Thomas Chippendale

NAME Thomas Chippendale

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Thomas Chippendale was a renowned English furniture designer and maker of the 18th century. He is considered one of the most influential figures in the history of English furniture design, and his name is synonymous with the elegant and sophisticated style that he helped to popularize.

BIRTH Thomas Chippendale was born on June 5, 1718, in Otley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Chippendale was the only child of John Chippendale, a joiner, and Mary Drake. The Chippendale family had a long history in woodworking, and it is believed that Thomas learned the fundamentals of the craft from his father.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in a family of artisans, Chippendale was likely immersed in the world of carpentry and joinery from an early age, assisting in the family workshop and gaining hands-on experience in woodcraft.

EDUCATION Chippendale's formal education is not well documented, but he most likely received informal training in woodworking from his father. His later success suggests he was highly skilled in design and craftsmanship, further enhanced by self-study and practical experience.

CAREER RECORD  Chippendale began his career as a joiner and cabinetmaker, working for other craftsmen in the Otley area. 

In 1749, he moved to London. Chippendale's career took off when he opened his workshop in St Martin's Lane, London, in 1754, in partnership with wealthy Scottish merchant James Rannie. 

Also in 1754, he published his influential book, The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker's Director, which showcased his designs and helped to popularize his style. 

Chippendale's furniture was highly sought after by the wealthy and fashionable, and he became a prominent figure in London's social and artistic circles.

APPEARANCE While no detailed descriptions exist of Chippendale’s appearance, portraits from his era depict him as a typical gentleman of the 18th century, dressed in formal attire.

Thomas Chippendale

FASHION Chippendale would have followed the prevailing fashion trends of his time, which were characterized by elegance and sophistication. He would have worn clothing made from fine fabrics, such as silk and velvet.

CHARACTER  Chippendale is described as having been a hardworking, ambitious, and talented individual. He was known for his attention to detail and his commitment to quality craftsmanship.

Chippendale was also a shrewd self-promoter, using his catalog to establish his name among the English elite. However, his poor financial management suggests he lacked the acumen necessary for long-term success in business.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Chippendale's designs reflect a playful elegance that may hint at a creative and lively personality.

RELATIONSHIPS Chippendale married Catherine Redshaw on May 19, 1748 at St George's Chapel, Mayfair in London. Catherine bore Thomas Chippendale nine children in total - five sons and four daughters.

After her death in 1772, he married Elizabeth Davis in 1777, but she passed away two years later. His relationships were marked by personal tragedy, though his children played a significant role in his life and career, with his son Thomas Chippendale (Junior) taking over the family business.

MONEY AND FAME It seems that marrying Catherine did not significantly improve Chippendale's financial circumstances, as one source notes he "missed the chance to improve his circumstances through a judicious marriage."

Chippendale was a successful businessman and achieved considerable wealth and fame during his lifetime. His furniture was highly sought after by the wealthy and fashionable, and his name became synonymous with quality and style.

Despite his fame and the high regard for his work, Chippendale's poor financial management led to the downfall of his business. After his death, his son was evicted for bankruptcy. Though celebrated in his lifetime, Chippendale died impoverished.

FOOD AND DRINK Chippendale's diet would have been typical for a man of his social class and time. He would have eaten a variety of foods, including meat, fish, vegetables, and fruits. He would have also consumed alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine.

MUSIC AND ARTS Chippendale’s close association with Robert Adam and his focus on the aesthetics of furniture suggest he had an appreciation for the arts, especially in architecture and design. His work often complemented the grand interiors of stately homes, integrating art with functionality.

LITERATURE Chippendale’s publication of The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director is a testament to his engagement with literature, as he recognized the importance of documenting and sharing his designs in written form.

"Two Bookcases", from the Director, 1754

NATURE Chippendale's work as a furniture maker involved the use of natural materials, such as wood. His use of natural forms in the Rococo style, such as floral and foliage motifs, suggests he drew inspiration from the natural world.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Chippendale's hobbies and sports are not well-documented. However, like many men of his time, he may have enjoyed hunting, fishing, or riding.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Chippendale's furniture designs, particularly the symmetry and precision in his Neoclassical pieces, reflect an understanding of geometry and mathematical principles, essential in creating balanced and functional pieces.

DESIGN Thomas Chippendale’s designs were revolutionary, blending Rococo, Gothic, and Neoclassical styles. His use of mahogany exclusively in his furniture added durability and elegance to his pieces. 

Chippendale became known for his collaboration with the famous architect Robert Adam, producing furniture that blended seamlessly with Adam’s Neoclassical interiors. 

So, there was this bloke named Thomas Chippendale, a furniture-maker chap from London. He was a bit of a trendsetter, you could say, coming up with designs in the mid-Georgian, English Rococo, and Neoclassical styles. It was like he had a time machine or something, hopping from one style to another without breaking a sweat.

In 1754, Chippendale pulled a real doozy. He put together a book called The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director. Think of it as the Instagram of its day, full of fancy furniture designs. It was a game-changer, really. People went nuts for it, and suddenly everyone wanted Chippendale-style furniture. It was like the iPhone of its time, but for furniture.

According to the Victoria and Albert Museum—you know, that place with all the fancy stuff—Chippendale's designs were so influential that people just started calling any similar furniture "Chippendale." It was like saying "Kleenex" instead of tissue. His stuff was that popular.

