Salvador Dalí

NAME Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Salvador Dalí is renowned as one of the most influential surrealist artists of the 20th century, best known for his dreamlike paintings, particularly The Persistence of Memory (1931).

BIRTH Born on May 11, 1904, in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, near the French border.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Dalí's father, Salvador Dalí i Cusí, was a middle-class lawyer and notary, known for his strict disciplinary nature. His mother, Felipa Domenech Ferrés, provided emotional balance by nurturing Salvador’s artistic pursuits. Dalí was born nine months after the death of his older brother, also named Salvador, a loss that profoundly affected his family.

The photo below shows the Dalí family in 1910: from the upper left, aunt Maria Teresa, mother, father, Salvador Dalí, aunt Caterina (later became the second wife of father), sister Anna Maria, and grandmother Anna.

CHILDHOOD Dalí exhibited a vivid imagination and volatile temperament as a child, prone to hysteria. His teacher forbade mentioning grasshoppers in class due to Dalí's extreme fear of them.

Salvador Dalí's artistic inclinations were evident from a young age. By the age of 10, he was already taking drawing lessons. His supportive parents even built him an art studio at their summer home in Cadaqués to nurture his talents.

EDUCATION Dalí's formal education started at the Figueres public school at the age of four, but clashed with the traditional setting. Disliking school and prone to daydreaming, his progress disappointed his father. This led to a transfer to a private French school. In 1916, he continued his education at the Colegio de Hermanos Maristas and the Instituto in Figueres.

Despite his struggles with formal schooling, Dalí's artistic talent shone through. He had his first public exhibition at the young age of 15 at the Municipal Theater in Figueres, showcasing his artistic promise.

In 1922, at 18, Dalí's artistic journey took a significant step forward with his enrollment at the prestigious Academia de San Fernando in Madrid. Here, he immersed himself in the artistic world, living at the Residencia de Estudiantes, a hub for creative minds. He befriended influential figures like Luis Buñuel and Federico García Lorca.

The academy exposed Dalí to various artistic styles, including Cubism and Metaphysics, which he experimented with in his work. However, his unconventional personality and flamboyant style often clashed with the academy's norms. He was first expelled in 1923 for leading a student protest, though he briefly returned in 1924. Ultimately, in 1926, he was permanently expelled.

Despite these disruptions, Dalí's time at the academy was not without merit. He continued to hone his artistic skills, participated in exhibitions, and explored different artistic movements. His exposure to Impressionism, Futurism, and Cubism during this period would later contribute to the development of his unique Surrealist style.

CAREER RECORD Expelled from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in 1926.

Became a prominent figure in the Surrealist movement.

Held numerous solo exhibitions worldwide.

Created iconic works such as The Persistence of Memory (1931) and The Dream of Venus (1939).

Explored various artistic mediums, including painting, sculpture, film, and literature.

APPEARANCE Salvador Dalí's appearance was as iconic and eccentric as his art, becoming an integral part of his public persona and artistic brand.

Dalí's most recognizable feature was undoubtedly his meticulously sculpted mustache. Long, thin, and dramatically upturned at the ends, he described it as "very gay, very pointed, very aggressive." Using the same pomade as Marcel Proust, albeit with a distinct style, Dalí meticulously groomed his mustache, which grew increasingly eye-catching and upturned over the years. This iconic mustache remains a key part of his brand, appearing on merchandise and even adorning a Delta Air Lines plane.

Beyond his mustache , Dalí cultivated a distinctive overall appearance. His long hair, considered shocking at the time, further accentuated his unconventional image. His appearance was carefully crafted to stand out, provoke reactions, and serve as a powerful form of self-promotion. Dalí understood that his looks were an extension of his artistic expression, a visual manifestation of his unique and unconventional mind.

Portrait of Salvador Dali, taken in Hôtel Meurice, Paris Photo by Allan Warren

FASHION  Dalí's clothing choices were as flamboyant and surreal as his paintings. He frequently sported a cape and walking stick, adding to his theatrical presence. His wardrobe often included outlandish outfits, such as a deep-sea diving suit worn during a lecture. These extravagant choices were a deliberate part of his self-presentation, contributing to his overall flamboyant style.

Dalí ventured into the world of fashion and design with his signature surrealist flair. He designed clothing, including costumes for theatrical productions. He created iconic jewelry pieces, such as "The Eye of Time" (1949) and "Rubis' Lips" (1950). His collaboration with fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli resulted in iconic creations like the "Lobster Dress" and "Tears Dress."  He also designed perfume bottles and fabric patterns, adding his unique touch to the world of fashion.

CHARACTER Dalí was a blend of genius and eccentricity, exhibiting both brilliant creativity and erratic, unpredictable behavior.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Dalí’s humor was surreal and provocative. He once arrived at an art exhibition in a limo filled with turnips and sold Yoko Ono a blade of grass as “hair” for $10,000, fearing she might use his real hair for occult purposes.

RELATIONSHIPS Salvador Dalí and Elena Ivanovna Diakonova, better known as Gala, were bound by a unique and unconventional marriage. Their relationship was not only personal but also deeply intertwined with Dalí's artistic career.

The couple first wed on January 30, 1934, in a civil ceremony at the town hall of the 14th district in Paris.

Decades later, on August 8, 1958, they exchanged vows again in a religious ceremony at the Sanctuary of the Angels (Santuari dels Àngels) in Sant Martí Vell, near Girona, Spain.

This second wedding was a deeply private affair. Only five people were present: four priests and the secretary of the town's municipal court. No relatives or friends were invited. The couple arrived in Dalí's iconic Cadillac, which is now on display at the Dalí Museum in Figueres. The ceremony was officiated by Francisco Vila, Dalí's personal friend and a former parish priest of Cadaqués. The event was kept so secret that even the chapel's chaplain was unaware of the couple's identity until shortly before the ceremony began. Following the ceremony, the newlyweds visited the bishop of the diocese in Girona and enjoyed lunch at a local restaurant. The world remained unaware of this intimate ceremony for four days.

This second marriage became possible after the death of Gala's first husband, Paul Éluard, in 1952, allowing for a Catholic ceremony. By this time, Dalí's own views on the Church had also evolved, becoming more positive.

MONEY AND FAME  Salvador Dalí's relationship with money and fame was as unconventional as his art. He was an artist driven by a dual desire: to create groundbreaking art and achieve immense wealth and celebrity.   

Dalí was unapologetic about his love of money, famously declaring his "pure, vertical, mystical, gothic love of cash." Amassing wealth was a central goal, leading André Breton to mockingly nickname him "Avida Dollars" (French for "eager for dollars").

Dalí's financial strategies were as creative as his art. He employed unconventional tactics like doodling on checks to avoid paying for meals.  He also embraced various commercial ventures to support his and Gala's lavish lifestyle. This included designing jewelry, clothing, furniture, and even sets for ballets and plays.   

Beyond financial gain, Dalí craved fame and reveled in courting public attention. He was a master self-promoter, adept at creating sensations and controversies. By his early thirties, he had secured solo exhibitions in prestigious venues like Paris and New York City.  In 1936, Time magazine even featured him on its cover.   

Dalí's relentless pursuit of wealth and fame had a complex impact on his artistic legacy.  While his fame in America soared during the 1930s and 40s, the art world increasingly viewed him as a commercial artist rather than a pure visionary.  Critics often received his work with lukewarm enthusiasm, questioning his artistic integrity.  Some argue that his most groundbreaking work came in his early years, with his later career prioritizing self-promotion over artistic innovation.   

Despite the controversy surrounding his commercialism, Dalí's impact on art and popular culture remains undeniable.  He achieved a level of fame in the United States that surpassed many other 20th-century masters, including Pablo Picasso.  His influence extends beyond the art world, shaping advertising, branding, architecture, and design.  In recent years, there has been a critical reevaluation of his work.  Some art historians now rank him alongside Picasso and Matisse as one of the greatest 20th-century painters.   

Salvador Dalí challenged the traditional notion of the starving artist.  He embraced wealth and fame as tools to elevate his art and himself.  While his tactics were often unconventional, his legacy as a groundbreaking artist and a pop culture icon remains secure.   

FOOD AND DRINK Food played a significant role in Salvador Dalí's life and art. He incorporated edible elements into his paintings, used them as metaphors, and even viewed cooking as an artistic pursuit.

