Cleopatra

NAME Cleopatra VII Philopator

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Last active Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, played a pivotal role in Egypt's political struggles against Rome.

BIRTH Cleopatra was born in 69 BC, likely in Alexandria, Egypt.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes ("the Flute Player") and likely his sister, Cleopatra V Tryphaena. She belonged to the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Macedonian-Greek descent., which had ruled Egypt since the death of Alexander the Great. Cleopatra was the eldest surviving child, and had a younger sister named Arsinoë.

CHILDHOOD Cleopatra’s early life was marked by court intrigue, family disputes, and political instability. Her father’s reign was unpopular, and Cleopatra grew up learning the complexities of ruling Egypt.

EDUCATION Exceptionally well-educated, Cleopatra spoke eleven languages, mastered mathematics, and astronomy. She was one of the few Ptolemies to speak Egyptian, further connecting with her subjects.

CAREER RECORD Cleopatra ascended to the throne at age 18 in 52 BC, following the death of her father, initially co-ruling with her younger brother Ptolemy XIII.  Cleopatra's first known act as queen took place on  March 22, 51 BC, when she traveled to Hermonthis to install a new sacred Buchis bull.

50 BC: Ptolemy XIII wrested control, forcing Cleopatra to flee to Syria.

48 BC: Cleopatra returned with an army but fails to regain power at Pelusium.

48 BC: Met Julius Caesar, forming a strategic alliance and romantic relationship.

47 BC: Regained the throne with Caesar's support; Ptolemy XIII dies.

Married younger brother Ptolemy XIV who becomes co-ruler.

44 BC: Orchestrated the murder of Ptolemy XIV securing the throne for herself

APPEARANCE Contrary to her reputation as a great beauty, Cleopatra had masculine features, a hooked nose, and a strong jawline. She was around 5’3” with medium build and curly hair. Her allure came from her intelligence, charisma, and voice, described by Roman historian Plutarch as “a delight merely to hear.”

Marblebust of Cleopatra VII of Egypt 30-40 BC Wikipedia 

FASHION Cleopatra wore elaborate makeup, including green eye paint, kohl eyeliner, and carmine-dyed lips, with 70,000 beetles needed for just one pound of carmine. She often donned a dark wig, papyrus sandals, and fine linen robes.

CHARACTER Charming, shrewd, and ambitious, Cleopatra was a wily political strategist. She was also sensual and bewitching, known for her enchanting personality and quick wit, making her a formidable force in both love and politics.

"The charm of her conversation and the character and intelligence of all that she said was bewitching. It was a delight merely to hear the sound of her voice." Plutarch 

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cleopatra could impressively flaunt her wealth and power with wit, such as dissolving a priceless pearl in vinegar at a banquet with Mark Antony, proving she could consume a fortune in one meal.

RELATIONSHIPS Cleopatra, a figure shrouded in myth and legend, ascended to the throne at a remarkably young age. At twelve, she was forced into a marriage with her younger brother, Ptolemy XIV, a tradition among the Pharaohs.

Her life took a dramatic turn in 48 BC when Julius Caesar, the powerful Roman emperor, arrived in Alexandria. Cleopatra, known for her charm and wit, had herself smuggled into Caesar's palace, rolled up in a rug like a precious gift. Captivated by her beauty and intelligence, Caesar helped her regain the throne and they became lovers. Their relationship produced a son, Caesarion, who was tragically murdered by Octavian's agents at the young age of seventeen.

Cleopatra was in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC.

Cleopatra and Caesar (1866), a painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Following Caesar's death, Cleopatra's allure continued to ensnare powerful men. In 42 BC, she met Mark Antony, a prominent Roman general, and quickly captivated him. Despite his marriage to Octavian's sister, Octavia, Antony was deeply enamored with Cleopatra. Together, they ruled Egypt and had three children.

However, Cleopatra's ambitions extended beyond Egypt. She saw Antony's connections in the Eastern world as an opportunity to revive ancient Egypt's glory. But her pursuit of power and her relationship with Antony ultimately led to their downfall.

In a desperate attempt to save their relationship, Cleopatra orchestrated a series of dramatic events. She convinced Antony that she had committed suicide, hoping to soften his resolve. When Antony discovered the deception, he was heartbroken and took his own life. Cleopatra, devastated by his death, followed suit, ensuring that their tragic love story would be remembered for centuries to come.

MONEY AND FAME Cleopatra is widely regarded as one of the richest women in history. Her wealth was primarily derived from her position as the Pharaoh of Egypt and her control over the country's vast resources. Cleopatra's net worth has been estimated to be as high as $95.8 billion in today's currency12. This astronomical figure places her among the wealthiest individuals in history, not just among women.

Cleopatra lived a life of immense luxury, enjoying palaces, lavish banquets, and opulent displays of wealth.

A story told by Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder, claims that Cleopatra bet Mark Antony she could spend 10 million sesterces on a single meal. To win the bet, she allegedly dissolved one of her priceless pearl earrings in vinegar and drank it. Pliny estimated the value of Cleopatra's pearl earrings at 60 million sestertii, equivalent to about $28.5 million today

FOOD AND DRINK Cleopatra was fond of antelope meat and figs. She also delighted in extravagance, demonstrated by her famous banquet with Antony, where she dissolved pearls in vinegar to showcase her wealth.

The Banquet of Cleopatra (1744), by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,

MUSIC AND ARTS She had a keen appreciation for the arts, often surrounding herself with scholars, musicians, and astronomers. Cleopatra’s luxurious river barge, with its purple sails and silver oars, was said to have music playing as she sailed.

LITERATURE Cleopatra was well-read, enjoying rare manuscripts, which she read to Mark Antony in the great Library of Alexandria. She appreciated intellectual discourse and elevated the ranks of scholars during her reign.

Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff (2010): This bestselling biography by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Stacy Schiff offers a detailed and nuanced portrait of Cleopatra, debunking many myths and portraying her as a politically astute leader rather than just a seductive figure. Schiff’s book has been credited with reviving scholarly interest in Cleopatra’s actual reign.

NATURE Cleopatra admired exotic animals and plants, likely importing them to decorate her palaces. She held a deep fascination with natural beauty, such as perfumes and rare gemstones.

PETS Cleopatra had a cat named Charmain, an example of her fondness for animals, particularly those considered sacred in Egyptian culture.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS She enjoyed sailing and outdoor activities, frequently traveling down the Nile on her magnificent barge.

Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra mentions Cleopatra playing billiards. This reference appears in Act 2, Scene 5 of the play. At the beginning of the scene, Cleopatra is looking for ways to pass the time while Antony is away. She initially asks for music, saying "Give me some music; music, moody food / Of us that trade in love." However, she quickly changes her mind and suggests playing billiards instead. Cleopatra says, "Let it alone; let's to billiards: come, Charmian. This reference to billiards is an anachronism, as the game as we know it today did not exist in ancient Egypt. Shakespeare often included such anachronisms in his plays, using contemporary references that his audience would understand, rather than strictly adhering to historical accuracy.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cleopatra had a strong interest in astronomy and mathematics. She was rumored to have introduced Julius Caesar to Sosigenes of Alexandria, an astronomer who contributed to the creation of the Julian calendar.