So, next time you see a piece of furniture that looks really classy and elegant, chances are it's inspired by Thomas Chippendale. He was a bit of a genius, that's for sure.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY While Chippendale’s philosophical or theological views are not recorded, his work demonstrates a commitment to order, balance, and harmony, reflecting the ideals of the Enlightenment.

SCANDAL Chippendale’s life was relatively scandal-free, though his financial difficulties might have raised eyebrows among contemporaries.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Chippendale’s health declined later in life, and he eventually succumbed to tuberculosis, dying in 1779.

HOMES Thomas Chippendale spent his first three decades in Otley, West Riding of Yorkshire 

Christmas 1749: Moved to a modest house in Conduit Court, London, a small enclave off Long Acre on the fringes of a fashionable furniture making district.

Midsummer 1752: Moved to more respectable premises in Somerset Court, adjoining the Earl of Northumberland's palatial residence.

1754: Moved to spacious new premises at 59-61 St Martin's Lane, in the heart of London's furniture-making district. This location served as both his workshop and home for his growing family.

In 1776, at the age of 58, Chippendale moved to Kensington and lived in a terraced house there. This likely marked his partial retirement from business.

In 1779, during his last illness, Chippendale moved to Hoxton. His son paid for his lodgings in Hoxton, as well as for the physicians who attended him there.

TRAVEL Chippendale’s career was largely centered in London, and there are no records of extensive travel.

DEATH Thomas Chippendale died on November 16, 1779, of tuberculosis. He was buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, and the cemetery was later built upon by the National Gallery.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Chippendale’s legacy lives on in various media, including Walt Disney’s animated chipmunks, Chip 'n' Dale, who were named after him. His name has also become synonymous with high-quality furniture in popular culture.

In 2017, a set of film canisters were found in the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) stores. These canisters contained 1920s silent "biopics" of furniture designers Thomas Chippendale and fellow furniture designer Thomas Sheraton. The Chippendale film is described as "particularly ambitious," charting his rise to prominence and major commissions.

ACHIEVEMENTS Chippendale’s most significant achievement was his 1754 publication, The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director, which cemented his reputation as a leading designer. His furniture became a symbol of elegance and taste in the 18th century, and his legacy endures today in the Chippendale style.

Julia Child

NAME Julia Carolyn McWilliams Child

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Julia Child is renowned as the "First Lady of American Cooking." She popularized French cuisine in the United States through her groundbreaking television series The French Chef and her bestselling cookbooks.

BIRTH Born on August 15, 1912, in Pasadena, California.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Julia came from a wealthy family. Her father, John McWilliams Jr., was a successful land manager, and her mother, Julia Carolyn Weston, was the daughter of a wealthy Massachusetts family. 

CHILDHOOD Julia grew up in a privileged environment, with a cook at home. However, she showed no interest in cooking during her childhood. Instead, she was known for her tall stature and athleticism.

EDUCATION She attended Smith College, graduating in 1934 with a degree in history. Afterward, she worked in advertising and media before joining the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II.

In 1951, she graduated from the Cordon Bleu cooking school in Paris.

CAREER RECORD After graduating from college, Child worked as a research assistant for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in New York City. She later moved to Paris, where she continued her work with the OSS.

She later enrolled in the prestigious Le Cordon Bleu cooking school in Paris, where she honed her culinary skills. 

Julia's career took off when she co-authored Mastering the Art of French Cooking, which was followed by her TV show, The French Chef, making her a household name.

APPEARANCE Julia Child was tall, standing at 6'2", with a distinctive presence. Her booming voice and enthusiastic mannerisms made her instantly recognizable.

Julia Child in her kitchen By Lynn Gilbert - 1978.

FASHION Julia’s fashion was practical, favoring simple blouses and pearl necklaces. She was not known for high fashion but always appeared neat and professional on her shows. She was rarely seen without her signature apron.

CHARACTER Julia was charismatic, approachable, and genuine. Her passion for food was contagious, and she had a warm, engaging personality that won her millions of fans.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Julia’s sense of humor was one of her trademarks. She was known for her candidness and lighthearted attitude in the kitchen, never afraid to joke about her clumsiness and her struggles with the French language. Her famous TV sign-off, “Bon appétit!,” showcased her playful spirit.

RELATIONSHIPS Julia married Paul Child on September 1, 1946. Paul was a diplomat and an artist with a love of food and culture. It was not until she met her husband that Julia began to explore the culinary arts. She learned to cook primarily to please Paul, attempting to seduce him with her kitchen prowess. Julia said that Paul was "responsible for everything I did" in her culinary career.

When Julia and Paul moved to Paris due to Paul's work assignment, she was introduced to French cuisine. Julia said, "That's where I really started in -- I just couldn't get over that food. It was just marvelous

Their marriage was a true partnership, with Paul supporting Julia in her culinary career.

They had no children.

MONEY AND FAME Julia became wealthy through her cookbooks, television shows, and public appearances. She was considered a cultural icon by the time of her death, with her impact on American cooking and food culture still celebrated.

FOOD AND DRINK Julia was passionate about French cuisine, bringing dishes like coq au vin and chocolate mousse to American kitchens. Her favorite dish was sole meunière, and her last meal was French onion soup. She believed in using butter generously and loved a good glass of wine with her meals.

MUSIC AND ARTS Julia had an appreciation for the arts. Her husband, Paul Child, was an artist and a lover of culture, and they often visited museums and attended concerts during their travels.