Dalí's artistic works are replete with culinary motifs. Eggs, fish, bread, milk, and sea urchins frequently appear in his paintings. He used food as a powerful symbol, associating it with eroticism and desire. Dalí famously stated, "When I'm busy making a dish, I add a little of this and a little of that. It's like mixing paints," highlighting the connection he saw between cooking and his artistic process.

Perhaps the most iconic example of food-inspired imagery in Dalí's work is the melting clocks in The Persistence of Memory. Inspired by the sight of a melting Camembert cheese left in the sun, Dalí described these surreal timepieces as "the tender, extravagant and solitary paranoiac-critical Camembert of time and space."

Bread held a special place in Dalí's artistic universe. He considered it a subject of deep-seated fetishism and obsession. He once spent two months dedicated solely to painting a bread basket, highlighting its significance in his artistic vision. On several occasions, Dalí even made a dramatic entrance by wearing a hollowed-out loaf of bread as a headpiece.

For Dalí, food was more than just subject matter; it was a form of artistic expression. He famously declared, "Beauty should be edible, or not at all."  He used gastronomy to enhance his persona and to give new meaning to his art.

He published a cookbook titled Les Dîners de Gala.

ART Salvador Dalí became one of the 20th century's most influential and, let's face it, downright oddball artists, famed for his surrealist paintings and a personality that could curdle milk at a hundred paces.

Dalí wasn't always the gooey-clock-melting maestro we know today.  He showed artistic talent early on and was steered towards a life of creating rather than, say, competitive bullfighting (although, with his flamboyant style, he might have given the matadors a run for their money).  He studied at the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, where he dabbled in various artistic styles like Cubism, Futurism, and Purism, which, to be honest, sound like they should involve wearing brightly colored jumpsuits and helmets.  During this time, he hung out with fellow artists Federico García Lorca and Luis Buñuel, the latter of whom he would collaborate with later on some truly bizarre films, but we'll get to that in a moment.

The late 1920s saw Dalí dive headfirst into the world of Sigmund Freud and his writings on the subconscious.  This was a bit like pouring gasoline on a flickering artistic flame – it all went a bit wild.  Dalí officially joined the Surrealist movement in 1929, becoming a major player very quickly.  He even cooked up his own special sauce, the "paranoiac-critical method," which was basically a mental exercise to tap into the subconscious and yank out whatever strange imagery lurked beneath.  This resulted in some of his most famous works, like The Persistence of Memory, featuring melting clocks in a landscape that looks like it was dreamed up by someone who'd eaten a whole wheel of brie before bed and The Enigma of Desire, which explored well, you can probably guess.

The Persistence of Memory. 1931

The 1940s saw Dalí relocate to the United States, where he continued to, well, be Dalí.  He entered a phase he called "Nuclear Mysticism," which involved blending religious and scientific themes in his work.  Think of it as if the Sistine Chapel ceiling got a makeover by a scientist on LSD.  Paintings like The Sacrament of the Last Supper and Galatea of the Spheres reflected this new direction.

Dalí kept at his artistic antics until the early 1980s, when his health started to decline.  By the end, he'd left behind a massive collection of work, including over 1,500 paintings.  His influence wasn't confined to the stuffy art world – it seeped into popular culture, inspiring countless artists and leaving everyone a little bit weirder, in the best way possible.

Today, Dalí's works are celebrated in museums worldwide.  If you ever find yourself in Figueres, Spain, or St. Petersburg, Florida, you might just bump into a museum dedicated to the man himself.  So next time you see a melting clock or a lobster phone (yes, that was a thing too), remember Salvador Dalí, the artist who dared to dream strange dreams and then splash them onto canvas for the rest of the world to enjoy, or at least scratch their heads at.

MUSIC AND ARTS Dalí admired classical music and was deeply moved by Richard Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde, which played as he passed away.

Dalí made significant contributions to the world of cinema. He collaborated with Luis Buñuel on the groundbreaking surrealist films Un Chien Andalou (1929) and L'Age d'Or (1930). He also worked with Alfred Hitchcock on the dream sequences for Spellbound (1945).  Furthermore, he collaborated with Walt Disney on the animated short Destino, which was not completed until 2003.  Dalí also experimented with his own experimental films, creating works like Chaos and Creation (1960) and Impressions from Upper Mongolia (1977).

LITERATURE Dalí was a prolific writer, authoring novels, essays, poetry, and critical works. His autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí, offers a fascinating, albeit self-aggrandizing, glimpse into his life and artistic philosophy. He also made significant contributions to theater and performance art, designing sets for ballets and operas and creating theatrical designs and costumes.

Dalí drew inspiration from Freudian psychoanalysis and surrealist literature, which influenced his exploration of the subconscious.

NATURE Dalí’s works often featured surreal interpretations of natural landscapes, including melting clocks and distorted figures.

PETS Salvador Dalí was equally unconventional in his choice of pets. These animals, from exotic ocelots to an iconic anteater, reflected his desire to shock, entertain, and incorporate elements of the unexpected into his life and art.

Dalí famously owned two ocelots, Babou and Bouba. These exotic cats were frequent companions, accompanying him to social gatherings, restaurants, and even on luxurious ocean liner voyages. Babou, in particular, became a celebrated figure, often seen sporting a collar and leash adorned with precious stones.

Dalí in 1960 holding his pet ocelot, Babou

While not strictly a pet, Dalí's iconic image walking an anteater on a leash through the streets of Paris in 1969 remains a testament to his theatrical flair. This was likely a staged performance, with the anteater borrowed from a zoo. The image resonated deeply, with the anteater potentially symbolizing André Breton, the founder of Surrealism, who was nicknamed "The Anteater" by his peers. For Dalí, the anteater might also have represented a symbolic battle against decay, given the insect's role in nature.

Dalí's fascination with the unusual extended beyond ocelots and anteaters. He owned a rooster named Oscar, which often traveled with him. As a child, he even kept a bat as a pet.

Dalí's unconventional pets often caused a stir in public. In a Manhattan restaurant, when a diner expressed concern about Babou the ocelot, Dalí calmly responded that it was simply an ordinary cat adorned with an "op art design."  

His appearance on The Dick Cavett Show in 1971, where he brought a small anteater from the Bronx Zoo and placed it on actress Lillian Gish's lap, generated considerable commotion.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS  Dalí enjoyed creating unusual art installations and exploring various artistic mediums, including sculpture and film.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Salvador Dalí's artistic vision was profoundly shaped by his fascination with atomic theory and nuclear physics, particularly after the devastating atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. This period saw the emergence of "Nuclear Mysticism," a unique phase in his career that blended science, art, and philosophy.

The atomic bombings had a profound impact on Dalí, "shaking him seismically." He declared the atom his "favorite food for thought," marking a turning point in his artistic exploration. Nuclear Mysticism emerged from this experience, fusing science, physics, mathematics, and art into a new and captivating aesthetic.

Dalí's intellectual curiosity extended far beyond the realm of art. He amassed a vast library of books on physics, geometry, optical science, genetics, mathematics, and natural history. He was particularly intrigued by quantum physics and molecular biology. Later in his life, he became fascinated by the work of renowned physicist Stephen Hawking and mathematician René Thom, whose catastrophe theory further influenced his artistic explorations.

Dalí seamlessly integrated these scientific concepts into his artwork. Spheres and cubes, often representing particles, became recurring motifs in his paintings. He claimed to have visualized and depicted fundamental elements of modern physics, such as electrons, protons, and mesons. His iconic painting, The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1952-54), reimagined his famous melting clocks within the framework of atomic theory.

Several of Dalí's most significant works from this period exemplify his fascination with science. Galatea of the Spheres (1952), a portrait of his wife Gala composed entirely of spheres, is a testament to his interest in atomic theory. The Railway Station at Perpignan (1965) depicts the station as the center of the universe, incorporating a complex interplay of scientific and religious elements. Leda Atomica (1949), a painting that required extensive mathematical calculations and study, further demonstrates the profound influence of science on his artistic practice.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY  Dalí's early intellectual landscape was shaped by a potent mix of conflicting influences. His mother's devout Catholicism clashed with his father's staunch atheism. This internal conflict was further complicated by his immersion in the Surrealist movement, with its emphasis on psychoanalysis and the exploration of the subconscious. This contradictory foundation laid the groundwork for Dalí's lifelong spiritual quest.