Cleopatra was reportedly interested in the study of poisons and their effects. According to some sources, she "began to test them on condemned prisoners to see the different reactions produced in the body and found toxic limits". 

Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners (1887), by Alexandre Cabanel

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Cleopatra was a deeply spiritual ruler, identifying herself with the goddess Isis, and ensuring her reign was intertwined with Egypt’s religious practices.

POLITICS Cleopatra was a master of political strategy, maintaining Egypt’s independence through alliances with powerful Roman leaders, including Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.

REIGN Imagine a woman who could make the most powerful men in the world swoon at her feet. A woman who could turn kingdoms upside down with a single glance. A woman who was as cunning as a fox and as beautiful as a goddess. That woman was Cleopatra.

Cleopatra wasn’t just any queen. She was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, a dynasty that traced its roots back to Alexander the Great. She was a descendant of the man who had conquered the world, and she lived up to that legacy.

But Cleopatra wasn’t just a royal. She was a force of nature. She was intelligent, charismatic, and ruthless. She could charm her way into the hearts of the most powerful men in Rome, and she could outsmart her enemies with ease.

Her life was a whirlwind of romance, intrigue, and political maneuvering. She had affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, two of the most powerful men in Rome. She fought wars, gave birth to children, and ruled over a vast empire.

But it wasn’t all sunshine and rainbows. Cleopatra’s life was also filled with tragedy and heartbreak. She lost her lover, Julius Caesar, to assassination. She was betrayed by her allies. And in the end, she was defeated by her enemies and forced to commit suicide.

Despite her tragic end, Cleopatra’s legacy lives on. She is remembered as one of the most fascinating and powerful women in history. She was a woman who defied expectations, who lived life on her own terms, and who left an indelible mark on the world.

SCANDAL Cleopatra’s relationship with Caesar was scandalous to the Romans, as he was already married to Calpurnia. Her affair with Antony, despite his marriage to Octavia, further tarnished her reputation in Rome.

MILITARY RECORD Cleopatra actively supported Antony in his military campaigns, even commanding her own fleet during the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, she fled during the battle, leading to Antony's defeat.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cleopatra was physically active and known for her vitality. Her overall health seemed strong until the last phase of her life.

HOMES The Royal Palace in Alexandria was Cleopatra's primary residence and seat of power. Part of the palace complex was on the island of Antirhodos in Alexandria's harbor.

Remains of what is believed to be Cleopatra's palace have been discovered underwater in Alexandria's harbor. This submerged archaeological site includes remnants of grand edifices, sphinxes, statues, columns, and various artifacts. It's thought to have been part of the royal quarters that sank due to earthquakes and tsunamis over the centuries.

She likely had palaces or residences in other important Egyptian cities.

During her time in Rome, Cleopatra would have stayed in accommodations provided by Julius Caesar.

When traveling or campaigning with Mark Antony, she would have had temporary residences or elaborate tents set up for her use.

It's worth noting that Cleopatra's Needle, a famous obelisk, is not directly associated with Cleopatra herself. While it was once located in Alexandria, the obelisk was actually constructed during the reign of Thotmes III, around 1500 BC.

TRAVEL Cleopatra traveled extensively, including visits to Rome and throughout Egypt, using her magnificent river barge for journeys along the Nile.

Following Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra believed that Mark Antony was poised to become the next great ruler of the Roman Empire. When summoned by Antony to Tarsus in Asia Minor, Cleopatra embarked on a journey that would solidify her influence.

She arrived in a magnificent river barge, adorned with gilded gold and draped in luxurious purple sails. The barge, resembling a floating throne, was propelled by silver oars, while the air was filled with the enchanting melodies of flutes, fifes, and harps. Cleopatra herself, dressed as the goddess Venus, exuded an air of unparalleled beauty and charm, captivating Antony from the moment she stepped ashore.

DEATH Cleopatra committed suicide on August 12, 30 BC following Antony's suicide.  She chose a particularly dramatic and symbolic end, applying an asp to her bosom. The ancient Egyptians believed that dying of snakebite conferred immortality, and Cleopatra, ever the seeker of eternal glory, embraced this final act.

Shakespeare's play Antony and Cleopatra captures this tragic scene. In Act V, Scene 2, Cleopatra, holding her child to her breast, says, "Dost thou not see my baby at my breast, That sucks the nurse asleep?" as she prepares to apply the asp.

Cleopatra's death marked the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the beginning of Egypt's status as a Roman province. Her dream of reviving the former glories of ancient Egypt was shattered, and her legacy became one of tragedy and loss.

According to legend, Cleopatra's mummy was accidentally left behind in a Paris museum when Napoleon's looted treasures were returned to Egypt. In the 1940s, workers discovered an empty mummy case, which was later identified as Cleopatra's. The contents of the case had been mistakenly discarded into the sewers, leaving the fate of Cleopatra's remains a mystery.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cleopatra has become a lasting icon in popular culture, appearing in a wide array of media, from literature to film, television, and even video games. Her allure as a powerful, complex, and enigmatic ruler has fascinated audiences for centuries. Here are some of her most notable appearances in various media forms:

1. FILM

Cleopatra (1963) This lavish, epic Hollywood film, starring Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra, is perhaps the most iconic portrayal. The movie, known for its immense budget and extravagant sets, ran for 243 minutes and became notorious for its behind-the-scenes drama, including Taylor’s affair with co-star Richard Burton (Mark Antony). Taylor's performance cemented Cleopatra's image as a glamorous and seductive queen. The production was wildly over-budget, and Taylor received $1 million for the role, Hollywood's first million-dollar contract.

Cleopatra (1934)  Directed by Cecil B. DeMille, this earlier Hollywood film featured Claudette Colbert as Cleopatra. The movie was known for its opulent set designs and sensual portrayal of the queen. It was a box office success and established Cleopatra as a figure of exotic beauty and intrigue in early cinema.

Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) – Vivien Leigh  In this adaptation of George Bernard Shaw’s play, Vivien Leigh plays Cleopatra alongside Claude Rains as Julius Caesar. This portrayal presents Cleopatra as a young, inexperienced, yet cunning queen in her relationship with Caesar, emphasizing her wit and intelligence more than her sexuality.

Asterix & Obelix: Mission Cleopatra (2002) This French comedic film, part of the Asterix series, featured Monica Bellucci as Cleopatra. The film took a humorous and satirical approach to Cleopatra's story, blending ancient history with modern references in a family-friendly adventure.

2. TELEVISION 

Rome (2005-2007) The HBO series Rome features Cleopatra, played by Lyndsey Marshal, as a central character in its second season. The show portrays her relationship with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, focusing on the political intrigue of the time and giving a more historically grounded representation of Cleopatra.

Cleopatra (1999 miniseries) This television miniseries stars Leonor Varela as Cleopatra and Timothy Dalton as Julius Caesar. It dramatizes Cleopatra’s life from her ascent to the throne, her relationship with Caesar, to her tragic end. The series was praised for its historical accuracy and Varela’s portrayal of a strong and ambitious queen.

3. VIDEO GAMES 

Assassin’s Creed: Origins (2017) Cleopatra appears as a central character in this popular action-adventure video game. Set during the decline of Ancient Egypt and the rise of the Roman Empire, the game features Cleopatra as a politically savvy and manipulative ruler who aligns herself with Julius Caesar. The game offers a visually stunning representation of Cleopatra's Egypt, blending history with fiction.

Sid Meier’s Civilization VI (2016) Cleopatra is one of the leaders players can choose to represent Egypt in this turn-based strategy game. She is depicted as a charismatic and shrewd ruler, skilled in diplomacy and war. Her character in the game reflects her political alliances and efforts to maintain Egypt’s independence.

4. THEATER

Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare One of Shakespeare's famous historical tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra, explores the tumultuous relationship between the Egyptian queen and the Roman general Mark Antony. Cleopatra is depicted as a passionate and manipulative woman whose love for Antony leads to their mutual downfall. Shakespeare's play is one of the earliest dramatic representations of Cleopatra's life and has influenced her image in literature and beyond.

Cleopatra's portrayal in Shakespeare's play has been performed countless times on stage worldwide, with notable actresses such as Janet Suzman and Judi Dench taking on the role. The play continues to be a staple of classical theater, bringing Cleopatra's dramatic life to the stage.

Caesar and Cleopatra by George Bernard Shaw This comedic play focuses on the early relationship between Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, depicting her as a mischievous and inexperienced young queen. Shaw’s witty dialogue and the play’s philosophical undertones present a different view of Cleopatra, emphasizing her intellect over her beauty.

5. MUSIC 

Opera Giulio Cesare (1724) This Baroque opera by George Frideric Handel tells the story of Caesar and Cleopatra’s romance. Cleopatra's character is portrayed as both seductive and cunning, with some of the most beautiful arias in Baroque music, such as "V'adoro, pupille."

ACHIEVEMENTS Cleopatra maintained Egypt’s independence for nearly two decades amidst Roman domination, established lasting relationships with powerful Roman leaders, and became a cultural icon. Despite her ultimate defeat, her intelligence and political acumen left an indelible mark on history.

Claudius

NAME Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Claudius was the fourth Roman Emperor, reigning from 41 AD to 54 AD. He is remembered for expanding the Roman Empire, especially with the invasion of Britain, as well as his scholarly works and surviving multiple political conspiracies during his reign.

BIRTH Claudius was born on August 1, 10 BC, at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in what is now Lyon, France. He was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside of Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Claudius was part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. His uncle was the Emperor Tiberius, and one of his grandfathers was the famous Roman general and politician, Mark Antony. His nephew was the infamous Emperor Caligula. He was the younger brother of Germanicus, a popular military commander.

CHILDHOOD Claudius' early years were marked by his family’s neglect due to his physical disabilities. He had a stammer and a limp, which caused his family to view him as weak and unsuitable for public life. He was kept away from public office until the age of 38.

EDUCATION Despite his physical impairments, Claudius was highly educated. He was a scholar of history and languages, known to be the last person who could read the Etruscan language. His erudition, however, was overlooked by many of his contemporaries who saw his disabilities as signs of incompetence.

 Claudius was primarily known for his interest in history. He was tutored by the historian Livy, which inspired him to pursue a career as a historian himself.

CAREER RECORD Before becoming emperor, Claudius was largely ignored by his family and was not given significant responsibilities. However, after the assassination of Caligula on January 24, 41 AD, Claudius was found by a Praetorian Guard and declared Emperor. His reign saw the expansion of the Roman Empire, most notably with the successful invasion of Britain in 43 AD.

APPEARANCE Claudius was described as tall and well-proportioned. However, he suffered from several physical ailments that affected his appearance and movement: He had a noticeable limp and weak knees that gave way when he walked; he experienced frequent nervous twitches and tremors; is head was described as very shaky and he had a stammer that affected his speech.

Surviving busts and statues, along with written descriptions, reveal Claudius had an attractive face with becoming white hair in his later years, and light blue eyes.  He had a full neck and his lower lip was said to be "floppy."

Bronze head of Claudius found in the River Alde in England

FASHION As an emperor, Claudius likely wore traditional Roman imperial clothing, such as the toga, tunic and sandals. 

CHARACTER Claudius was a complex figure. While often portrayed as weak due to his physical disabilities, he was also shrewd and politically astute. His unexpected rise to power and ability to navigate the treacherous Roman political landscape speak to his resilience.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Roman sources claim that Claudius was "liable to make jokes at inappropriate moments" and that he "lacked tact and dignity and was too fond of slang.

Claudius was known to issue edicts that showcased his whimsical sense of humor. for instance, he issued an edict advocating public flatulence to promote good health. This unusual decree could be seen as a way to lighten the mood and perhaps deflect from more serious matters.

His writings showed a keen wit, but his humor was likely tempered by his scholarly demeanor.

RELATIONSHIPS  Claudius had a complex marital history, with four marriages throughout his life. 

His first marriage was to Plautia Urgulanilla who he married around 9 AD when he was about 18 years old. They had a son named Claudius Drusus, who died young. Claudius divorced her on suspicion of adultery and possibly murder

Claudius' second marriage was to Aelia Paetina who he married in 28 AD. Aelia was the adopted sister of Sejanus, a powerful Praetorian Guard commander. They had a daughter named Claudia Antonia. Claudius divorced Aelia in 31 AD, shortly after Sejanus fell from power.

His third marriage was to Valeria Messalina who he wed in 38 or early 39 AD. Messalina was Claudius' first cousin once removed and they had two children: Claudia Octavia and Britannicus. This marriage ended scandalously in 48 AD when Messalina allegedly married her lover Gaius Silius in a public ceremony. Claudius had Messalina and Silius executed. 

Claudius' fourth marriage was to Agrippina the Younger on January 1, 49 AD. Agrippina was Claudius' niece, making this marriage incestuous by Roman standards. Claudius adopted Agrippina's son Lucius (later known as Nero). This marriage lasted until Claudius' death in 54 AD and it's widely believed that Agrippina poisoned Claudius to secure the succession for her son Nero. 

Agrippina the Younger by Anonymous (Rome) - Wikipedia

MONEY AND FAME Claudius was a wealthy man, thanks to his inheritance and his position as emperor. 

As Emperor, Claudius had access to vast power. Despite being underestimated in his early years, he became a well-known and controversial figure, especially after his military conquests and public works.

FOOD AND DRINK Claudius was fond of gourmet Roman dishes. He reportedly enjoyed stuffed kidneys, guinea fowl in hazelnut crust, and fish sauce. Ironically, his love of food led to his demise, as he was poisoned by Agrippina with amanita mushrooms.

MUSIC AND ARTS Claudius was a patron of the arts. He commissioned many public works, including temples, theaters, and aqueducts. He also supported poets, musicians, and artists.

LITERATURE Claudius was a prolific writer. He authored histories, including works on Augustus’ reign, Carthage, and Etruscan history. He also wrote an autobiography in eight volumes and was the last known person to be able to read Etruscan.

Claudius wrote a historical treatise on the Roman alphabet and suggested orthographical reforms, which he later attempted to implement as emperor.

Robert Graves' novels I, Claudius and Claudius the God are probably the most famous literary portrayals of Claudius. Written in the form of an autobiographical memoir, the books offer an intimate, fictionalized version of Claudius' life, showing him as an intelligent but physically unassuming man who outmaneuvers his dangerous family to become emperor. Graves' interpretation, which mixes historical detail with creative imagination, has done much to shape the modern image of Claudius.

PETS According to Seneca, Claudius had a "whitish dog" (subalbam canem) that he kept as a pet. The text states: "Even the Emperor Claudius, according to Seneca, subalbam canem deliciis habere adsueverat" 

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Claudius’ primary hobby was his scholarly work. He spent much of his free time writing and studying, particularly focusing on history and linguistics.

Claudius was not a particularly athletic man. He preferred intellectual pursuits to physical activities.

REIGN Claudius had a few things working against him, primarily his body. Poor chap had a limp and slight deafness, the result of some childhood illness that no one seems to have adequately diagnosed. Ancient Romans, not known for their bedside manner, took one look at him and said, "Nope, he’s not emperor material," which, in a family like his, was essentially saying, "Please sit over there while the rest of us vie for power and glory."

You see, Claudius’ uncle was Emperor Tiberius, and his nephew was Caligula – and as far as imperial families go, they made the Borgias look like the Brady Bunch. His own family treated him like a bad penny that kept turning up at the worst times, excluding him from public life and keeping him tucked away in a dark corner of the empire’s glittering stage.

But here’s where it gets interesting. Being ignored and considered a harmless invalid may have saved his life. Claudius managed to dodge the deadly purges that came with Tiberius and Caligula’s reigns simply because no one thought he was capable of threatening anything more than a side table. So, when Caligula was assassinated in 41 AD – in a spectacle of conspiracies that could rival a modern-day crime drama – Claudius was the only adult male left in his family. The Praetorian Guard, Rome's version of Special Forces with an attitude, plucked him out of hiding (behind a curtain, no less) and declared him emperor. Claudius, the man who couldn’t even get a public office gig until age 38, was suddenly the ruler of the known world.

Now, you’d think a man in his position would fumble the ball, but Claudius was, surprisingly, a competent administrator. He expanded the imperial bureaucracy, employing freedmen (former slaves) as key players in his government – which probably irked the snobby Roman elite no end. He also turned his hand to civil engineering, building roads, aqueducts, and canals like a Roman Bob the Builder. But his crowning glory came in 43 AD when he decided to invade Britain. Yes, that Britain – foggy, rainy, and stubbornly resistant to Roman charm. Claudius sent four legions to deal with it, and they did, after which he popped over for a victory tour, no doubt looking rather pleased with himself.

Claudius had a personal interest in law, presiding over public trials and issuing daily edicts, as if Roman law was a fun puzzle he couldn’t stop fiddling with. But for all his administrative savvy, Claudius was not exactly the most popular figure among the Roman aristocracy. He was seen as vulnerable and, frankly, a bit of an oddball. This sense of vulnerability made him paranoid, and he wasn’t shy about removing potential threats – which, unfortunately, resulted in a lot of senators getting the boot (and by "boot," I mean a swift execution).

Claudius died  in 54 AD, at the age of 63, leaving behind a mixed legacy. To ancient historians, he was a bumbling fool manipulated by those around him. But modern historians have taken a kinder view, recognizing him as a shrewd, if unorthodox, leader who managed to strengthen Rome’s empire while navigating the treacherous waters of imperial politics.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Claudius was a staunch defender of Roman state religion, steadfastly resisting any attempts to undermine its authority. He viewed the spread of Eastern mysticism with suspicion, believing it threatened the traditional beliefs of the Roman people. Instead, he sought to promote the Eleusinian mysteries, ancient religious rites that had been practiced during the Republic.

Claudius also took steps to revitalize Roman religious traditions. He expelled astrologers, who were often associated with foreign cults, and reinstated the practice of Roman soothsaying. He was particularly critical of Druidism, a Celtic religion that clashed with Roman state beliefs.

To strengthen Roman religious practices, Claudius revived old ceremonies and celebrated the Secular Games in 47 AD, a significant religious event. He also expanded the pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, a symbolic act with deep religious implications. Claudius even protected the haruspices, diviners who interpreted the will of the gods through animal sacrifices.

In addition, Claudius sought to incorporate foreign religions into the Roman pantheon. He likely Romanized the cult of Attis, a Phrygian deity, adapting its rituals and beliefs to fit within the Roman religious framework.

Claudius is mentioned three times in the New Testament:

Acts 11:28 - In reference to a famine that occurred during his reign

Acts 18:2 - Regarding his expulsion of Jews from Rome

Acts 23:26 - This refers to Claudius Lysias, a different person who was a Roman military officer

Claudius did not directly target Christians, but his actions indirectly affected them, hen he expelled Jews from Rome in around 49 AD, this edict included Christians, as they were considered a sect of Judaism at the time. This expulsion led to the displacement of early Christians like Priscilla and Aquila, who then met Paul. It inadvertently contributed to the spread of Christianity as displaced believers moved to other areas.

POLITICS Claudius was a political survivor, becoming emperor after Caligula’s assassination and navigating a court filled with intrigue. His political reforms included extending Roman citizenship and infrastructure development. His greatest political achievement was the conquest of Britain.

SCANDAL Claudius’ reign was marked by scandal, particularly involving his wives. His third wife, Messalina, was infamous for her infidelity, and his fourth wife, Agrippina, murdered him to ensure her son Nero's rise to power.

MILITARY RECORD Claudius’ most significant military achievement was the conquest of Britain in 43 AD. He dispatched four legions to invade, resulting in several British tribes surrendering and the establishment of Roman control.

Claudius personally oversaw the final stages of the Roman conquest of Britain, a strategic move designed to boost morale among his troops and reinforce the imperial authority of Rome. By leading the invasion, Claudius aimed to gain military glory and enhance his popularity at home.

Key events during Claudius' visit included his participation in the crossing of the River Thames and the capture of Camulodunum, the capital of the Catuvellauni tribe. His presence served as a powerful symbol of Roman might, leading to the surrender of eleven British kings.

To further intimidate the Britons, Claudius brought his personal guard, the Praetorian cohorts, as well as war elephants, an impressive and fearsome sight for the indigenous population.

Claudius' brief visit to Britain allowed him to claim personal credit for the conquest, solidifying his position as emperor. The establishment of the Roman province of Britannia marked a significant milestone in Rome's imperial expansion.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Claudius had a stammer and a limp, conditions that led many to dismiss him as weak or incompetent. Despite this, he managed to become a successful and long-reigning emperor.

His physician, Xenophon of Kos, treated him with diet, exercise, massage, and botanical remedies, which Claudius claimed improved his health significantly.

Suetonius noted that while Claudius was emperor, his health was "excellent," suggesting some improvement in his condition with age. 

HOMES As Emperor, Claudius lived in the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill in Rome. He would have had access to various imperial villas and residences throughout Italy and the empire., but the palace would have been his primary dwelling.

TRAVEL Claudius traveled to Britain during his reign to oversee the invasion. According to Cassius Dio, Claudius stayed in Britain for only 16 days before returning to Rome, where he celebrated his military victory.

DEATH Claudius was poisoned by his wife, Agrippina, with amanita mushrooms on October 13, 54 AD. This allowed her son Nero to ascend to the throne.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Claudius is famously portrayed in the BBC series I, Claudius, with actor Derek Jacobi playing the lead role. Jacobi himself shares a personal connection, having a birthday on Stammering Day, which resonates with Claudius' own speech impediment.

ACHIEVEMENTS Claudius’ greatest achievements include the expansion of the Roman Empire, particularly the conquest of Britain, his scholarly works, and his reforms that granted more rights to Roman citizens. He survived a politically dangerous environment and left a lasting mark on Roman history.

Source Food For Thought by Ed Pearce

William Clark

NAME William Clark

WHAT FAMOUS FOR William Clark is best known as the co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase and find a practical route across the western half of North America to the Pacific Ocean.

BIRTH August 1, 1770, in Caroline County, Virginia, British America.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Clark was born into a prominent family. His father, John Clark III, was a planter and soldier, and his mother, Ann Rogers, came from a distinguished family. 

He had five older brothers, all of whom fought in the American Revolutionary War. His oldest brother, Jonathan Clark, became a brigadier general in the Virginia militia, while another brother, George Rogers Clark, became famous for his military campaigns in Kentucky during the war.

CHILDHOOD Clark grew up in Virginia and Kentucky. His family moved to Kentucky in 1785, settling on a plantation called "Mulberry Hill" near Louisville. 

Living on the Kentucky frontier, Clark learned many valuable outdoor skills. His older brother, George Rogers Clark, who was a military hero of the American Revolution, played a significant role in teaching William wilderness survival skills.

EDUCATION Clark did not have any formal education, a fact that made him self-conscious in later years. Like many of his contemporaries, he was tutored at home. Despite his convoluted grammar and inconsistent spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 different ways in his journals—his vocabulary suggests he was well-read. He sought to have his journals corrected before publication due to these inconsistencies.

CAREER RECORD Clark's career spanned several areas, from soldier to explorer, and eventually, politician. His most notable role was as the co-leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which charted vast unknown territories of the western United States. After the expedition, he was appointed governor of the Missouri Territory and later served as the Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

APPEARANCE Clark was described as tall and physically strong, with a commanding presence fitting for a man of his military and leadership roles. The Mandan people called William Clark "Chief Redhead" because of his red hair.

Clark had graying hair in his later years, which he wore tied in a queue (a ponytail), a style he had maintained since his younger days as an officer.

His eyes were described as capable of studying, measuring, and assimilating all he observed1.

 Clark was known for having lips that could "spring to an ever-ready smile or laugh".

Clark was often portrayed with a stoic mien (facial expression), which was described as habitual1. This suggests he had a serious, composed demeanor.

Portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1810

FASHION Clark's fashion was typical of the frontier men of his era - practical and durable clothing suited to long wilderness treks and military duties. He wore a variety of coats, breeches, and boots, depending on the occasion.

CHARACTER Clark was known for his leadership skills and bravery during the expedition. However, he was also habitually cruel toward the people he enslaved, regularly whipping them and denying them freedoms, as evidenced by his treatment of York, his slave.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Clark had a dry sense of humor, which he often used to lighten the mood during difficult times. For example when the expedition was at Fort Clatsop dealing with rainy weather and food shortages, Clark made a humorous comment about a beached whale they encountered:

"I thank providence for directing the whale to us and think him much more kind to us that he was to Jonah; having sent his monster to be swallowed by us instead of swallowing of us as Jonah's did."

RELATIONSHIPS Clark married Julia Hancock on January 5, 1808, in Fincastle, Virginia.  Julia was only 16 years old at the time of their marriage, while Clark was 37 They had five children together: Meriwether Lewis Clark Sr., William Preston Clark, Mary Margaret Clark, George Rogers Hancock Clark, and John Julius Clark. Julia died on June 27, 1820.

Julia Clark

After Julia's death, Clark married Harriet Kennerly Radford on November 28, 1821, in St. Louis. Harriet was Julia's cousin and the widow of Dr. John Radford They had three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark, Edmund Clark, and Harriet Clark

Both marriages were said to be affectionate.

MONEY AND FAME Clark gained considerable fame following the successful return of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. While not wealthy, his roles as a government official provided him with financial stability.

FOOD AND DRINK During the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Clark and the team survived on whatever food was available, which often included game, fish, and wild plants. His journals mention various hunting expeditions for survival.

He also drank a variety of alcoholic beverages, including whiskey and beer.

MUSIC AND ARTS Clark was involved in recruiting members for the expedition, including Private George Gibson, who was known to play the fiddle. The expedition used "fiddle diplomacy" to establish good relations with Native American tribes they encountered. Clark and Lewis found that the Indigenous people they met enjoyed the fiddling and dancing, which helped in securing safe passage and trading for supplies

In his journal entries, Clark mentioned instances of music and dancing. For example, he wrote about an event on June 11, 1804, where some of their men went to a Native American village to dance at the request of the locals. 

LITERATURE Clark kept detailed journals throughout his life, starting with his first military expedition at age 19. His  journals are a significant contribution to American literature, providing detailed accounts of his expeditions, though he was self-conscious about his writing abilities due to his lack of formal education.

NATURE Clark had a deep appreciation for nature, spending much of his life in the wilderness. His skills in navigation and survival were critical to the success of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

PETS Clark traveled with Seaman, a Newfoundland dog belonging to Meriwether Lewis, who accompanied the expedition. The dog's fate after the journey remains unknown.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Clark was skilled in wilderness survival, which involved activities like hunting, fishing, and navigating through difficult terrains.

SCIENCE AND MATHS During the Lewis and Clark expedition, Clark contributed to recording the first scientific descriptions of some 300 animal and plant species.  Below "Candlefish" or "Eulachon" (Thaleichthys pacificus) art is the first ever documentation of this species in Clark's journal on February 25, 1806.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Clark’s journals suggest that he had a pragmatic worldview shaped by his frontier experiences rather than by formal philosophical or theological study.

Clark was described as "religious but not narrowly sectarian" by his biographer William Foley.

Clark attributed the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition to "a singular interposition of providence" rather than to his or Lewis's genius

POLITICS After the expedition, Clark became a prominent political figure, serving as the governor of the Missouri Territory and later as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

SCANDAL Clark's treatment of his slave York is often cited as a major blot on his legacy. Despite York's significant contributions to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Clark denied him freedom for years and treated him cruelly.

MILITARY RECORD Clark served as a lieutenant in the Kentucky militia and later fought in the Northwest Indian War. His military experience made him a natural choice to co-lead the expedition with Meriwether Lewis.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Clark was known for his physical endurance, which was essential during the 8,000-mile journey of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

n late 1834, Clark suffered a small stroke that left him with palsy. This event marked a significant downturn in his health. Following the stroke, Clark became physically weak and unsteady on his feet.  By early 1838, Clark was suffering from dizzy spells and had fallen several times.

HOMES Clark grew up at Mulberry Hill near Louisville, Kentucky, and later resided in St. Louis, Missouri, during his political career.

TRAVEL Imagine this: You're standing on the edge of a vast, unexplored continent, a land shrouded in mystery and promise. Meriwether Lewis, a young and ambitious army officer, had been tasked with leading an expedition to explore this new frontier, the Louisiana Purchase. But he knew he couldn't do it alone. So he turned to a man named William Clark, a seasoned soldier with a reputation for his leadership and survival skills.

Together, Lewis and Clark assembled a ragtag band of explorers, soldiers, and a slave named York, and set off on a journey that would change the course of American history. Their mission was simple: to find a waterway from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, claim the Oregon Territory for the United States, and establish trade with the Native American tribes they encountered along the way.

It was a daunting task, but Lewis and Clark were up to the challenge. They braved treacherous rivers, scaled towering mountains, and endured harsh winters, all while documenting their discoveries and building relationships with the indigenous peoples they met. Clark, in particular, proved to be a valuable asset, with his keen eye for detail and his ability to navigate through unfamiliar territory.

But their journey wasn't without its challenges. The expedition faced constant threats from hostile tribes, treacherous weather, and the ever-present danger of disease. And while Lewis and Clark were determined to succeed, they were also aware of the immense responsibility they carried. They knew that their actions could have a profound impact on the future of the United States.

In the end, Lewis and Clark's expedition was a resounding success. They mapped out a vast swath of territory, established trade with numerous Native American tribes, and claimed the Oregon Territory for the United States. Their discoveries helped to solidify America's claim to the West and paved the way for future exploration and settlement.

DEATH William Clark died on September 1, 1838, in St. Louis, Missouri, at the age of 68.

Clark was originally buried in 1838 at his nephew John O'Fallon's property, which is now known as O'Fallon Park in St. Louis. On October 23, 1860, Clark and six of his family members were moved and reburied at Bellefontaine Cemetery. His grave is marked by an impressive 35-foot gray granite obelisk monument, which was dedicated in 1904 on the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. The monument was designed by Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Clark, who paid $25,000 for it.

The monument was later restored and rededicated on May 21, 2004, to mark the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition's departure from St. Charles, Missouri.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA. William Clark has appeared in various media portrayals, primarily focused on the Lewis and Clark expedition. Here are the key appearances:

Documentaries:

Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery (1997) - A highly regarded Ken Burns documentary where Murphy Guyer voiced William Clark.

Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West (2002) - A National Geographic documentary.

TV Series:

The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen (2018) - A History Channel docudrama series that included an episode on Lewis and Clark.

Into the Wild Frontier (2022) - An INSP network series featuring Lewis and Clark.

Films:

The Far Horizons (1955) - A fictionalized account of the expedition, though the search results don't specify who played Clark.

ACHIEVEMENTS

Clark's greatest achievement was the successful completion of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which provided invaluable maps, scientific data, and knowledge about the western territories. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of captain by President Bill Clinton in 2001.

Eric Clapton

NAME Eric Patrick Clapton

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Eric Clapton is a legendary English rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is often referred to as "Slowhand" and is considered one of the greatest guitarists of all time.

BIRTH Eric Clapton was born on March 30, 1945, in Ripley, Surrey, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Eric Clapton was the illegitimate son of Edward Walter Fryer, a Canadian soldier, and Patricia Molly Clapton, who was just 16 years old when he was born. Fryer returned to Canada before Clapton was born. Clapton was raised by his maternal grandparents, Rose and Jack Clapp, and believed for much of his childhood that his mother was his sister.

CHILDHOOD Clapton grew up in a small, tight-knit community in Ripley. He learned of his true parentage as a teenager, which had a profound emotional impact on him. His childhood was marked by his deepening interest in music, particularly the blues, which would shape his career.

EDUCATION Clapton attended Kingston College of Art but was expelled for focusing more on playing the guitar than his studies. His obsession with blues music often caused him to play during classes, which led to his removal from the school.

CAREER RECORD Clapton began his career as a session guitarist, playing on hits by artists such as the Yardbirds, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, and Cream.

Clapton gained international fame as the lead guitarist of the power trio Cream. The band released several successful albums and singles, including "Sunshine of Your Love" and "White Room."

After Cream disbanded, he formed Derek and the Dominos, where he co-wrote the iconic "Layla." He is known for his lengthy solo career, producing timeless hits such as "Tears in Heaven," "Wonderful Tonight," and "Lay Down Sally."

APPEARANCE In his youth, Clapton was known for his shaggy hair, and casual rock attire, and often sported sunglasses. His iconic look evolved over time, but he always kept a stylish, somewhat understated appearance with a laid-back but confident demeanor.

Eric Clapton in Barcelona, 1974

FASHION Clapton’s style is elegant yet simple. He became known for wearing suits and classic menswear, especially in later years, though in his early career he sported typical rock and blues outfits such as jeans, leather jackets, and button-up shirts.

CHARACTER Clapton is often described as introspective and reserved, though fiercely passionate about his music. He has a reputation for being somewhat enigmatic, influenced by his personal struggles and life experiences.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Eric Clapton is known to have a dry, self-deprecating sense of humor. Despite his quiet persona, those close to him often describe him as witty and playful. For instance, when asked about his instrument of choice during a conversation with a teacher who didn't recognize him, Clapton responded to the question "What instrument do you play?" with a long pause before simply saying "Guitar.

RELATIONSHIPS Eric Clapton has had a complex romantic history with multiple relationships and two marriages:

Clapton married Pattie Boyd on March 27, 1979 in Tucson, Arizona. Boyd was previously married to Clapton's friend George Harrison from 1966 to 1977. Clapton's famous songs "Layla" and "Wonderful Tonight" were inspired by Boyd. Their marriage lasted until 1988 when they divorced2

In 1998, 53-year-old Eric Clapton met 22-year-old Melia McEnery when she approached him for an autograph at a party in Los Angeles hosted by Giorgio Armani, where she worked as an administrative assistant. 

On January 1, 2002, during the christening of their 6-month daughter, Julie Rose, at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Ripley, Clapton and McEnery surprised their guests by getting married.

They have three daughters together: Julie Rose, Ella May, and Sophie Belle2

Clapton was engaged to Alice Ormsby-Gore from 1969-1973. He has had relationships with several celebrities including Sheryl Crow (1998-2000), Naomi Campbell (1993), and Carla Bruni (1989-1991)4

Clapton fathered a daughter, Ruth, in 1985 with Yvonne Kelly while both were married to other people2

He had a son, Conor, in 1986 with Italian model Lory Del Santo. Tragically, Conor died in 1991 at age 4 after falling from a window. The tragedy inspired his song "Tears in Heaven," 

Clapton has credited his current wife Melia with helping change his womanizing ways and supporting him through health issues and his work with addiction recovery. 

MONEY AND FAME Clapton's fame has led to considerable wealth. He has sold millions of records worldwide, won numerous awards, and performed in sold-out arenas for decades. Clapton has also been involved in philanthropy, notably founding the Crossroads Centre in Antigua, a rehabilitation facility for substance abuse treatment.

FOOD AND DRINK Clapton is known to be a fan of British cuisine. He is also a wine enthusiast.

Clapton struggled with alcohol addiction during parts of his life but has since become sober. He has publicly shared his experiences with addiction recovery and now leads a more health-conscious lifestyle.

MUSIC AND ARTS Now, let's be honest, who hasn't heard of Eric Clapton? The guy's a legend. He's got that unmistakable guitar sound, a bluesy wail that's as recognizable as a siren's song. He's been around forever, playing in bands like Cream and the Yardbirds, and he's got a mountain of hits to his name.

Clapton's a bit of a chameleon, really. He can go from soulful blues to rocking out like there's no tomorrow. He's covered Bob Marley, for crying out loud, and he's even dabbled in country. The man's got range.

Of course, life hasn't always been a bed of roses for Clapton. He's battled addiction and tragedy, but he's come out the other side stronger. His song "Tears in Heaven" is a heart-wrenching testament to his struggles and his resilience.

So, next time you hear Clapton's guitar, take a moment to appreciate the journey he's been on. It's a story of talent, triumph, and a whole lot of soul.

Eric Clapton's musical contributions are immense. He is regarded as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, with a career spanning rock, blues, and pop. His deep love for blues music, especially that of B.B. King and Robert Johnson, is evident in his work.

LITERATURE Clapton published his autobiography in 2007, sharing personal stories about his life, struggles, and musical journey.

NATURE Clapton has a deep connection to nature. He enjoys fly-fishing and has taken several trips for this purpose. In 2016, while fishing in Iceland, he landed a record-breaking 28-pound salmon, which he promptly released back into the river.

PETS Clapton has had a lifelong love for animals, particularly dogs. They include:

Jeep: This dog was featured on the cover of Clapton's album There's One In Every Crowd. Jeep was also mentioned in a tour book from that era.

Willow: An 8-year-old Weimaraner that Clapton owned in 1981. There's a photograph of Clapton with Willow at his Spanish-style home in Surrey, taken on January 23, 1981.

Sock, Billy, and Treacle are featured on the From The Cradle CD and in the accompanying booklet. These dogs belonged to one of the men working with Eric at Olympic Studios.

While Clapton likes cats and has been photographed with them, he has never included them in his album artwork. However, there's a photo of Clapton with one of his cats in the 1999 Christie's Guitar Auction Catalog.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Eric Clapton has several hobbies and sports interests that he pursues outside of his music career. 

He has been an avid fly fisherman since the 1980s and has been featured in BBC television sports programs on fly fishing. Clapton has a fishing rod named after him called the "Slowhand Special" Clapton once told Vanity Fair that he would like to die fishing.

Clapton is a fan of sports, particularly cricket and football. He was ntroduced to cricket by David English in the 1980s and has participated in charity cricket matches, including with the Bunbury charity cricket team. In the late 1970s, Clapton was an enthusiastic supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club1.

He is also a collector of sports cars and custom American hot-rods

SCIENCE AND MATHS Clapton has expressed an interest in science and technology. He has invested in various technology companies.

Clapton's artistry and creativity are clear indicators of his analytical and problem-solving abilities, especially when it comes to composing complex guitar riffs and solos.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Clapton has expressed spiritual interests, particularly after his struggles with addiction and the tragic loss of his son Conor in 1991, and has studied various philosophical and religious texts. His spirituality is evident in songs like "Tears in Heaven," which touches on themes of grief and redemption.

POLITICS Clapton has been politically outspoken at times, but his political views have varied throughout his career. While he supported some controversial causes earlier in his life, he later apologized for those views, showing a willingness to evolve.

Clapton was vocal in his criticism of COVID-19 vaccines and lockdown measures. He released an anti-lockdown single called "Stand and Deliver" with Van Morrison in 20201.

SCANDAL Clapton has faced public scandals, most notably related to his struggles with drug and alcohol addiction in the 1970s and early 1980s. Additionally, his comments during the 1976 Birmingham concert, which many saw as xenophobic, led to significant criticism and soul-searching.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Clapton has had several health issues, particularly nerve damage in his hands and back, which he has publicly discussed. Despite these challenges, he continues to perform live, although his ability to play guitar has been somewhat affected in recent years.

HOMES Clapton has owned several homes throughout his life, including properties in Surrey, England, and Antigua, where he built the Crossroads Centre. He often escapes to quieter, more rural locations for respite.

TRAVEL Eric Clapton has toured extensively throughout his career and traveled the world for both his music and leisure pursuits, particularly for his love of fishing.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Clapton has been featured in numerous documentaries and interviews. His influence on music and pop culture has led to countless television appearances, and he has been the subject of multiple films, including Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars (2017).

ACHIEVEMENTS Eric Clapton’s career is filled with accolades. He has won 18 Grammy Awards and has been inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame three times. Clapton's musical legacy is unparalleled, and his contributions to rock and blues are indelible.

André-Gustave Citroën

NAME André-Gustave Citroën

WHAT FAMOUS FOR André-Gustave Citroën is primarily known for founding the Citroën automobile company. He was a pioneer in the automotive industry, introducing innovative designs and manufacturing techniques.

BIRTH Born on February 5, 1878, in Paris, France.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Citroën came from a wealthy family of Jewish-Dutch descent. His father, Levie Citroën, was a successful diamond merchant from the Netherlands, while his mother, Masza Amelia Kleinman, was from Poland.

 Levie Citroen, committed suicide in 1884 when André was only six years old. The suicide was reportedly due to a failed business venture involving a diamond mine in South Africa. This tragic event had a significant impact on André's childhood. After his father's death, André's upbringing became relatively somber.

André lost both his parents at a young age - his mother died when he was 20 years old, before he had completed his studies.

CHILDHOOD Citroën's childhood was marked by his father's early death, leaving the family to struggle financially. Despite these challenges, he showed an early aptitude for mechanics and engineering.

He was reportedly inspired by the works of Jules Verne and fascinated by the construction of the Eiffel Tower during the 1889 World Exhibition, which sparked his desire to become an engineer.

EDUCATION Citroën graduated from the prestigious École Polytechnique in 1900, one of France’s top engineering schools. During a trip to Poland after his mother's death, he discovered a unique gear system—double helical gears—which later inspired the signature double chevron logo of Citroën cars.

CAREER RECORD After graduation, Citroën worked in various engineering roles, including a stint in Poland where he oversaw the construction of a factory to produce gears for Russian locomotives.

In 1908, he became chairman of the French automobile company Mors, reviving the company’s fortunes. 

During World War I, Citroën established factories to mass-produce armaments, applying similar techniques to car manufacturing after the war.  The first Citroën car, the Type A, was sold on July 7, 1919. 

In 1924, Citroën introduced Europe’s first all-steel-bodied car, the B-10. 

His most notable achievement came in 1934 with the Traction Avant, the first mass-produced front-wheel-drive car with a monocoque body.

APPEARANCE Described as a well-groomed man of average height, Citroën had a distinct air of sophistication. His appearance reflected the style of an industrialist of his time—suits, ties, and neatly combed hair.

André Citroën on an ocean voyage

FASHION As a businessman, Citroën was known for his formal, refined style, favoring tailored suits that mirrored his success in the automobile industry.

CHARACTER André Citroën was known as a charismatic, innovative, forward-thinking engineer and businessman. However, he also had a reputation as a risk-taker and gambler, which ultimately led to his financial downfall. His ambition drove him to push boundaries in the automotive world.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Although primarily focused on his business, Citroën was known to have a charming personality, which contributed to his success in building relationships and promoting his brand.

RELATIONSHIPS André Citroën married Georgina Bingen on May 28, 1914, when he was 36 years old. The ceremony took place on May 28, 1914 in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. Georgina (also spelled Giorgina in some sources) Bingen was the daughter of an Italian financier. They had four children together and the marriage lasted until his death in 1935, spanning over 20 years.

Citroen liked to invite celebrities such as Maurice Chevalier, Mistinguett, and Josephine Baker to events and he participated "with frenzy" in the social scene of the Roaring Twenties, which was known for its extravagance.

MONEY AND FAME At the height of his career, Citroën was one of the most famous industrialists in Europe. He enjoyed immense wealth from his business ventures, although his gambling tendencies eventually led to his bankruptcy in 1934. His company was taken over by Michelin, one of its main creditors.

FOOD AND DRINK Citroën enjoyed social dining, both in a business and social context. He once attended a lunch with a delegation from General Motors, where he demonstrated his skills as an impersonator and card manipulator. 

MUSIC AND ARTS Citroën frequented cabarets and theaters, both in his youth and during the Roaring Twenties.

He enjoyed attending piano and jazz concerts at the mansions of his friends.

Citroën had a flair for public relations, including organizing publicity stunts like illuminating the Eiffel Tower with the Citroën name.

He was a "born orator" who enjoyed giving tours of his factories.

LITERATURE As a young man, Citroën enjoyed reading authors such as Walter Scott (Ivanhoe), Gustave Aimard (Arkansas Trappers), and especially Jules Verne, whose works fueled his childhood imagination and dream to become an engineer.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS  Citroën established a toy factory that made miniature cars, even giving his own children an electronically powered toy

Beyond his business ventures, Citroën enjoyed gambling at casinos, which became an expensive hobby and ultimately contributed to his financial ruin.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Citroën had a strong foundation in mathematics and engineering, as reflected in his education and contributions to mechanical design, particularly in automotive engineering.

In the early 1900s, during a visit to Poland, André Citroën observed wooden double helical gears being used in water-powered milling machinery. Impressed by their quiet operation and ability to handle heavy loads without damaging the wood, Citroën realized the potential for adapting this design to steel. In 1904, he patented a steel double helical chevron gear, launching his first industrial venture: a small gear cutting business named "Engrenages Citroën."

The distinctive shape of these double helical gears inspired the iconic Citroën double chevron logo. 

The gears with double chevrons that were the basis of the Citroën logo. By Bain News Service -

Citroën's gear business quickly thrived, supplying gears to a wide range of applications, including French automobiles and even the steering system of the Titanic. By 1910, the company's annual turnover exceeded a million francs, and Citroën had forged strong relationships with numerous French automotive manufacturers.

Citroën financed various scientific expeditions, including one that traveled 8,000 miles (13,000 km) by car from Beirut to Peking following the Silk Road, and another cross-Sahara expedition to Timbuktu.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Though his Jewish heritage was an important part of his identity, Citroën’s professional focus was on technological innovation, rather than religious or philosophical pursuits.

POLITICS Citroën's contribution to the French war effort during World War I positioned him as a key figure in French industrial policy.

SCANDAL Citroën’s gambling habits and financial mismanagement led to the bankruptcy of his company in 1934. Michelin, one of his largest creditors, took control of the company.

MILITARY RECORD During World War I, Citroën’s contribution to the French military effort was significant. His factory produced armaments for the war using mass-production techniques that later translated to car manufacturing.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Citroën suffered from stomach cancer in his later years, which weakened his health and led to his death.

HOMES Citroën lived in Paris, close to the city’s industrial and cultural hubs, and later in life, a public garden, Parc André Citroën, was created on the site of one of his factories.

TRAVEL Citroën was an avid traveler, making frequent trips across Europe for both business and personal matters, including his significant visit to Poland, where he discovered the double helical gear system.

DEATH André Citroën died on July 3, 1935, at the age of 57, from stomach cancer in Paris, just a year after losing control of his company.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Citroën’s name lives on through his car brand, and his contributions to the automotive industry have been featured in various documentaries and historical retrospectives on industrial pioneers.

ACHIEVEMENTS Citroën's most significant achievements include mass-producing cars in Europe, introducing the first all-steel-bodied car in Europe, and launching the Traction Avant, the world’s first mass-produced front-wheel-drive car. The Parc André Citroën in Paris stands as a testament to his legacy.