LITERATURE Child was a voracious reader. She enjoyed reading books on history, cooking, and travel. 

Julia Child's cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking is a seminal work that significantly impacted American culinary culture. Written by Julia Child, Simone Beck, and Louisette Bertholle, Volume 1 was released in 1961 and Volume 2 was published in 1970.

The book was specifically written for the American market, aiming to make French cuisine accessible to American home cooks. It provided clear, extensively tested recipes using ingredients readily available in American supermarkets. The book featured an innovative two-column layout, listing ingredients as they were needed in the recipe rather than at the beginning.

Mastering the Art of French Cooking is credited with introducing French cuisine to the American public. It sold over 100,000 copies in its first year. The book's success led to Julia Child being given her own television show, The French Chef. 

Her memoir, My Life in France, co-written with her grand-nephew Alex Prud'homme, captures her experiences in France and her love for cooking.

NATURE Julia enjoyed gardening and cooking with fresh ingredients. She valued the simplicity of using fresh, local produce.

The Julia Child rose was developed in the United States in 2004 by rose breeder Tom Carruth. Julia Child personally selected this rose to bear her name before her death. She chose it because she loved fragrant yellow roses. The rose is a floribunda variety with buttery yellow blooms and a licorice-like scent.

The Julia Child rose By Carolf2011

PETS Julia Child was a dog lover and had several dogs over the years. Her beloved poodles often appeared in her home kitchen.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Julia was an athlete in her youth, excelling in tennis, basketball, and golf. Throughout her life, she remained active, walking regularly and maintaining her physical fitness.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Julia had a scientific approach to cooking, focusing on technique and precision. Her detailed recipes reflected her methodical nature and her interest in understanding the chemistry behind cooking.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Julia was raised in a Protestant family but was not particularly religious. Her philosophy in life was one of passion, joy, and following one’s heart, which is reflected in her love for food.

POLITICS Julia was liberal-leaning in her later years and supported progressive causes. However, she generally kept her political views private.

SCANDAL Julia Child managed to maintain a scandal-free public life, known primarily for her positive contributions to the culinary world.

MILITARY RECORD During World War II, Julia worked for the OSS, where she contributed to various projects, including concocting a shark repellent to protect underwater explosives from sharks.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Julia was active throughout her life, remaining fit even in her later years. She lived a healthy life until her health declined due to kidney failure, which led to her death in 2004 at the age of 91.

HOMES Julia lived in several locations throughout her life, including Cambridge, Massachusetts, where her famous kitchen was located. Her home in France, La Pitchoune, was where she and Paul spent many happy years together.

Julia Child's kitchen at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History by RadioFan

TRAVEL Julia traveled extensively, both for pleasure and work. Her time in France shaped her culinary philosophy, and she frequently visited Europe throughout her life.

DEATH Julia Child passed away on August 13, 2004, in Montecito, California, just two days shy of her 92nd birthday. She died of kidney failure, and her last meal was a simple, classic French dish—French onion soup.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Julia was portrayed by Meryl Streep in the 2009 film Julie & Julia, which chronicled her life and influence on American cooking. Streep won a Golden Globe for her performance. Julia was also the subject of the 2021 documentary Julia, and Jean Stapleton portrayed her in a musical play titled Bon Appétit! in 1989.

ACHIEVEMENTS Julia’s biggest achievement was transforming the way Americans approached cooking. Her cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking remains a culinary classic, and her television show made her a pioneer in cooking shows. She received numerous awards and accolades, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2003.

Maurice Chevalier

NAME Maurice Auguste Chevalier

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Maurice Chevalier was a renowned French singer, actor, and entertainer. He was known for his charming personality, distinctive voice, and popular songs like "Thank Heaven for Little Girls," and "Isn't It Romantic."

BIRTH Born on September 12, 1888, in Ménilmontant, Paris, France.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Maurice Chevalier came from a working-class family. His mother, Josephine, was deeply devoted to raising Maurice and his brother Paul after his father, a house painter, left them. They lived in poverty in the Ménilmontant district of Paris.

CHILDHOOD Chevalier had a tough childhood. At the age of ten, he left school determined to become an acrobat. A serious injury ended that dream, and he had to find other work. His youth was marked by various jobs, including work as a carpenter’s apprentice, electrician, and doll painter, before he found his passion for performing.

EDUCATION Chevalier’s formal education ended when he left school at the age of ten. His knowledge and skills were largely self-taught, and his eventual fluency in English came from his time as a prisoner of war during World War I.

CAREER RECORD His career began after a chance encounter with a café owner in 1900, leading to his first performance. Despite initial setbacks, Chevalier gained fame as a singer and mimic. His break came in the early 1900s, with performances at the Casino de Paris. 

Chevalier became a star of French music halls and later achieved international fame in Hollywood, starring in films and becoming known for his romantic, debonair persona.

APPEARANCE Maurice Chevalier was known for his charming smile, twinkling eyes, and his instantly recognizable boater hat. He stood out for his debonair and relaxed presence on stage, adding to his signature appeal as the quintessential French entertainer.

Chevalier, early 1930s

FASHION Chevalier was known for his timeless and elegant fashion sense, particularly his straw boater hat, bow tie, and well-tailored suits, which became his iconic look.

CHARACTER Chevalier was known for his charm, wit, and optimism. He was also known for his flirtatious and playful personality. Despite his upbeat persona on stage privately he suffered from bouts of depression throughout his life.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Maurice Chevalier's sense of humor was characterized by a blend of charm, wit, and playful self-deprecation. One example can be drawn from his interactions with co-stars, particularly Jeanette MacDonald. He humorously referred to her as the "Iron Butterfly," which she found amusing, despite his initial belief that she lacked a sense of humor. This playful banter highlights his ability to mix light-hearted teasing with genuine affection.

Additionally, Chevalier's quotes reflect his humorous outlook on life. For instance, he famously remarked, "Old age isn't so bad when you consider the alternative," showcasing his ability to find levity in the aging process.

His performances often included double entendres and cheeky lyrics, which contributed to the light-hearted and flirtatious atmosphere of his musical films, making him a beloved figure in musical comedy during his era

RELATIONSHIPS Chevalier’s relationships were highly publicized. His early liaison with Fréhel, one of France's biggest stars, ended due to her struggles with addiction. He later had a public romance with Mistinguett, with whom he shared the stage at the Folies Bergère. These relationships helped cement his status in French entertainment.

Maurice Chevalier was married once to Yvonne Vallée, a French actress and dancer. They wed on October 10, 1927, but their marriage ended in divorce in 1935, citing incompatibility as the reason for their separation. After his divorce, Chevalier did not remarry but had several significant relationships throughout his life, including one with actress Nita Raya.

Yvonne Vallée and Maurice Chevalier in The Little Cafe (1931) 

MONEY AND FAME Chevalier rose from poverty to wealth, becoming one of the most famous entertainers in the world. His international fame earned him substantial wealth, though he was often criticized for his material success, particularly during politically sensitive times.

FOOD AND DRINK Chevalier was known to enjoy good food and wine. He was often seen at luxurious restaurants and wine bars.

A recipe attributed to him for French Onion Soup, which reflects classic French cuisine. This dish is often associated with comfort and traditional French cooking, indicating that Chevalier likely enjoyed hearty and flavorful meals typical of his cultural background.

A vintage poster from 1934 features Chevalier promoting cherry brandy, suggests that he may have had an affinity for this particular drink, which aligns with the French tradition of enjoying fruit-based liqueurs

 His relationship with alcohol was likely complicated by his time with Fréhel, but there is no extensive record of his indulgence.

MUSIC AND ARTS Music and performance were central to his life. His singing style, influenced by French chanson, jazz, and ragtime, made him an international star. He embraced American jazz during his career and performed with a distinctive French charm that captivated audiences worldwide.

Maurice Chevalier, a name synonymous with Parisian charm and musical flair, was born in the City of Lights. His early life was a tapestry woven with threads of musical comedy and menial jobs. He shared the stage with the biggest female star in France at the time, Fréhel, who served as his mentor and secured him a significant engagement in Marseille.

Chevalier's love affair with jazz and ragtime led him across the Channel to London, where he found renewed success. But his journey didn't stop there. He ventured across the Atlantic, meeting American musical luminaries like George Gershwin and Irving Berlin, and even bringing his operetta Dédé to Broadway.

His talent wasn't confined to music. Chevalier discovered a knack for acting and quickly made a name for himself on the silver screen. The advent of talkies provided the perfect opportunity for him to showcase his American accent and charm, leading to Academy Award nominations and iconic hits like "You Brought a New Kind of Love to Me."

After a hiatus, Chevalier returned to Hollywood with a bang, starring in films like Love in the Afternoon and Gigi. He continued to delight audiences well into his seventies, leaving an indelible mark on the film industry. His final contribution was the title song for Disney's The Aristocats, a fitting end to a remarkable career that brought French flair to the world.

LITERATURE Chevalier was not known to be a voracious reader, but he did enjoy reading plays and scripts. His work reflects a deep understanding of storytelling through song and performance. His life story itself became the subject of various biographies.

NATURE Maurice Chevalier had a fondness for nature and enjoyed spending time in the countryside and seaside, particularly during tumultuous periods in his life. For instance, during World War II, he moved to the Dordogne region in rural France to escape the dangers posed by the Nazi occupation. This area provided a peaceful retreat for him and his family, allowing them to live away from the chaos of war.

Additionally, Chevalier and his entourage often spent time at his villa in La Bocca, near Cannes, which was situated in a more tranquil part of France during the war. This location allowed him to enjoy a more relaxed lifestyle amidst the scenic beauty of the French Riviera. His affinity for nature and the countryside reflects a desire for solace and respite from the pressures of his public life and the surrounding conflicts.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS In his youth, Chevalier had a brief stint as a sparring partner to French heavyweight boxing champion Georges Carpentier. Though his boxing career was short-lived, it was an early connection to physical activity.

Chevalier was known to be an avid golfer. He enjoyed the sport and often played during his leisure time, which allowed him to relax and socialize away from the pressures of show business.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY There is little record of Chevalier’s involvement in philosophical or theological pursuits. He did, however, grapple with personal issues like depression, hinting at a deeper, more reflective side.

POLITICS Chevalier was politically controversial during World War II. He was accused of collaborating with the German occupation forces, a claim he denied. Despite these accusations, he was cleared of collaboration after the war.

SCANDAL The biggest scandal of Chevalier’s life occurred during World War II when he was accused of collaborating with Nazi Germany. Though he managed to clear his name, this episode cast a shadow over his reputation for some time.

MILITARY RECORD During World War I, Chevalier was drafted into the French army and served on the front lines. He was wounded by shrapnel early in the war and captured by the Germans, spending two years as a prisoner of war. His experience left a lasting impact, but he used the time to learn English, which helped his career afterward.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Chevalier suffered from bouts of depression and, later in life, his physical health deteriorated. In 1971, he attempted suicide, leading to kidney and liver damage. His health continued to decline, and he died on January 1, 1972, from a cardiac arrest following kidney surgery.

HOMES Throughout his life, Chevalier lived in several homes, primarily in Paris and its surrounding areas. He eventually settled in La Bocca, near Cannes, during World War II.

TRAVEL Chevalier’s career took him around the world. He performed in the United States, Europe, and the United Kingdom, making him one of the few French performers to achieve true international stardom.

Chevalier enjoyed traveling, especially to the countryside and seaside, which provided him with opportunities to unwind and enjoy nature. His time spent in places like La Bocca near Cannes during World War II exemplifies his appreciation for beautiful landscapes.

DEATH Maurice Chevalier died on January 1, 1972, at the age of 83, following complications from kidney surgery. He was interred in Marnes-la-Coquette, outside Paris, where he rests beside his mother.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Chevalier appeared in numerous films, both in France and Hollywood. His notable works include The Love Parade (1929), Gigi (1958), and Can-Can (1960). He is also remembered for his distinctive voice in film soundtracks, such as "Thank Heaven for Little Girls" in Gigi.

ACHIEVEMENTS Chevalier is celebrated as one of France’s most famous entertainers. He received an Honorary Academy Award in 1959 for his contributions to cinema and remained a beloved figure in both French and international entertainment until his death.

Anton Chekhov

NAME Anton Pavlovich Chekhov

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Anton Chekhov is renowned for his realistic short stories and plays, which often explored themes of social class, love, and the human condition. He is considered one of the greatest playwrights of the world.

BIRTH Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860, in Chekhova street, Taganrog, Russia.

Birth house of Anton Chekhov. By Alexandre Mirgorodskiy - Taganrog Local Government, 

FAMILY BACKGROUND Chekhov was born into a modest family. His father, Pavel Chekhov, was a grocer and strict disciplinarian who eventually went bankrupt. His mother, Yevgeniya, was gentle and loving, traits that Chekhov greatly admired and respected throughout his life.

CHILDHOOD Chekhov’s childhood was marked by hardship. His father’s financial ruin forced the family to move to Moscow, but Anton remained in Taganrog to finish his education, living alone and supporting himself by tutoring.

EDUCATION In 1879, Chekhov moved to Moscow and enrolled in medical school at Moscow University, graduating as a physician in 1884. Despite his literary success, he practiced medicine throughout his life.

CAREER RECORD Chekhov began writing humorous sketches to support his family while studying medicine. By the late 1880s, his short stories had gained significant recognition, and he became one of Russia’s leading literary figures. His plays, initially met with criticism, later redefined drama, with The Seagull (1896) and The Cherry Orchard (1904) solidifying his legacy.

Chekhov was also a trained doctor who practiced medicine throughout most of his literary career — though he made little money from it as he treated the poor for free. He said “medicine is my lawful wife, literature my mistress.”

APPEARANCE  Chekhov was of average build, with dark hair, pale complexion and a neatly trimmed beard. He was approximately 6 feet 1¼ inches tall, which is about 1.86 meters. This height was considered quite tall for a man during the late 19th century. His spectacles added to his intellectual aura, and he often appeared in modest, functional clothing rather than the fashion of the day.

Chekhov in 1889

FASHION  Chekhov had a simple and understated style often wearing a long coat and a hat. His clothing was professional and functional, reflective of his work as a doctor and writer. He was known to favor practical over fashionable attire.

CHARACTER Chekhov was compassionate, humble, and known for his deep sense of empathy. His moral complexity is reflected in his works, which explore the nuances of human behavior without moral judgment. His dislike of cruelty and hypocrisy, along with his own modesty, marked his personality.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Chekhov possessed a sharp, dry wit, often employing humor to expose the absurdities of life. His early work leaned heavily on satire, and even his more serious plays contain moments of comedic relief.

In his one-act play "The Bear" (1888) Chekhov employs several comedic techniques:

Exaggerated physical comedy: The main character Grigory, described as a large "bear-like" man, repeatedly grabs and squeezes chairs in frustration, causing them to break. This over-the-top reaction brings humor to tense situations.

Dramatic overreactions: When the elderly servant Luka is asked to escort Grigory out, he responds with an excessively theatrical display: "Clutches at his heart... What people!... Falls into a chair Oh, I'm ill, I'm ill! I can't breathe!" This melodramatic response to a simple request creates a humorous contrast.

Witty banter and childish arguments: The two main characters, Ms. Popova and Grigory, engage in back-and-forth arguments over money that devolve into childish bickering. Their inability to resolve a simple issue and their stubborn reactions create comedic tension.

Ironic dialogue: Luka, the servant, delivers deadpan lines that are unexpectedly blunt and funny. For instance, when discussing his deceased wife, he says: "My old woman died too, when her time came. Well? I grieved over her, wept for a month, and that's enough for her." The matter-of-fact delivery of this sentiment creates humor through its unexpected brevity and lack of sentimentality.

RELATIONSHIPS Chekhov had numerous love affairs and is said to have had "a love-life of astonishing activity and complexity," with at least 33 lovers. Despite this, he remained noncommittal for much of his life. On May 25, 1901, at age 41, he quietly married actress Olga Knipper, a former lover of Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko.

MONEY AND FAME Though he made relatively little from his medical practice (often treating the poor for free), Chekhov earned a steady income from his writing. By the late 1890s, he had become one of Russia's most famous authors, though he maintained a modest lifestyle.

FOOD AND DRINK Chekhov enjoyed simple meals, often favoring Russian staples like bread, cheese, and fresh vegetables. He was not known for extravagant tastes in food or drink.

MUSIC AND ARTS  Imagine a man who could make you laugh and cry, often in the same sentence. A fellow who was as comfortable with a scalpel as he was with a pen. That’s Anton Chekhov, a Russian playwright and short-story writer who was as much a doctor as he was a literary genius.

Chekhov's plays were like a gentle breeze, carrying you along on a wave of emotion. They weren't full of flashy action or dramatic plot twists. Instead, they were about the quiet moments, the unspoken thoughts, the subtle nuances of human relationships. It was a kind of “theatre of mood,” as some critics put it.

Chekhov started out writing stories just to make a few rubles, but as he got better and better, he started to experiment with new ways of telling tales. He wasn't afraid to challenge his readers, to make them think and feel deeply. He believed that the job of an artist wasn't to give you all the answers, but to ask all the right questions.

On October 17, 1896 the first performance of The Seagull was booed, leading Chekhov to temporarily give up writing plays. The play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre.

Uncle Vanya was first published in 1897, but its metropolitan premiere took place on November 7, 1899 at the Moscow Art Theatre. The initial reviews were favorable but pointed out some defects. As the staging and acting improved over successive performances, and as audiences better understood its meaning, the reviews improved

Chekhov's last play, The Cherry Orchard premiered at the Moscow Art Theatre on January 17, 1904. It is widely regarded as a classic of 20th-century theatre.

Chekhov admired the arts, particularly theatre, where many of his plays were performed. He had strong friendships with fellow literary figures such as Leo Tolstoy and Maxim Gorky.

Chekhov played the piano and enjoyed singing. He was part of a church choir as a child, though this was compulsory rather than voluntary.

LITERATURE Chekhov revolutionized both short stories and drama, focusing on the inner lives of ordinary people and the mundane details of existence. His approach was groundbreaking for its subtlety and avoidance of clear moral lessons. He once stated, “Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress.”

NATURE Nature played a significant role in Chekhov’s life and works. He was particularly fond of the Russian landscape and was known to retreat to the countryside to find peace. His novella The Steppe (1888) beautifully captures his love for the Russian steppe.

PETS At his villa in Yalta, Chekhov kept a variety of pets, including dogs and tame cranes, reflecting his affection for animals and nature.

Kashtanka is an 1887 short story by Anton Chekhov about a young dog who gets lost and has adventures with a new owner before returning to her original family. The story is told largely from the dog Kashtanka's point of view. It became a popular children's story and was even made into a Russian TV movie in 1975.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Chekhov was an avid gardener, planting trees and cultivating flowers at his home in Yalta. This love of nature extended to his leisurely pursuits, though his physical activity was limited later in life due to illness.

SCIENCE AND MATHS As a trained doctor, Chekhov had a scientific mindset, often using his medical background in his literary works. His precise observations of human behavior and his rational approach to life's complexities are evident in his writing.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Chekhov was agnostic and believed in the moral improvement of society through personal responsibility. His works avoid clear-cut answers to philosophical or theological questions, preferring to explore moral dilemmas without imposing solutions.

POLITICS Chekhov was politically moderate, though his compassion for the suffering and poor was evident. His journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890 to document the lives of prisoners reflects his humanitarian concerns.

SCANDAL Despite his many affairs, Chekhov managed to avoid scandal. His private life, though complicated, was largely kept out of the public eye.

MILITARY RECORD Chekhov did not serve in the military, though his humanitarian work and travels exposed him to the harsh realities of Russian life, including the penal system.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Chekhov suffered from tuberculosis for much of his adult life, leading to frequent health crises. Despite his illness, he maintained a remarkable work ethic, continuing to write until his final days. A major hemorrhage in 1897 signaled the worsening of his condition.

HOMES Chekhov lived in several places, but his most famous residence was The White Dacha in Yalta, a house he built after his father’s death in 1898. He planted gardens and kept pets, though he often left Yalta for Moscow or travel abroad, calling Yalta his "hot Siberia."

TRAVEL Chekhov enjoyed traveling, making trips to places like Siberia and Sakhalin Island for both personal interest and research

In 1890, Chekhov undertook a grueling journey to Sakhalin Island, a Russian penal colony. The trip deeply affected him, and his subsequent writings on the harsh conditions there are among his most powerful. 

On his return journey from Sakhalin, Chekhov's ship stopped in Hong Kong, which he took an instant liking to. Chekhov was particularly impressed with Ceylon, describing it as "the place where Paradise was located." He traveled by train to Kandy and seemed to greatly enjoy his time there

After returning from Sakhalin, Chekhov made his first trip abroad to Western Europe in 1891, traveling with his publisher Alexei Suvorin. Chekhov visited major Italian sites during his European tour. After Italy, Chekhov and Suvorin settled in Nice, staying at the luxurious Beau Rivage hotel on the Promenade Des Anglais

DEATH Chekhov died on July 15, 1904, at the age of 44, after a long struggle with tuberculosis. His final days were spent in a health spa in Badenweiler, Germany. His death is often remembered for its quiet dignity, as he simply said, "Ich sterbe" ("I am dying") and drank a glass of champagne before passing.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Chekhov’s works have been adapted numerous times in film, theatre, and television. His plays are regularly performed around the world, and many of his stories have been adapted into films.

ACHIEVEMENTS Chekhov’s achievements lie in his transformation of modern drama and the short story. He stripped away melodrama and focused on the subtleties of human experience. His innovations in narrative structure and character psychology continue to influence writers and playwrights today.

Geoffrey Chaucer

NAME Geoffrey Chaucer

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Geoffrey Chaucer is best known as the author of The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by pilgrims on a journey, and is often called the "Father of English Literature" for his role in popularizing Middle English.

BIRTH Chaucer was born Upper Thames Street, Dowgate Hill, London around 1343, though the exact date is uncertain. The location is described as being "between Thames Street (now known as Upper Thames Street) and College Hill" in an area called The Vintry.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Chaucer was born into a prosperous family of wine merchants. His father, John Chaucer, was a vintner, and the family had connections to the royal court. His mother Agnes died in 1381.

CHILDHOOD Little is known about Chaucer’s childhood, but growing up in London, he would have been exposed to the cultural and commercial activities of the capital. His family’s wealth allowed him access to education and influential circles.

EDUCATION Chaucer likely attended the St. Paul’s Cathedral School, where he would have studied the classics, Latin, and rhetoric. His later work shows a deep familiarity with French, Italian, and Latin literature, suggesting a broad and advanced education.

CAREER RECORD Chaucer's early life was likely spent in London, where he would have been exposed to the vibrant cultural and social scene of the city. Despite his modest background, Chaucer managed to rise through the ranks of English society, serving in various roles at the royal court.

One of Chaucer's first roles was as a page in the household of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, the third son of King Edward III. In time, he would go on to write many pages of his own.

In 1359 Chaucer served as a soldier in the English army in France, where he was taken prisoner and subsequently ransomed.

Chaucer's career continued to ascend, and he eventually became an Esquire to King Edward III. He was also appointed to several diplomatic positions, representing England in negotiations with foreign powers. His most notable diplomatic achievement was the negotiation of a treaty with King Charles V of France.

In addition to his diplomatic duties, Chaucer held several administrative positions. He obtained the very substantial job of comptroller of the customs for the port of London, which Chaucer began on June 8, 1374. He continued in it for twelve years, a long time in such a post at that time.

Chaucer also served as a Representative to Parliament and oversaw the maintenance of royal buildings and parks as the Royal Clerk of the Works.

Despite his busy career, Chaucer found time to pursue his literary interests. He began work on The Canterbury Tales around 1386, and the collection of interconnected stories is considered a masterpiece of medieval English literature.

In his later years, Chaucer's career faltered due to political rivalries at the English court. He was eventually demoted to the position of Deputy Forester for the King's forest at Petherton.

APPEARANCE There are no contemporary descriptions of Chaucer’s appearance, but portraits made after his death depict him as a man of average height and build with a long face, prominent nose, and a contemplative expression. Below is a portrait of Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve in the Regiment of Princes (1412). Hoccleve claimed to have personally known Chaucer.

In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer playfully describes himself in The Rime of St. Thopas as "small and fair of face," "elfish," and sporting a "beard of ripe wheat." While his beard was likely a reddish-brown goatee, his self-deprecating humor suggests he may have exaggerated his physical appearance. Other accounts describe him as plump and full-eyed, indicating he may have gained weight as he aged.

FASHION As a member of the court, Chaucer would have worn fine clothes in line with medieval fashion. He likely wore robes, tunics, and hats made of fine fabrics, such as wool, silk, and fur. The colors and styles of his clothing would have reflected his social status and personal preferences.

Chaucer would have worn pointed toe leather shoes and according to his portrait in the National Portrait Gallery he wore a floppy hat.

CHARACTER Chaucer’s writings reveal a keen observer of human nature, someone who had a sharp intellect and a tolerant, humane view of people’s flaws and virtues.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Chaucer had a sophisticated sense of humor, often using irony, wit, and satire in his works. His Canterbury Tales characters embody both serious and comical traits, reflecting his ability to laugh at human nature while still taking it seriously.

With it's smutty humour Canterbury Tales was a medieval version of Carry On films

RELATIONSHIPS Chaucer married Philippa Roet, the daughter of Sir Paon de Roet, a knight from Hainault, in 1366. Their marriage is believed to have been arranged, possibly by Queen Philippa, for whom Philippa Roet was a lady-in-waiting. Some sources suggest the marriage may not have been happy.

Chaucer and Philippa had at least two sons and possibly a daughter:

Thomas Chaucer (born c. 1367): The most well-known of Chaucer's children, he became a prominent politician and courtier.

Lewis Chaucer: Mentioned in Chaucer's "Treatise on the Astrolabe" as his "litel sonne Lowys".

Elizabeth Chaucer: Possibly their daughter, who became a nun at Barking Abbey.

Through his marriage, Chaucer became connected to John of Gaunt, one of the most powerful figures in England at the time. Philippa's sister, Katherine Swynford, was John of Gaunt's mistress and later his third wife.

The marriage to Philippa allowed Chaucer to enter the world of aristocracy and brought him financial prosperity due to his wife's large annuity

MONEY AND FAME Though Chaucer was not rich, his royal pensions and court positions provided a stable income. On July 12, 1389, Chaucer was appointed the clerk of the king's works, He was paid two shillings a day,

Following the death of his wife, Philippa, in 1387 and the subsequent loss of her financial grants, Chaucer faced a period of financial hardship. To supplement his income, he was forced to sell two of his pensions. These lean years continued until the accession of King Henry IV in 1399, who generously increased Chaucer's income.

There are about 500 legal documents, warrants, and financial records relating to Chaucer the man, but these do not mention Chaucer's poetry. Most of the documentary records attesting to Chaucer's life are collected in Crow and Olson's Chaucer Life-Records, which focus on his official and public roles rather than his poetic career. The sources emphasize Chaucer's roles as a civil servant, diplomat, and courtier, with his poetry often described as an "avocation" or side activity.

Chaucer is frequently referred to in contemporary records by his official titles and roles, such as "esquire of the King's household" or "controller of customs".

The recognition of Chaucer as a great poet seems to have come largely after his death, with contemporaries like Thomas Hoccleve eulogizing him as the "flour of eloquence" and "the firste fyndere of our faire langage"

FOOD AND DRINK As a courtier, Chaucer would have enjoyed access to luxurious meals, including meats, pastries, and spiced wines common among the nobility of the time.

As a reward for his service as Controller of London Customs, Chaucer was granted a daily jug of wine by King Richard II.

MUSIC AND ARTS Chaucer was well-versed in the arts and often references music, dance, and visual art in his works. His writing reflects an appreciation of the creative achievements of his time.

Chaucer penned several notable ballads, including Complaint to His Empty Purse.

LITERATURE Chaucer was a prolific writer, and his works include poetry, prose, and translations. His most famous work is The Canterbury Tales, but he also wrote other significant pieces all in ye olde English with ye olde spelling.

Chaucer’s literary influences included French poetry, the Italian works of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, and classical authors like Virgil and Ovid. 

Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in the hand of Adam Pinkhurst, c. 1400.

While on diplomatic missions in Milan, Chaucer developed a taste for Italian poetry. His experiences as a prisoner of war in France also exposed him to French courtly love poetry. 

Known for his constant reading, Chaucer greatly admired Dante's Divine Inferno, memorizing much of it, and considered Ovid his favorite poet.

Chaucer's writing was composed in the Midlands dialect and often penned after a day's work. He likely shared his works aloud with fellow courtiers, officials, and even members of the Royal Family. His tales often featured "everyday" folk, focusing on themes of lust, alcohol, and revelry, earning him a reputation as an early proponent of sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll.

A pioneer of English literature, Chaucer introduced continental accentual-syllabic meter as an alternative to the alliterative Anglo-Saxon meter. He also played a crucial role in standardizing the southern accent of Middle English.

Among Chaucer's notable works are:

Le Roman de la Rose (Romaunt of the Rose): An early English adaptation of a French poem about love.

Troilus and Criseyde: A tragic, witty love story adapted from a Boccaccio romance with complex characterization.

Canterbury Tales: A collection of 17,000 lines of verse and prose, featuring tales told by 31 pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. The tales explore a wide range of themes and characters, from knights to millers.

Chaucer's writing is filled with memorable quotes and phrases that have become English clichés. For example, "necessity is the mother of invention" and "first come, first served" can be traced back to his works.

NATURE Chaucer often used nature in his poetry, symbolizing various human emotions and spiritual states. He describes the seasons and landscapes with great sensitivity in works like The Parliament of Fowls.

PETS In The Miller's Tale, Chaucer uses the term "cat flap," a centuries-old device for allowing cats to enter and exit a house.

Time foe another cliché birthed by Chaucer. He originated the phrase "let sleeping dogs lie," originally writing it as "It is not good a sleeping haind to wake. Nor yeve a wight a cause to devyne" in Troilus and Criseyde.

Canterbury Tales follows a group of pilgrims on their journey to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The word "canter" is believed to have originated from the brisk pace of the horses used for this pilgrimage, known as the "Canterbury gallop."

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Chaucer’s diplomatic and writing duties likely took up much of his time, though he may have enjoyed leisure activities typical of the medieval court, like hunting, falconry, chess and jousting.

Backgammon (or its predecessors) was very popular in England during the medieval period when Chaucer lived. It was known as "tables" and was played by both nobility and commoners, Chaucer mentioned "tables" in The Canterbury Tales, writng: "They daucen, and they pleyen at ches and tables." 

SCIENCE AND MATHS Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe was written around 1391 and is considered one of the earliest technical manuals in English rather than Latin, Greek, or Arabic. The treatise was addressed to "little Lewis", who was likely Chaucer's son. Lewis was about 10 years old at the time. It describes in detail the form and use of the astrolabe, a sophisticated astronomical instrument used for telling time and making astronomical calculations

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Chaucer was influenced by both classical philosophy and Christian theology. His works explore moral and ethical questions, often with a humanistic approach that balances religion and reason.

Chaucer was a vocal critic of lazy clerics and the practice of indulgences. He accused priests of prioritizing hunting over preaching and condemned Friars for preaching 'for profit of their bellies.' Despite his criticisms, Chaucer expressed sympathy for the Lollards, a pre-Reformation religious movement. Several of his friends were associated with Wycliffe's Lollard movement.

In The Nun's Priest's Tale, Chaucer wrote, 'Mordre wol out that see we day by day,' meaning 'