to duck, and savored iguana. He even declared a twenty-pound rodent to be "the best meat [he] ever tasted." Giant Galapagos tortoises also graced his palate, deemed "extremely delicious" by the intrepid explorer.

However, Darwin's scientific curiosity occasionally clashed with his culinary indulgences. On one memorable Christmas Day, he realized mid-meal that he was devouring a rare species of rhea, a bird he could have been studying instead of consuming.

Despite his penchant for the exotic, Darwin's daily routine in later life revolved around more conventional meals. He typically began his day with a solitary breakfast at 7:45 AM, followed by a substantial family lunch at 12:45 PM, which served as his main meal. A light high tea at 7:30 PM concluded his daily culinary routine.

Charles Darwin family lunch

Darwin's relationship with alcohol was complex. While he had a deep-seated "horror" of drunkenness, likely influenced by family history of alcoholism, he also enjoyed moderate alcohol consumption. He was, however, acutely aware of his susceptibility to even small amounts of alcohol, which he feared could overstimulate him.

Tobacco, particularly snuff, was a constant companion throughout Darwin's life. He began using snuff during his time at Edinburgh University and continued the habit throughout his life, despite occasional attempts at abstinence, such as during a hydropathy treatment in 1857. While snuff remained his preferred form of tobacco, he occasionally indulged in other forms as well.

MUSIC AND ARTS Following the initial lukewarm reception of his Beagle voyage account, Darwin experienced a notable decline in his appreciation for poetry and music. Despite this, he developed an intriguing theory, proposing that music evolved from animal mating calls and predated the development of human speech.

In his seminal work, The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin eloquently observed, "Human song is generally admitted to be the basis or origin of instrumental music. As neither the enjoyment nor the capacity of producing musical notes are faculties of the least use to man in reference to his daily habits of life, they must be ranked among the most mysterious with which he is endowed."

While his personal engagement with music may have diminished, he undoubtedly found solace in listening to his wife, Emma, play the piano compositions of renowned composer Felix Mendelssohn.

Despite lacking formal artistic training, Charles Darwin demonstrated a lifelong fascination with both art and photography, seamlessly integrating these interests into his scientific pursuits.

Darwin's appreciation for art blossomed during his time at Cambridge. He frequented art museums, delved into art history texts, and amassed a collection of artworks, particularly those with scientific relevance. He actively sought the expertise of renowned animal painters and sculptors, such as Thomas Woolner and Briton Riviere, to further his research on animal expressions.

Darwin enthusiastically embraced the emerging art of photography. He was an early adopter of the medium, sitting for a daguerreotype portrait as early as 1842. He actively collected photographs relevant to his research, scouring London's photographic studios for suitable images. Furthermore, he commissioned photographs specifically for his scientific work, most notably from the renowned photographer Oscar Rejlander for his seminal work, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin maintained an extensive correspondence with prominent figures in the photographic world, including Julia Margaret Cameron and Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), exchanging ideas and insights.

Darwin's innovative use of photography in his research was groundbreaking. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) stands as one of the first scientific texts to extensively utilize photographic illustrations. He pushed the boundaries of photographic technology, requesting images that captured the subtle nuances of isolated muscle contractions during various emotional expressions. Darwin's collaboration with photographers like Rejlander went beyond mere image acquisition, extending to fruitful discussions on the scientific value and interpretation of photographic evidence.

Darwin's interest in photography extended beyond the realm of science. He enthusiastically participated in "carte correspondence," exchanging photographic portraits with colleagues and correspondents worldwide. He sat for numerous photographic portraits throughout his life, including memorable sessions with the renowned Julia Margaret Cameron, leaving behind a rich visual record of his life and legacy.

LITERATURE  A voracious reader, Darwin consumed a vast array of nature books and scientific texts. He maintained meticulous notes and journals throughout his life, particularly during his transformative voyage on the HMS Beagle.

Charles Darwin was a prolific writer, penned over 16 books and 152 other publications throughout his illustrious career. While renowned for his groundbreaking scientific contributions, he surprisingly confessed in his autobiography to finding Shakespeare "intolerably dull" to the point of causing him nausea.

His most celebrated work, On the Origin of Species, published on November 22, 1859, revolutionized scientific thought. Written in accessible language, it quickly gained international acclaim, translated into numerous languages worldwide. This landmark publication, born from years of meticulous research and contemplation, had languished in a broom cupboard for two decades before Darwin was spurred to publish upon learning that Alfred Russel Wallace, a young naturalist working in Malaysia, had independently conceived a similar theory of evolution.

Darwin, a meticulous wordsmith, agonized over his prose, constantly refining and revising his work. The result is considered one of the most lucid and impactful scientific treatises ever written. The book achieved immediate success, selling out on the first day of publication and undergoing five further editions during Darwin's lifetime.

On the Origin of Species ignited a fierce debate within Victorian society, provoking outrage and controversy.

Title page of the first edition of On the Origin of Species

In 1871, Darwin published The Descent of Man, which further ignited controversy by asserting the evolutionary kinship between humans and apes. This assertion drew sharp criticism from religious leaders, most notably Bishop Wilberforce, who famously challenged a Darwinist to declare whether his ancestry traced back to an ape through his grandfather or grandmother.

t's important to note that Darwin never coined the term "survival of the fittest." This phrase was first introduced by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his work Principles of Biology.

NATURE A gifted botanist, Darwin utilized his own gardens at Down House as a living laboratory.  

At one point, his home housed over 10,000 barnacles, a testament to his dedication to understanding their intricate biology.

Beyond barnacles, Darwin's scientific curiosity extended to the avian world. He conducted extensive experiments on pigeon breeding, exploring the principles of inheritance and variation within this species.

In the latter part of his life, Darwin authored five botanical books, showcasing a wide range of observational and experimental work. His research encompassed diverse topics, including the crucial role of insects in cross-fertilization, the remarkable adaptations of climbing plants like ivy, the intriguing behavior of sensitive plants that respond to touch and sometimes even capture insects (such as the Venus flytrap), and the vital role of earthworms in soil formation and nutrient cycling.

A thought-provoking question often posed to Darwin, particularly in light of his theory of natural selection, concerns the Frigate bird. This remarkable seabird possesses unique challenges: its feathers are not waterproof, rendering it incapable of swimming or diving for food. Its feet are ill-suited for paddling, and its large wings hinder efficient take-off from the water's surface. Consequently, the Frigate bird has evolved a rather unconventional survival strategy, relying on aerial piracy to steal food from other birds. This intriguing adaptation raises the question of whether the Frigate bird represents a species that has somehow "escaped" the rigorous process of natural selection, a question that continues to intrigue scientists and naturalists alike.

Darwin's contributions extended far beyond his theory of evolution. In 1842, he published The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, offering the first accurate explanation of their formation.

PETS Charles Darwin was  a great animal lover and had numerous pets throughout his life, particularly dogs.  

His canine family included a diverse array of breeds, from energetic terriers like Nina, Spark, Pincher, Sheila, and Polly, to a loyal retriever named Bob, and a charming Pomeranian named Snow. Hunting dogs such as Dash and Bran also graced his life. Among his canine companions, Polly, a terrier, held a particularly special place in his affections. In a heartfelt note, Darwin expressed his deep love for his canine companion, writing, "I have one whom I love with all my heart."

Charles Darwin with his pet dogs

Darwin's affection extended beyond dogs. He displayed a keen interest in a wide range of animals, even keeping live octopuses on board the HMS Beagle during his voyage, meticulously observing their fascinating behavior. His family also cared for rabbits as part of his cousin Francis Galton's scientific experiments.

Darwin's relationship with his pets transcended mere companionship. He viewed them as subjects of scientific inquiry, carefully studying variations within breeds and observing their mental and emotional capacities, which he believed to be surprisingly sophisticated and akin to those of humans. His experiences with hunting dogs, particularly their remarkable instincts and adaptability, undoubtedly influenced his broader understanding of evolution and natural selection.

Beyond his personal menagerie, Darwin demonstrated a deep concern for animal welfare. He actively participated in campaigns to regulate animal experimentation, advocating for the humane treatment of animals while recognizing the vital importance of scientific research.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Charles Darwin possessed a diverse range of interests and hobbies that enriched his life and significantly contributed to his groundbreaking scientific endeavors.

From a young age, Darwin displayed a keen interest in the natural world. He was an avid collector, amassing a trove of minerals, insects, shells, and other natural specimens. During his time at Christ's College, Cambridge, his passion for beetle collecting flourished. This early fascination with the natural world remained a lifelong pursuit, forming the bedrock of his scientific investigations.

Darwin was an outdoorsman at heart. He relished long walks and explorations in nature, indulging in activities such as hunting and birdwatching. Horseback riding provided another avenue for his enjoyment of the natural world.

His intellectual curiosity extended beyond nature. Darwin possessed a keen interest in geology, biology, and botany. Alongside his brother Erasmus, he conducted chemical experiments in a shed behind their family home, fostering a spirit of scientific inquiry.

Beyond his scientific pursuits, Darwin enjoyed recreational activities such as playing backgammon. He also dedicated significant time to his breeding experiments with pigeons, meticulously observing variations within the species and gaining valuable insights into the principles of inheritance.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Darwin's pivotal voyage on the HMS Beagle provided the foundation for his groundbreaking theory of evolution. During his 1835 visit to the Galapagos Islands, he observed striking variations in animal and plant life, including the iconic giant tortoises. These observations shattered the prevailing notion of fixed species, revealing that species were not static entities but rather subject to change and adaptation.

Darwin's revolutionary ideas began to take shape. He meticulously documented his findings, recognizing that the diverse flora and fauna of the Galapagos Islands were not merely replicas of species found elsewhere, but rather unique adaptations to their specific island environments. This realization profoundly challenged the prevailing belief in creationism, suggesting that species were not created instantaneously by a divine act but rather evolved over time through a process of gradual change.

In 1844, Darwin formulated a comprehensive outline of his theory of evolution, but chose to delay publication, dedicating the following eight years to the meticulous study of barnacles. This period of intense research provided him with invaluable insights into the complexities of biological variation and classification.

However, Darwin's carefully guarded secret was on the verge of being revealed. He received an essay from Alfred Russel Wallace, a fellow naturalist working in the Malay Archipelago, outlining a remarkably similar theory of evolution. Faced with this unexpected development, Darwin was spurred into action. He reluctantly agreed to present his own findings alongside Wallace's at a joint meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858.

Darwin's seminal work, On the Origin of Species, was published in 1859, causing a seismic shift in scientific thought. His theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that species evolve through a gradual process of change, driven by the survival and reproduction of individuals with traits best suited to their environment. This "survival of the fittest" mechanism, as later termed by Herbert Spencer, led to the gradual refinement and diversification of species over countless generations. Darwin's proposition, while groundbreaking, inevitably sparked intense controversy and debate.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Charles Darwin was raised in a Unitarian household, attending church in Shrewsbury High Street. His father, a prominent physician, envisioned a career in the clergy for his son. In 1828, Darwin was sent to Christ Church, Oxford, to study for holy orders within the Church of England. However, he found little inclination towards the ministry.

Darwin's religious beliefs underwent a significant transformation. The Old Testament's depiction of God as a tyrannical figure profoundly troubled him, leading to a gradual erosion of his faith. While his theory of evolution did not explicitly deny the existence of a higher power, it proposed that natural laws, rather than divine intervention, govern the processes of life. He saw no inherent moral or religious purpose in evolution, viewing it as a natural phenomenon without a predetermined goal.

In his autobiography, Darwin candidly acknowledged his loss of faith in Christianity as a divine revelation. He vehemently rejected the doctrine of hell, labeling it "damnable." He also questioned the divinity of Christ, ultimately identifying himself as an agnostic, stating, "The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us; and I must be content to remain an agnostic."

Emma Wedgwood, Darwin's deeply religious wife, was deeply troubled by her husband's evolving theological views. In later years, Darwin expressed regret for the distress his ideas had caused her. He also voiced concerns about the misappropriation of his theory by figures like Karl Marx, who used it to deny the existence of God.

POLITICS Charles Darwin's political views were firmly rooted in 19th-century British liberalism, a philosophy that emphasized both individual liberty and social responsibility.

A staunch supporter of the Liberal Party, Darwin was honored by a visit from its prominent leader, William Gladstone, in 1877. He deeply admired the values of self-help, as championed by Samuel Smiles in his influential book, believing that individual effort and voluntary cooperation were crucial for personal and societal progress.

Darwin was a vocal opponent of slavery, actively participating in the international movement to abolish this inhumane practice. His abhorrence of slavery played a significant role in his writing of The Descent of Man, where he affirmed the fundamental unity of humankind as a single species.

While recognizing the need for social welfare, Darwin favored a voluntary approach over government intervention. He served as treasurer of his local Friendly Society, a self-governing organization where members pooled their resources to support each other during times of hardship. This exemplified his belief in the power of community and voluntary cooperation.

Darwin was optimistic about the potential for human progress, but he viewed this progress as primarily driven by cultural evolution and social learning rather than solely by biological factors. He believed that through education, cooperation, and the cultivation of moral virtues, humanity could achieve a higher level of social and intellectual development.

SCANDAL Charles Darwin's life and work were not without controversy.

The "Barré-Lebiez Affair" of 1878, a shocking murder case in France, inadvertently dragged Darwin into the public spotlight. Two men, Aimé Barré and Paul Lebiez, were convicted of murdering an elderly milkmaid for financial gain. Lebiez, a self-proclaimed follower of Darwinian principles, claimed his actions were in accordance with the concept of "survival of the fittest." This sensationalized claim ignited a public outcry against Darwin and his theory of evolution. Some newspapers seized the opportunity to attack Darwin's ideas, portraying them as a dangerous philosophy that promoted amorality and encouraged violence.

Another notable controversy arose in 1874 with the publication of an anonymous article in the Quarterly Review that harshly criticized Darwin's views. The article, which suggested that Darwin's son George opposed marriage and advocated for "unrestrained licentiousness," was widely suspected to be authored by St. George Jackson Mivart, a former supporter who had become a vocal critic of Darwin's work. This personal attack sparked a heated dispute, involving Darwin's friends and colleagues within the scientific community. The controversy simmered for a year before finally subsiding.

While not personal scandals, Darwin's scientific theories generated significant controversy within both the scientific and religious communities. His ideas directly challenged the traditional religious doctrine of creation, leading to widespread rejection from religious leaders and some within the scientific establishment.

Darwin, a man of reserved temperament, generally avoided public debates, preferring to address criticisms through private correspondence. In later editions of On the Origin of Species, he made certain concessions to appease his critics, such as acknowledging the potential role of a Creator in the initial spark of life.

MILITARY RECORD Ever since Darwin, the idea of survival of the fittest has been misused to justify genocide, poverty and suffering. 

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Darwin suffered from chronic illnesses, including nausea, migraines, and agoraphobia, possibly due to a disease contracted in South America. Despite his health struggles, he remained productive, aided by the tranquility of Down House and its daily walking path where he solved “three-flint problems.”

HOMES Darwin spent his early years at Mount House, a Georgian residence overlooking the River Severn. This family estate, originally spanning seven acres, provided the young Darwin with his first glimpses of the natural world. He left Shrewsbury at the age of 22 to embark on the historic voyage of the HMS Beagle. While little remains of Darwin's personal effects in the house today, recent efforts have seen its acquisition with the intention of transforming it into a museum and café, preserving this important chapter in the life of a scientific icon.

From 1842 until his death in 1882, Down House served as Darwin's home and intellectual sanctuary. Situated in the tranquil village of Downe, about 15 miles southeast of London, Darwin described it as being "on the extreme verge of the world," providing a peaceful setting for his scientific pursuits. The house itself underwent several expansions and modifications over the years to accommodate his growing family and accommodate his expanding research needs.

Down House is renowned for its association with Darwin's groundbreaking work. His study, where he penned the revolutionary On the Origin of Species, remains a focal point of the house. The extensive gardens surrounding Down House served as an open-air laboratory for Darwin's experiments, while the famous "Sandwalk" – a circular path through the grounds – became his daily meditative walk, fostering countless insights. 

Greenhouses provided a haven for his botanical research, and a later addition, a billiard room, was transformed into his "New Study," offering a dedicated space for further contemplation and writing.

Today, Down House stands as a testament to Darwin's life and legacy. Since 1996, it has been preserved as a museum by English Heritage, offering visitors a unique glimpse into the life and work of this extraordinary scientist. The house retains many of its original furnishings and personal possessions, allowing visitors to experience the atmosphere in which Darwin lived and worked. Multimedia tours and exhibits further enrich the visitor experience, bringing Darwin's life and scientific discoveries to life.

TRAVEL Darwin's pivotal journey began in December 1831 when he joined the HMS Beagle as a naturalist. The ship, a 242-ton, Cherokee-class vessel, undertook a five-year expedition. Despite his father's opposition and the captain’s reservations about his broad nose, Darwin paid his own way (£500 annually). He was nicknamed “Philos” by the crew for his amiable nature.

During the voyage, Darwin explored South America, rode with Argentine gauchos, scaled the Andes, and studied the Galápagos Islands. His observations of unique species on these islands planted the seeds of his evolutionary theory.

HMS Beagle surveying the coasts of South America,

DEATH Charles Darwin passed away peacefully on April 19, 1882, at the age of 73, in his home, Down House, surrounded by his beloved wife Emma and their children. The cause of death was likely heart failure resulting from coronary thrombosis.

In his final moments, Darwin expressed his love and gratitude to his family. He poignantly told his wife, "Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me."

Initially, Darwin had expressed a desire to be buried in the quiet churchyard of St. Mary's in Downe, alongside his children. However, recognizing his profound impact on science, a movement emerged to honor him with a more prominent burial site: Westminster Abbey, a revered national monument.

This decision, however, was not without controversy. As a prominent freethinker and agnostic, Darwin's burial in a hallowed religious institution raised concerns. The Dean of Westminster, George Bradley, initially approved the request while abroad, potentially unaware of Darwin's religious views.

Despite the controversy, Darwin's funeral on April 26, 1882, became a significant national event. His body was transported to the Abbey the evening before and laid in the Chapel of St. Faith. The funeral was a grand affair, attended by thousands of mourners, requiring admission tickets for entry. Notable figures, including Alfred Russel Wallace, Thomas Henry Huxley, and Joseph Hooker, served as pallbearers. The service, conducted by Canon Prothero, was held in the Lantern of the Abbey.

Following the service, Darwin was laid to rest in the north aisle of the nave, a fitting tribute to his scientific eminence. He was interred near two other giants of science, Sir Isaac Newton and Sir John Herschel, solidifying his place among the most celebrated figures in British history.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Charles Darwin is the subject of numerous books, films, and documentaries.

1. FILM AND TELEVISION

Creation (2009): This biographical drama stars Paul Bettany as Charles Darwin and Jennifer Connelly as his wife, Emma. It focuses on Darwin's personal struggles and the writing of On the Origin of Species, highlighting the emotional toll of his daughter's death and the conflict between his scientific discoveries and religious beliefs.

The Voyage That Shook the World (2009): A documentary-style film exploring Darwin's journey aboard HMS Beagle and the development of his theories. It combines historical reenactments with expert commentary.

Darwin’s Darkest Hour (2009): A PBS film starring Ian Cusick as Darwin. It dramatizes the period when Darwin was finalizing On the Origin of Species while grappling with Alfred Russel Wallace’s concurrent development of evolutionary theory.

Shows like South Park and The Simpsons have humorously referenced Darwin and his theory of evolution, often in debates about creationism versus science.

Darwin often appears in educational programming for children, such as in PBS's Bill Nye the Science Guy and BBC's Horrible Histories, portraying him as an approachable, revolutionary thinker.

2. LITERATURE Darwin is a recurring figure in historical fiction, often portrayed during his Beagle voyage or later years as he developed his theories. Notable examples include This Thing of Darkness by Harry Thompson and Darwin’s Worms by Adam Phillips.

Darwin appears in various graphic novels, often symbolizing the conflict between science and belief. For instance, he has been featured in The Sandman by Neil Gaiman and in The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA.

3. MUSIC  Darwin has been referenced in songs by progressive rock bands and has inspired composers like Richard Einhorn, whose oratorio The Origin is based on Darwin’s writings.

4. VIDEO GAMES  Darwin appears as a non-playable character in Assassin’s Creed Syndicate (2015). In this game set in Victorian London players assist him in protecting his work and exposing frauds.

Darwin appears as a Great Scientist in Sid Meier’s Civilization series, where his contributions boost technological progress.

5. ART AND EXHIBITIONS Natural history museums frequently feature Darwin in exhibits, including interactive displays about his life, the Beagle voyage, and evolutionary theory.

ACHIEVEMENTS Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, one of the most significant scientific discoveries of all time.

Revolutionized our understanding of the natural world.

Inspired generations of scientists and thinkers.

Source Encarta Encyclopedia