From the 1940s onward, a profound spiritual shift occurred. Dalí reconnected with the Catholic Church, delving into the works of medieval Spanish mystics. He sought to reconcile his earlier anti-clerical stance with his newfound faith. This spiritual awakening culminated in a private audience with Pope Pius XII in 1949, where Dalí presented his painting The Madonna of Port Lligat, which received the Pope's blessing. It was premiered on November 27, 1950 at the Carstairs Gallery in New York. 

The Madonna of Port Lligat 

In the 1950s, Dalí developed his concept of "Nuclear Mysticism." This ambitious framework sought to synthesize seemingly disparate elements: Catholic doctrine, nuclear physics, Renaissance art, and mystical traditions.

Key tenets of Nuclear Mysticism included the belief that recent scientific discoveries, particularly in the realm of atomic physics, provided empirical evidence for the existence of God. Dalí attempted to rationalize Christian theology through the lens of contemporary scientific advancements, arguing that concepts like the Resurrection, Transfiguration, and the Assumption of Mary could be explained by scientific principles. He believed that art, particularly his own, could serve as a visual manifestation of the universe's underlying unity, a concept that could be demonstrated through both scientific and spiritual understanding.

Dalí's philosophical and theological ideas found powerful expression in his art. Paintings like The Christ of Saint John of the Cross (1951) depicted religious themes through a unique lens, blending traditional iconography with a profound understanding of scientific principles. He employed classical painting techniques to explore the complexities of modern physics, incorporating concepts like floating objects and disintegrating forms to reflect his ideas about perceived reality and the nature of consciousness.

POLITICS Dalí’s political views were controversial, as he was criticized for his ambiguous stance during the Spanish Civil War.

SCANDAL In 1936, Dalí stormed out of a surrealist film screening, accusing the filmmaker of stealing ideas from his subconscious.

MILITARY RECORD Dalí served nine months of military service as a toilet cleaner at Sant Ferran castle in Figueres in 1927. He feigned nervous fits to avoid night duty.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Dalí’s later years were marked by declining health. On August 30, 1984, when Dalí was 80 years old, a fire broke out in his bedroom at his castle residence. The fire was reportedly caused by a short circuit in the electric bell on Dalí's bedside table, which he used to call his assistants6. The fire spread to his four-poster bed, which was covered in flammable material.

As a result of this incident, Dalí suffered first- and second-degree burns. While the injuries were not life-threatening, they were severe enough to require hospitalization and subsequent rest at his castle. The fire and resulting injuries confined Dalí to a wheelchair for some time afterward.

This unfortunate event occurred late in Dalí's life and contributed to his declining health in his final years. Despite the setback, reports from the following year indicated that Dalí remained mentally sharp and artistically active, continuing to challenge and provoke even at 80 years old.

HOMES Salvador Dalí's life was inextricably linked to a few key residences, each serving as a backdrop to his artistic evolution and personal life.

Childhood Home in Figueres: Recently opened as Casa Natal Dalí, this four-story 19th-century apartment building at 6 Carrer Monturiol in Figueres, Catalonia, is where Dalí was born in 1904. Transformed into an immersive cultural experience, the home showcases original family spaces, including the bedroom where Dalí was born. Visitors can explore the environment that shaped his early years, gaining insights into his family relationships and the influences that fostered his artistic inclinations.

Portlligat House: This was Dalí's primary home from 1930 to 1982. Initially a modest fisherman's hut in the picturesque village of Portlligat, Spain, Dalí and Gala meticulously expanded it over four decades, transforming it into a labyrinthine structure that Dalí himself described as a "real biological structure." With narrow corridors and a multitude of rooms, this unique residence housed his studio, where some of his most renowned artworks were created. Today, Portlligat House stands as a museum managed by the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation, offering visitors a glimpse into the artist's creative sanctuary.

Púbol Castle: Following Gala's death in 1982, Púbol Castle became Dalí's final residence. Located in Púbol, Spain, this enchanting castle served as his studio and home during his later years. Today, it operates as the Gala Dalí House-Museum, offering a unique perspective on the artist's life and his enduring relationship with his muse.

Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres Erin Silversmith

TRAVEL Dalí traveled extensively for exhibitions and collaborations, including time in Hollywood working with Harpo Marx.

DEATH Salvador Dalí died on the morning of January 23, 1989, at the age of 84. He passed away due to heart failure in Figueres, Spain, the same town where he was born.

In his final years, Dalí had become increasingly withdrawn from public life, especially after the death of his wife Gala in 1982. He spent his last years in poor health and relative isolation at his castle in Spain.

He is buried in the crypt below the stage of the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres. The Dalí Theatre-Museum was a project Dalí himself had worked on, converting the town's old theater into a museum dedicated to his art. This location brings Dalí's life full circle, as he is buried in the same town where he was born and in a building he helped create.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Dalí appeared in surrealist films and inspired numerous documentaries and books about his life and work.

ACHIEVEMENTS Dalí’s contributions to surrealism remain unparalleled, with a legacy celebrated in his Theatre-Museum and by collectors worldwide.

Source Artnet

Dalai Lama

NAME His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. His birth name was Lhamo Thondup, which means "Wish-Fulfilling Goddess"

WHAT FAMOUS FOR The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, specifically the Gelugpa school. He is widely recognized for his advocacy of peace, compassion, and Tibetan autonomy.

BIRTH Born July 6, 1935, in a small village called Taktser in northeastern TibetAmdo, Tibet (now part of Qinghai, China).  He entered this world on the floor of a cow shed on his family’s farm

FAMILY BACKGROUND Born into a humble farming and horse-trading family in northeastern Tibet, the future Dalai Lama, Lhamo Thondup, was the ninth of sixteen children. His parents, Choekyong and Dekyi Tsering, cultivated barley, buckwheat, and potatoes to sustain their family. 

While his father was known for his quick temper, Lhamo Thondup enjoyed a simple childhood in a mud-walled house, dressed in traditional Tibetan attire. Tragically, only seven of his siblings survived infancy. Notably, two of his brothers also attained high spiritual positions, recognized as the 6th Taktser Rinpoche and the 16th Ngari Rinpoche.

CHILDHOOD As a young child, Lhamo Thondup lived a simple life in a square mud-walled house without windows, dressed in traditional Tibetan clothes. At the age of two, he was recognized as the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, following a series of traditional signs and prophecies.

After his recognition, the young boy was separated from his family and brought to Lhasa to begin his new life as the spiritual leader of Tibet. He was enthroned at the age of six in the Potala Palace, which became his official residence. His early years were marked by rigorous spiritual and intellectual training.

The Dalai Lama as a child

EDUCATION The Dalai Lama's education commenced at the age of six and followed the rigorous Nalanda tradition. His studies encompassed a wide range of subjects, including logic, fine arts, Sanskrit grammar, medicine, and various branches of Buddhist philosophy. He also studied minor subjects such as poetry, drama, astrology, and composition. Under the guidance of esteemed scholars and monks, he diligently pursued his studies, dedicating long hours to prayer and meditation.

A significant encounter during his childhood was with Heinrich Harrer, an Austrian mountaineer who became his tutor. Harrer provided the young Dalai Lama with valuable insights into Western culture and global affairs, broadening his perspective beyond the Tibetan world.

At the age of 23, the Dalai Lama culminated his formal education by successfully completing his final examinations during the Great Prayer Festival in Lhasa. He was awarded the prestigious Geshe Lharampa degree, the highest doctorate in Buddhist philosophy, a testament to his dedication and intellectual prowess.

Throughout his childhood and education, the Dalai Lama was meticulously prepared for his dual role as the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet. However, this period coincided with growing political tensions with China, foreshadowing the challenges that lay ahead.

CAREER RECORD He was enthroned as Dalai Lama on November 17, 1950, during the Chinese invasion of Tibet. 

Following the Chinese suppression of an uprising, the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa on March 17, 1959. He arrived in India on March 31, 1959, where he established a government-in-exile in Dharamshala. He remains a prominent advocate for Tibetan autonomy and global peace.

APPEARANCE The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso is known for his warm, engaging smile, kind and expressive eyes, and a bald head, customary for Buddhist monks. He always wears glasses.

Certain physical traits, such as long ears and specific moles, were considered auspicious in Tibetan culture and played a role in his identification as the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama.

The Dalai Lama maintains a simple and serene appearance, reflecting his self-description as a "simple Buddhist monk." While his physical characteristics were significant in his early recognition, his profound impact as a spiritual leader and global figure transcends his outward appearance.

The Dalai Lama in 2013 By Niccolò Caranti Wikipedia

FASHION He typically wears maroon and yellow robes, the traditional colors of Tibetan Buddhist monks.

CHARACTER Renowned for his humility, compassion, and wisdom, the Dalai Lama radiates kindness and a profound sense of calm.

SENSE OF HUMOUR He is known for his playful and disarming humor, often making jokes during his speeches and interactions. 

One notable example of his playful nature occurred during a symposium in Mundgod, India. As the crowd waited solemnly for his arrival, the Dalai Lama entered the room and, instead of beginning with a formal address, he decided to wipe his brow with a white washcloth. Then, rather than setting it aside, he placed it on his head like an absurd floppy hat, wearing it for about an hour while giggling. This spontaneous act immediately lightened the mood, causing the previously serious crowd to laugh along with him.

RELATIONSHIPS As a Buddhist monk, he has taken vows of celibacy and abstains from marriage, dating, and sexual relationships. This is in line with the traditional practices of Tibetan Buddhist monks and the expectations for the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Dalai Lama shares warm connections with world leaders, religious figures, and the Tibetan diaspora. He developed a notable friendship with Pope John Paul II, bonding over shared values of peace and compassion.

MONEY AND FAME Although globally famous, the Dalai Lama leads a modest life, renouncing material possessions. He is dedicated to his spiritual mission and Tibetan advocacy. 

He was on the CIA payroll from the late 1950s to 1974, receiving $180,000 annually to support Tibetan resistance.

The Dalai Lama meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama in 2016

FOOD AND DRINK The Dalai Lama's diet is a harmonious blend of tradition, health, and ethical considerations. He adheres to a strict dietary regimen rooted in Buddhist monastic traditions, with lunch serving as his final meal of the day. His breakfast typically includes porridge, bread, tea, and tsampa, a traditional Tibetan staple made from roasted barley flour.

The Dalai Lama enjoys a diverse range of foods, favoring fresh vegetables such as cauliflower, bitter melon, spinach, tomatoes, and daikon. Thukpa, a Tibetan noodle soup, is a particular favorite. He likely continues to savor traditional Tibetan dishes like momos (dumplings) and shapale (meat-filled fried pastries). While primarily vegetarian, he occasionally consumes meat, a practice adopted after experiencing health issues while on a strictly vegetarian diet in India. He emphasizes that meat consumption is permissible only if the animal was not killed specifically for his consumption.

The Dalai Lama is a strong advocate for reducing meat consumption and improving animal welfare. He has expressed deep concern about the treatment of animals in industrial food production, particularly the plight of egg-laying hens. He enjoys tea, including traditional Tibetan butter tea, and abstains from alcohol.

MUSIC AND ARTS The Dalai Lama, while not a dedicated music enthusiast himself, deeply appreciates the profound impact of music and art. He recognizes their unique abilities. Music possesses the power to transcend cultural barriers and forge deep emotional connections between people. Furthermore, within Mahayana Buddhism traditions, artistic expressions like creating mandalas or composing poetry are considered practices aligned with Dharma, the teachings of the Buddha. The Dalai Lama encourages listeners to go beyond merely enjoying the melody and to delve deeper, reflecting on the profound meanings and messages conveyed within the lyrics.

This nuanced perspective is beautifully exemplified by his participation in the Inner World album. Released on July 6, 2020, his 85th birthday, this project features a collection of mantras and chants set to calming music, with evocative titles such as "Compassion" and "Wisdom." Through this album, the Dalai Lama demonstrates a willingness to embrace music as a powerful medium for sharing Buddhist teachings and connecting with a wider audience.

LITERATURE The Dalai Lama does appreciate literature, particularly works that explore philosophical and spiritual themes. While he is not known to be an avid reader of fiction, he has authored or co-authored over 110 books on various topics related to Buddhism, ethics, and philosophy4.

His own literary output demonstrates a deep engagement with ideas and a desire to share knowledge through the written word. Many of his books explore complex Buddhist concepts, interfaith dialogue, and the intersection of spirituality with modern scienc

NATURE The Dalai Lama has a deep respect for nature and often speaks about environmental preservation. He is, however, frightened of caterpillars.

PETS The Dalai Lama has a fondness for animals. There are photographs of him interacting gently with various animals, including cats, which demonstrate his compassion towards all living beings. 

He used to keep cats as pets but no longer does so. He explained that he stopped having cats because they can cause too much attachment, which goes against Buddhist principles of non-attachment.

The idea of the Dalai Lama having a cat has been popularized by fictional works, such as David Michie's book series The Dalai Lama's Cat. While these stories have captured people's imaginations, they are works of fiction and do not reflect the Dalai Lama's actual living situation

HOBBIES AND SPORTS He enjoys photography, including developing his own pictures.

The Dalai Lama has a long-standing fascination with mechanical objects and enjoys tinkering with them. This interest dates back to his childhood in Tibet and has continued throughout his life. His curiosity extends to a variety of mechanical devices, including clocks and watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars.

The Dalai Lama received his first watch, a rare Patek Philippe pocket watch, in 1943 as a gift from an envoy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Since then, he has developed a notable watch collection and is known to perform maintenance and repairs on his timepieces himself.

He not only enjoys observing these objects but also loves to repair, disassemble, and reassemble them14. This hands-on approach reflects his deep interest in understanding how things work.

The Dalai Lama's daily routine in Dharamsala includes a morning walk, either outdoors or on a treadmill.

SCIENCE AND MATHS The Dalai Lama has a deep and enduring interest in science. He not only enjoys scientific pursuits but actively engages with the scientific community and promotes the integration of scientific knowledge with Buddhist philosophy.

The Dalai Lama's interest in science began in his youth. He has stated that if he hadn't become a monk, he might have been an engineer due to his fascination with how mechanical things work. This curiosity has evolved into a lifelong engagement with various scientific disciplines.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY The Dalai Lama is considered a living Bodhisattva, specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion1. This belief is central to Tibetan Buddhism and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The title "Dalai Lama" means "Ocean of Wisdom" in Tibetan

He embodies and teaches Buddhist philosophy, focusing on compassion, interdependence, and the middle way.

POLITICS Before 1959, the Dalai Lama served as both the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet1. However, following the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1950, Tenzin Gyatso was forced to assume political power at the age of 15. In 1959, fearing assassination, he and thousands of followers fled to Dharamshala in northern India, where they established an alternative government.

The Dalai Lama served as the head of the Tibetan government until 2011 when he relinquished political authority to an elected leader in exile.

He advocates for the peaceful resolution of the Tibetan issue.

Promotes dialogue and understanding between different cultures and religions.

SCANDAL His association with the CIA from the late 1950s to 1974 has drawn criticism.

MILITARY RECORD The 14th Dalai Lama has become a world-renowned figure, widely respected for his commitment to nonviolence and advocacy for Tibetan rights6. He has traveled extensively, giving teachings on Buddhism, compassion, and peace. His efforts have earned him numerous accolades, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS He maintains good health through meditation, moderate exercise, and a balanced diet. He fell ill with hepatitis in the 1960s, which influenced his dietary choices.

HOMES The 14th Dalai Lama currently resides in Dharamshala, India, where he fled in 1959 after the failed Tibetan Uprising. His home is located within the Tsuglagkhang complex in McLeod Ganj, Upper Dharamshala, an area often referred to as "Little Lhasa" due to its significant Tibetan population and cultural influence.

Prior to his exile, the Dalai Lama resided in two main locations within Lhasa, Tibet:

Potala Palace: This majestic dzong fortress served as his winter residence from 1649 to 1959. Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Potala Palace was the seat of the Tibetan government.

The abandoned former quarters of the Dalai Lama at the Potala. Photo taken by Luca Galuzzi

Norbulingka: This served as his summer residence. Both the Potala Palace and Norbulingka are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Following his escape from Tibet in 1959, the Dalai Lama initially established the Tibetan government in exile in Mussoorie, India. In 1960, the government relocated to Dharamshala, where it remains today.

The Dalai Lama's current residence in Dharamshala serves as more than just a home. It is a significant spiritual and cultural center for Tibetan Buddhism, attracting scholars, pilgrims, and tourists from around the world. It stands as a powerful symbol of Tibetan culture and a focal point for the Tibetan community in exile.

TRAVEL The Dalai Lama is a frequent global traveler, spreading his message of peace and compassion.

The Dalai Lama has never personally driven a car. He is typically driven by others in various vehicles. His brother, Tenzin Cheogyal, often served as his driver, particularly when using the 1966 Land Rover Series IIA that was the Dalai Lama's official vehicle for 10 years during his exile.

When traveling now, the Dalai Lama is usually seen as a passenger in various vehicles, ranging from small cars like the Wagon R to larger vehicles such as the Grand Vitara or Honda CRV.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA The Dalai Lama is featured in numerous documentaries, interviews, and biographical works.

ACHIEVEMENTS Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 for his nonviolent efforts for Tibetan autonomy.

Recognized as a global icon of peace and compassion.

Successfully preserved Tibetan culture in exile while inspiring millions worldwide.

Gottlieb Daimler

NAME Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Gottlieb Daimler was a German engineer and industrialist who is credited with the invention of the high-speed internal combustion engine. He is also known for founding the Mercedes-Benz car manufacturer.

BIRTH Gottlieb Daimler was born on March 17, 1834, in Schorndorf, Kingdom of Württemberg (now Germany).

FAMILY BACKGROUND Daimler was born into a modest family. His father, Johannes Daimler, was a master baker and a local town councilor, while his mother, Frederika Daimler, managed the household. The family had deep roots in the area, as the Daimler family had been living in Schorndorf for about two centurie

CHILDHOOD  Young Gottlieb showed an early aptitude for mechanical pursuits, often disassembling and reassembling mechanical devices around his home. This curiosity shaped his future pursuits.

EDUCATION Gottlieb Daimler's fascination with engineering began early in his life. By 13, he had completed six years of primary studies at a Latin school (Lateinschule) while concurrently attending technical drawing classes on Sundays. This early exposure to technical subjects foreshadowed his future career path.

At 14, in 1848, he embarked on a gunsmith apprenticeship in Schorndorf. This experience equipped him with a strong foundation in precision mechanics, a valuable skill for his future endeavors.

After completing his apprenticeship and passing the trade exam in 1852, Daimler continued his education at the Industrial Trade School in Stuttgart. In 1857, he enrolled in Stuttgart's School for Advanced Training in the Industrial Arts (Stuttgart Polytechnic), where he studied under the renowned Ferdinand von Steinbeis. Daimler's dedication extended beyond regular classes, as he also participated in optional Sunday morning classes.

Daimler actively sought practical experience to complement his formal education. He worked at Rollé und Schwilque in Grafenstaden, where he eventually rose to the position of foreman. His pursuit of knowledge also led him to France, where he studied Lenoir's innovative gas engine and gained experience in factories manufacturing locomotives and band saws. Furthermore, Daimler traveled to England, visiting engineering works in various towns to gain firsthand insights into the British mechanical engineering industry.

CAREER RECORD Daimler's career began in 1857, when he took a job as a draftsman at a locomotive factory in Reutlingen. 

In 1862, he moved to Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik, where he worked on the development of stationary gas engines.

After meeting Wilhelm Maybach in the 1860s. they revolutionized automotive technology. In 1885, they created a high-speed petrol engine and the Reitwagen, the first internal combustion motorcycle. Their subsequent innovations included the Grandfather Clock engine, motorized stagecoaches, and boats. 

In 1890, Daimler and Maybach co-founded the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG), marking a turning point in automotive history.

APPEARANCE Daimler was of average height, with a receding hairline and a moustache and beard,. 

Gottlieb Daimler

FASHION Daimler preferred practical and traditional clothing, consistent with the styles of late 19th-century German professionals.

CHARACTER He was known for his meticulous nature, innovative thinking, and determination. Daimler combined a visionary outlook with pragmatic problem-solving skills.

SENSE OF HUMOUR While not known for his humor, Daimler appreciated light-hearted moments among close colleagues and family.

RELATIONSHIPS Gottlieb Daimler was married twice during his lifetime:

Daimler married Emma Pauline Kurz on November 9, 1867, in Maulbronn. Emma was the daughter of Friedrich Kurz, a pharmacist from Maulbronn. Together, they had seven  children. Emma died on July 28, 18894.

After Emma's death, Daimler married for a second time. He wed Lina Hartmann née Schwend on July 8, 1893, in Schwäbisch Hall8. Lina was 22 years younger than Daimler and was the widow owner of the hotel where Daimler had stayed in Florence while recuperating from heart problems in 1892.

The couple went on a honeymoon trip to Chicago, where Daimler also visited the World Exposition.

Daimler maintained a lifelong professional relationship with Wilhelm Maybach. 

MONEY AND FAME Gottlieb Daimler achieved significant wealth and fame during his lifetime, primarily driven by his pioneering work in engine development and the automotive industry. His financial success grew alongside his engineering achievements. In 1880, upon leaving Deutz AG, he received 112,000 Gold marks in company shares as compensation for his and Maybach's patents. This substantial sum enabled him to establish his own business in 1882. In 1895, Daimler regained shares in his company valued at 200,000 Marks for a payment of 66,666 Marks, further demonstrating his growing wealth. At the time of his death, he bequeathed approximately 25% of the share capital in the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft company to his family.

Daimler's innovations and business acumen garnered widespread recognition. He is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the truck and a pioneering figure in modern freight transport. Daimler's engines achieved international acclaim, notably by securing all 15 finishing positions in the 1894 Paris-Rouen road race. His engines' renowned reliability attracted prestigious clients, including Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin, who incorporated Daimler engines into his airships. Daimler's international connections made his engines a prominent topic of discussion abroad, sparking interest among English industrialists. He is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the world's oldest automobile manufacturer, now known as Daimler AG. Daimler is often referred to as "the father of the motorcycle." His work, alongside Carl Benz's, profoundly shaped the industrial landscape of the 20th century.

Despite his considerable success, Daimler remained steadfastly focused on innovation rather than personal acclaim. His visionary concept of utilizing his engine as a universal power source for land, water, and air vehicles was successfully realized, solidifying his enduring legacy within the automotive industry.

FOOD AND DRINK He enjoyed traditional German cuisine, often dining simply despite his success.

MUSIC AND ARTS Daimler appreciated classical music and supported local arts initiatives in Cannstatt.

LITERATURE Daimler was well-read, particularly in technical literature and engineering manuals.

NATURE He took inspiration from nature, which influenced some of his engineering designs.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Daimler enjoyed mechanical tinkering as a pastime and had a keen interest in boating.

A Daimler-powered car won the very first international car race – Paris to Rouen

SCIENCE AND MATHS He excelled in mechanical engineering, thermodynamics, and practical applications of physics.

INVENTIONS Gottlieb Daimler was a tinkerer extraordinaire. By the ripe old age of 10, he was already apprenticing with a gunsmith, whipping up double-barreled pistols like they were going out of style. It was clear young Gottlieb had a thing for machines, a fascination that would propel him, quite literally, into the history books.

After graduating, he embarked on a whirlwind tour of Europe, picking up practical experience in France and Britain. It was during this time that he stumbled upon a fellow gearhead named Wilhelm Maybach, a partnership that would change the course of transportation forever.

In 1882, these two restless minds decided to strike out on their own. Their workshop in Cannstatt wasn't exactly Buckingham Palace, but it was there that the magic happened. Their goal? To cram some serious power into a tiny package – a high-speed engine that could propel all sorts of contraptions. And boy, did they deliver.

First up was a little ditty they called the "high-speed petrol engine" in 1883. Not the catchiest name, but it got the job done. This wasn't your grandpappy's chugging steam engine – this was a firecracker waiting to be lit. Then came the "grandfather clock" engine in 1884, named for its, well, resemblance to a grandfather clock. Not exactly sleek, but a testament to their relentless tinkering. They were granted a German patent for their engine design on April 3, 1885.

The 1885 Grandfather Clock Engine by Morio

But Daimler and Maybach weren't ones to rest on their laurels. In 1885, they plopped their engine on a two-wheeled contraption and – voila! – the world's first motorcycle, the poetically named Petroleum Reitwagen (Riding Car). 

A year later, they weren't done yet. Taking their engine to the next level, they adapted it to a stagecoach, basically creating one of the first four-wheeled automobiles. Talk about a horseless carriage – this was the real deal.

Daimler's impact on the world is undeniable. His engines weren't just for cars – they were powering boats, trolleys, fire trucks, even those wacky dirigibles that looked like oversized cigars. He even played a part in spreading the gospel of the automobile internationally, licensing his engines to manufacturers around the globe. So next time you're stuck in traffic, take a moment to thank Gottlieb Daimler, the gearhead who kickstarted the horseless carriage revolution.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Daimler held strong Protestant values and believed in the importance of hard work and perseverance.

POLITICS He avoided direct political involvement, focusing instead on technological innovation.

SCANDAL Daimler faced business challenges, including disputes with investors, but avoided personal scandals.

When Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach were working on their engine designs in 1882, they converted Daimler's summer house in Cannstatt into a secret workshop. They covered the glass walls with cloth and worked day and night under strict secrecy. The strange noises coming from the workshop aroused suspicion in Daimler's gardener, who believed there was a counterfeiting operation taking place. The gardener called the police, who conducted a raid only to find tools and engine parts

MILITARY RECORD Though not a soldier, Daimler's engineering skills contributed to military applications, particularly in vehicle design.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Daimler’s later years were marked by health issues, including heart disease, which limited his mobility.

HOMES Gottlieb Daimler was born in a historic half-timbered house on Höllgasse in Schorndorf, Germany. This house, dating back to around 1695, was acquired by Daimler's grandfather in two installments between 1787 and 1806. It served as the family home where young Gottlieb grew up as a baker's son. Today, this significant birthplace is a museum and conference center, owned by Daimler AG since 1979, preserving the legacy of the renowned inventor.

In 1882, at the age of 48, Daimler purchased a villa in Bad Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, for the substantial sum of 75,000 Gold marks. Located on Taubenheimstrasse, at the edge of picturesque spa gardens, this property offered a serene environment. Daimler, who suffered from cardiac issues, was drawn to the villa's proximity to spa facilities, hoping for potential health benefits. The property also boasted a spacious garden complete with a greenhouse.

This greenhouse, however, would soon play a pivotal role in automotive history. Daimler and his collaborator Wilhelm Maybach transformed the greenhouse into a workshop and testing station, a secret haven for their groundbreaking research. It was within these walls that they conducted their initial tests on the small, high-speed internal combustion engine, culminating in its successful development in 1885. This remarkable achievement earned the greenhouse the distinction of being recognized as the birthplace of both the motorcycle and the motorboat.

The secrecy surrounding their work within this workshop inevitably led to some amusing episodes. Suspicions of counterfeiting even resulted in a police raid, highlighting the clandestine nature of their innovative pursuits.

Today, the garden house workshop is meticulously preserved as the Gottlieb Daimler Memorial. This captivating museum showcases the ambiance of those pioneering years through a fascinating array of exhibits, including tools, drawings, documents, photographs, and models. It serves as a poignant reminder of the ingenuity and dedication that fueled Daimler's revolutionary contributions to the automotive world.

Daimler's summer house (Cannstatt) Wikipedia

TRAVEL Gottlieb Daimler was a seasoned traveler, his journeys proving instrumental in both his professional development and personal life.

Daimler's early career saw him embark on a series of educational and professional travels. In the early 1850s, he gained valuable practical experience in mechanical engineering while working in France.

From autumn 1861 to summer 1863, Daimler ventured to England, then considered the "motherland of technology." This period proved highly enriching, as he visited several renowned engineering firms, including Beyer, Peacock & Company in Manchester, engineering works in Oldham and Leeds, locomotive manufacturers in Manchester, and a machine tool factory in Coventry. While in England, he also attended the prestigious 1862 International Exhibition in London, broadening his horizons further.

Before returning to Germany, Daimler also gained valuable experience working in Belgium.

Daimler's travels extended beyond personal and educational pursuits. In late 1881, he embarked on a business trip to Russia on behalf of the gas engine factory. This journey aimed to explore potential business opportunities and gain insights into the state of Russian industry.

In 1893, Daimler and his second wife, Lina, embarked on a memorable honeymoon to North America. They attended the prestigious World Exposition in Chicago, experiencing the cutting-edge technology and industrial advancements of the time.

In the spring of 1893, Daimler traveled to Florence, Italy, seeking medical treatment for his heart condition.

Daimler's legacy lives on in every car that zooms down the road today. The company he co-founded eventually merged with another car pioneer, Carl Benz, to form Daimler-Benz, which later became the Mercedes-Benz we all know and love. 

DEATH Gottlieb Daimler died on March 6, 1900, at the age of 65 in Cannstatt, near Stuttgart, Germany. His death came after years of suffering from a heart condition that had affected him since the late 1880s..

Daimler's funeral and burial took place shortly after his death. He was laid to rest in the Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. This cemetery, located in the area where Daimler had lived and worked for many years, became his final resting place.

The death of Gottlieb Daimler marked the end of an era in automotive history. He had just enough time to see the fruits of his labor and innovations in the automotive industry before his passing. Daimler's death came only seven years after his return to the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) in 1895, during which time the company experienced a significant upturn in business

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Daimler’s life and contributions have been highlighted in documentaries and exhibitions about the history of the automobile. 

They include:

The Birth of the Automobile – This documentary explores the contributions of Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach to automotive engineering, highlighting their innovations like the Reitwagen and the Grandfather Clock engine.

The Innovators: Daimler and Maybach – A detailed look at their partnership and the challenges they overcame to revolutionize transportation.

Mercedes-Benz Museum (Stuttgart, Germany) – Daimler’s life and inventions are central features of this museum. Interactive exhibits showcase his Grandfather Clock engine and the Reitwagen.

Deutsches Museum (Munich, Germany) – Includes exhibits on Daimler’s contributions to engineering and his collaboration with Maybach.

ACHIEVEMENTS Development of the high-speed petrol engine (1885)

Creation of the Reitwagen, the first internal combustion motorcycle (1885)

The Reitwagen (riding car), the first internal combustion motorcycle By Joachim Köhler

Foundation of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (1890)

Production of the first automobile (1892)

Contribution to the merger forming Daimler-Benz AG (1926)

Roald Dahl

NAME Roald Dahl. He was named after Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Roald Dahl was a renowned and beloved children's author, known for his imaginative and often darkly humorous stories.

BIRTH Roald Dahl was born on September 13, 1916, in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales.

FAMILY BACKGROUND  Roald Dahl was born to Norwegian parents, Harald and Sofie Magdalene Dahl. His father, a prosperous shipbroker who had emigrated to the UK from Sarpsborg, Norway, also had two older children, Louis and Ellen, from a previous marriage. Roald had four sisters: Astri, Alfhild, Else, and Asta.

Tragedy struck the Dahl family early on. When Roald was just three years old, his older sister Astri succumbed to appendicitis. This devastating loss was compounded by the sudden death of his father from pneumonia a few weeks later, leaving Sofie to raise her children alone in Wales, fulfilling her husband's wish for them to receive an English education.

Roald age 10 with his sisters Alfhild, Else and Asta. Cardiff, 1927.

CHILDHOOD Despite his early losses, Dahl's childhood had its joys. His mother, a gifted storyteller with a remarkable memory, captivated young Roald with tales of Norwegian folklore, including trolls and other mythical creatures. This undoubtedly influenced his own imaginative storytelling later in life.

Dahl's first language was Norwegian, spoken at home. He developed a strong love for reading, particularly the adventure novels of Rudyard Kipling and H. Rider Haggard.

His early sense of humor emerged when, at age eight, he and his friends orchestrated the Great Mouse Plot of 1924, placing a dead mouse in a sweet jar as a prank. 

EDUCATION Roald's formal education began at Llandaff Cathedral School, but he only attended for two years. He then moved to St. Peter's Preparatory School in Weston-super-Mare, where he endured a challenging boarding school experience, finding many teachers to be cruel and facing frequent corporal punishment.

At the age of 13, Dahl transferred to Repton Public School in Derbyshire. While he excelled in sports, especially cricket and swimming, his academic performance was less impressive. His English master even remarked that he lacked the ability to express himself effectively in writing.

Despite these academic struggles, Repton provided a crucial inspiration for his future work. The school's proximity to the Cadbury chocolate factory, where students were occasionally invited to sample new products, undoubtedly played a role in the creation of his beloved novel, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

CAREER RECORD Began his career as a Shell-Mex and BP employee in Africa.

Served as a fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force during World War II.

Started writing short stories for magazines like The New Yorker.

Gained fame as a children's author with books like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach, Matilda, and Fantastic Mr. Fox.

APPEARANCE Roald Dahl was a remarkably tall man, towering at 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 meters). During his service in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II, his exceptional height earned him the nickname "Lofty."

Dahl's appearance was quite distinctive, extending beyond his height. In The BFG, one of his beloved children's books, he provides a vivid description of the giant: "Sophie caught a glimpse of an enormous long pale wrinkly face with the most enormous ears. The nose was as sharp as a knife, and above there were two bright flashing eyes." While this describes a fictional character, some speculate that Dahl drew inspiration from his own unique features, particularly his height. This physical distinctiveness likely contributed to his ability to create larger-than-life characters that captivated the imaginations of children worldwide.

Dahl's height was unusual for his time, especially for a fighter pilot. This unique physical trait undoubtedly set him apart throughout his life, becoming an integral part of his persona, both as a writer and in his personal life.

Dahl in 1954

FASHION He dressed simply, favoring practical and comfortable clothing. Dahl was often seen wearing a tweed jacket and a pipe.

CHARACTER Dahl's character was marked by contradictions. He could be kind and generous, yet also cruel and insensitive. As his biographer Jeremy Treglown observed, "Many people loved him and had reason to be grateful to him; many – some of them the same people – frankly detested him."

His early life experiences, including the loss of his father and sister at a young age and the challenges of boarding school, likely contributed to the complexities of his personality. These experiences also deeply influenced his writing, often resulting in stories with dark undertones and morally ambiguous characters.

In his professional life, Dahl was determined and resourceful, traits that undoubtedly contributed to his success as an author. However, he could also be boastful and egotistical about his achievements.

Despite his flaws, Dahl's enduring legacy rests on his ability to create magical worlds and unforgettable characters that continue to captivate readers worldwide. This enduring appeal serves as a testament to the duality of his nature – a man capable of both charm and controversy, 

SENSE OF HUMOUR Roald Dahl's writing was undeniably shaped by his unique sense of humor, a blend of darkness, wordplay, and absurdity that resonated with both children and adults.

1. Dahl wasn't afraid to delve into the macabre. His stories often featured gruesome details and unsettling imagery, a stark contrast to the more sanitized fare typically found in children's literature. For instance, in The Witches, he provides vivid, grotesque descriptions of the witches' physical appearances, including their bald, red-spotted heads and toe-less feet. This dark humor, however, was cleverly balanced with lighter elements, creating a unique and captivating blend.

2. Dahl was a master of language. He delighted in inventing nonsense words, crafting witty puns, creating humorous character names, and employing alliteration and onomatopoeia with masterful effect. One  example of his linguistic creativity can be found in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, where he introduces the concept of "Square sweets that look round."

In this scene, Willy Wonka presents the children with a confectionery conundrum:

"'There you are!' cried Mr Wonka. 'Square sweets that look round!'

'They don't look round to me,' said Mike Teavee. 'They look square,' said Veruca Salt. 'They look completely square.'

'But they are square,' said Mr Wonka. 'I never said they weren't.'

'You said they were round!' said Veruca Salt.

'I never said anything of the sort,' said Mr Wonka. 'I said they looked round.'"

This exchange showcases Dahl's clever use of wordplay, exploiting the dual meaning of "round" - both as a shape and as a way of saying "to look around." 

3. Dahl embraced the absurd. He believed that children have an inherent fascination with "disgusting stories," a belief reflected in his creation of scenarios that were both revolting and hilarious. This approach served a dual purpose: it allowed children to vicariously experience the grotesque while simultaneously feeling a sense of superiority over the depicted events.

4. Dahl's writing was often laced with sarcasm and irony. He frequently employed a sly, knowing tone, inviting the reader to share in his amusement at the expense of certain characters or situations. This sophisticated use of humor appealed to adults as well as children, contributing significantly to the enduring popularity of his works.

RELATIONSHIPS Roald Dahl was married twice.

Dahl married American actress Patricia Neal on July 2, 1953, at Trinity Church in New York City. 

They had five children: Olivia Twenty (who tragically died at the age of seven), Tessa, Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy. Tessa is the mother of author and model Sophie Dahl, after whom the character Sophie in The BFG is named.

Their marriage faced significant challenges, particularly following Neal's series of strokes in the mid-1960s. They ultimately divorced in 1983.

Patricia Neal and Roald Dahl in April 1954

Shortly after his divorce from Neal, Dahl married Felicity d'Abreu Crosland on June 2, 1983, at Brixton Town Hall in South London. Felicity, often referred to as "Liccy," was a set designer who became an integral part of Dahl's life. They resided together at Gipsy House, Dahl's home in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, until his death in 1990.

Dahl's relationships and family life undoubtedly influenced his writing, particularly his children's books, which often explored themes of family, childhood, and the complexities of human relationships.

MONEY AND FAME Roald Dahl's wealth and fame have grown significantly throughout his life and continue to expand posthumously, solidifying his position as one of the most successful children's authors of all time.

At the time of his death in 1990, Roald Dahl's net worth was estimated to be around $20 million. This wealth was primarily generated through his prolific writing career, spanning decades and encompassing both children's books and adult fiction. His books had already achieved massive global success, with titles like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and James and the Giant Peach becoming international bestsellers.

Since Dahl's passing, the value of his estate has skyrocketed. By 2018, his books had sold over 300 million copies worldwide. The Roald Dahl Story Company, managed by his widow Felicity and their children, has been highly profitable, generating significant annual revenue. In a landmark deal, Netflix acquired the Roald Dahl Story Company for $1.5 billion over two transactions: $1 billion in 2018 for animation rights and $500 million in 2021 for complete ownership.

Dahl's fame extends far beyond financial success. He is widely considered one of the greatest British authors of the 20th century. In 2008, The Times ranked him 16th on its list of "The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945." Forbes even ranked him as the top-earning dead celebrity in 2021. His books continue to captivate readers worldwide and inspire numerous film and stage adaptations, ensuring his enduring fame with new generations.

FOOD AND DRINK Roald Dahl had a passionate relationship with food and drink, which was evident in both his personal life and his literary works.

Dahl was a self-proclaimed chocoholic, preferring his chocolate "straight" in candy bar form. He also enjoyed fresh fish, particularly Norwegian prawns, and was a fan of homegrown vegetables, especially young broad beans. Caviar was reportedly his ultimate indulgence. He was known for his culinary flair, often hosting elaborate dinners for friends and family at his home, Gipsy House.

Dahl's fascination with food often appeared in his stories, like the chocolate factory in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Dahl was an avid wine collector, boasting a cellar of approximately 4000 bottles at Gipsy House. He enjoyed a glass of wine every evening without fail. He also shared his love for unique beverages with his children, creating "Witches' Potions" by blending milk with canned peaches and food coloring.

Dahl's culinary habits were as unique as his personality. He had a dedicated bacon slicer to create paper-thin slices and occasionally surprised his children with bacon and marmalade sandwiches for tea. And, in a touch of whimsical eccentricity, he was known to add cake decorating sprinkles to Jell-O® for a unique textural experience.

MUSIC AND ARTS  Roald Dahl had a deep appreciation for music and the arts, particularly classical music. While he did not frequently attend concerts due to his tall stature making it uncomfortable to sit in theater seats, he thoroughly enjoyed listening to music at home.

Dahl had a particular fondness for classical composers, with his widow Felicity noting that "he adored listening to Mozart, to Brahms and especially to Beethoven - his great passion". He would often relax in an armchair at home while enjoying these composers' works.

He collected works of art and antiques.

Dahl wrote screenplays for Ian Fleming’s You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and contributed to other media, including his TV anthology shows Way Out and Tales of the Unexpected.

LITERATURE Roald Dahl authored nearly 50 books, blending dark humor, fantastical elements, and memorable characters. 

After an eventful stint in the Royal Air Force Dahl began writing short stories for adults. These early efforts, often dark and unsettling, were like a literary version of a Hitchcock film – deliciously morbid, you know?

But then, as fate would have it, he stumbled upon a new audience: children. James and the Giant Peach, inspired by bedtime stories he concocted for his own offspring, proved to be a turning point. Suddenly, Dahl was a children's author, and the world, it seemed, couldn't get enough of his peculiar brand of storytelling.

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The BFG, Matilda – these weren't your typical children's books. Oh no. Dahl injected them with a healthy dose of the grotesque, a touch of the sinister, and a healthy disrespect for authority. He knew, you see, that children possess a rather morbid sense of humor. They enjoy the deliciously disgusting, the delightfully wicked. Dahl gave them exactly what they craved.

Of course, he wasn't entirely immune to the lure of Hollywood. He dabbled in screenwriting, but his true passion, it seems, lay in conjuring up fantastical worlds and inventing characters that were both charming and utterly bizarre.

Dahl, alas, left us in 1990, but his legacy continues to thrive. His books have sold millions upon millions of copies, been translated into every conceivable language, and have been adapted into countless films and stage productions. He may have been a bit of a rogue, a bit of a grump, but there's no denying his genius. Roald Dahl, the man who brought us giants and witches, chocolate rivers and talking vegetables, remains one of the most beloved and influential children's authors of all time.

Dahl had a lifelong love for literature and reading.

NATURE Roald Dahl had a deep and lifelong love for nature, which profoundly influenced both his writing and his personal life.

Dahl's appreciation for nature began early. His father believed that exposing a pregnant woman to natural beauty would instill a love for beauty in the unborn child. Growing up, Dahl enjoyed the Welsh countryside and idyllic summers in Norway, where he experienced the magic of the natural world firsthand. He developed a keen interest in birds, collecting their eggs (before it became illegal) with great care and respect.

Dahl's writing often reflected his love for nature. Many of his stories explored the complex relationship between humans and the wilderness, emphasizing the importance of respecting and living in harmony with nature. In books like Fantastic Mr. Fox and Danny, the Champion of the World, he criticized those who exploited or destroyed nature out of greed or indifference. His final book, Billy and the Minpins, encouraged readers to discover the wonder and magic of nature, reminding them to look for "the greatest secrets" in the most unexpected places.

Dahl was an avid gardener. He cultivated an orchid house where he experimented with over 400 breeds of phalaenopsis orchids. This unique space also housed a massive cactus, inherited from his mother, which grew so large that the roof of the orchid house had to be periodically raised to accommodate its impressive size.

He enjoyed foraging for wild mushrooms.

PETS Dahl bred budgerigars (budgies) and dogs as hobbies.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Dahl often carried a camera with him and enjoyed taking photographs.

He enjoyed sports like squash and fives and played golf.

He had an interest in greyhound racing.

Dahl enjoyed playing snooker in his leisure time.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Dahl engaged in precision engineering when designing the WDT valve to aid children with hydrocephalus. His invention of the WDT valve showcased his ability to merge creativity with engineering solutions.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY While his works often had moral undertones, Dahl did not explicitly align with any particular philosophical or theological framework.

POLITICS Dahl used his charm to advance British interests in the U.S. during World War II, even taking on roles that involved influencing powerful women.

SCANDAL Dahl was criticized for his controversial views later in life, including making anti-Semitic remarks that caused significant backlash. His controversial remarks tarnished his legacy for some.

MILITARY RECORD In November 1939, at the age of 23, Roald Dahl enlisted in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in Nairobi, Kenya. He initially accepted a commission in the British Army, specifically the Royal African Rifles, but transferred to the RAF after just one month of service. He began his flight training in Nairobi, flying Tiger Moth aircraft.

Dahl was assigned to 80 Squadron, where he initially flew the obsolete Gloster Gladiator biplane. On September 19, 1940, while delivering a new aircraft, he crash-landed in the Libyan desert, sustaining a fractured skull and experiencing temporary blindness. After recovering, he transitioned to flying the more modern Hawker Hurricane in combat missions.

Dahl's first aerial combat encounter occurred on April 15, 1941, over Chalcis, Greece, where he successfully shot down a Junkers Ju 88 bomber. He achieved a total of five confirmed aerial victories, earning him the distinction of a "flying ace." He participated in the fierce Battle of Athens on April 20, 1941, where his squadron faced overwhelming odds against the German Luftwaffe. He also engaged in operations over Greece, Crete, and Syria, including attacks on Vichy French forces.

Dahl's military record includes shooting down multiple enemy aircraft, including Ju 88s and a Vichy French Potez 63. He participated in daring raids, such as the attack on Rayak airfield in Syria. He survived numerous dangerous missions, particularly the challenging Battle of Athens.

Persistent headaches, a consequence of his earlier crash injuries, ultimately forced Dahl to end his RAF service. He was invalided out of the RAF in August 1946 with the rank of Squadron Leader.

Post-war research has confirmed his record of five aerial victories, with the possibility of more unconfirmed kills.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS At age 21, while working at Shell Oil, Dahl decided to have all his teeth extracted by a highly regarded dentist in London, believing they were "more trouble than they were worth." He then had an artificial set created to replace them.

This decision wasn't entirely unusual for British people at the time, but Dahl took it a step further by becoming an advocate for tooth removal. He tried to convince his mother and siblings to follow his example, though only his mother agreed.

Five years after the initial extraction, Dahl treated himself to a fancier set of artificial teeth using the proceeds from his first paid piece of writing, Shot Down in Libya.

In 1960, tragedy struck the Dahl family when their young son, Theo, suffered a severe head injury after being hit by a car. The standard medical treatments at the time proved ineffective in relieving the pressure that had built up in Theo's brain. Determined to help his son, Dahl, in collaboration with his friend Stanley Wade, an expert in precision hydraulic engineering, and paediatric neurosurgeon Kenneth Till, designed a revolutionary medical device.

They developed the Wade-Dahl-Till (WDT) valve, a groundbreaking invention that aimed to safely drain excess fluid from the brain. While Theo fortunately recovered to the point where the valve was no longer necessary, the WDT valve has since gone on to save the lives of over 3000 children worldwide. This remarkable invention stands as a testament to Dahl's ingenuity and his unwavering dedication to his son.

HOMES Dahl's early years were spent in Cardiff, Wales. He was born in Villa Marie (later renamed Ty Gwyn) on Fairwater Road in 1916. The family later moved to Ty Mynydd, a country estate in Radyr, and subsequently to Cumberland Lodge, which is now part of Howell's School nursery.

Dahl's most famous residence was Gipsy House in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. Purchased in 1954 for £4,500 with his first wife, Patricia Neal, it was originally named Little Whitefield and later renamed Gipsy House in 1960. Set on six acres of land with an orchard and gardens, the house underwent extensive renovations and expansions over the years.

A writing hut nestled within the gardens served as Dahl's creative sanctuary, where he penned many of his most beloved works. While Gipsy House is no longer open to the public, Dahl's writing hut is now on display at the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.

Dahl also lived in a London mews apartment in Clapham Common. Additionally, he cherished The Cabin in Tenby, Pembrokeshire, a holiday home where he spent Easter holidays for 16 years as a child. The first-floor apartment in The Cabin is now available for holiday rentals.

Dahl's homes, particularly Gipsy House, played a crucial role in shaping his writing career and family life. The gardens and surroundings often inspired elements of his stories, such as the gypsy caravan featured in Danny, the Champion of the World.

TRAVEL Dahl traveled extensively for Shell Petroleum and during his military service.

DEATH Roald Dahl died on November 23, 1990, at the age of 74 in Oxford, England. He passed away due to a rare blood cancer called myelodysplastic syndrome. Dahl had been admitted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on November 12 with an undisclosed infection.

His granddaughter arranged a special Viking-style funeral to honor Dahl's Norwegian roots. This unconventional approach reflected the author's imaginative spirit and his family's desire to celebrate his life in a meaningful way.

Dahl was laid to rest in the churchyard of St. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. The church is situated on a hill overlooking the village, providing a picturesque final resting place for the beloved author.

Dahl's grave is marked by a simple black slab, contrary to what some might expect for such a famous author. The gravestone bears his name and the dates of his birth and death.

In keeping with the Viking funeral theme and to honor Dahl's personal interests, he was buried with several of his favorite possessions: Burgundy wine, chocolates, HB pencils, snooker cues, and a power saw

Dahl's grave has become a place of pilgrimage for fans. Visitors often leave small tokens, including candy bars, as a tribute to the author of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and other beloved children's classics

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Many of Dahl’s stories were adapted into films, including Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The BFG, and Matilda. 

He appeared in interviews and documentaries, often sharing anecdotes about his life and career. 

Dahl hosted and narrated episodes of his television series Way Out (1961) and introduced adaptations of his stories in Tales of the Unexpected (1979–1988). 

His works have also inspired numerous stage productions, such as the musicals Matilda and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. His persona and writings have been referenced in pop culture, cementing his status as a literary icon.

ACHIEVEMENTS Dahl’s contributions to literature earned him global acclaim, and his birthday, September 13, is celebrated as "Roald Dahl Day". His philanthropic efforts, like the WDT valve, have saved countless lives.

Source The Independent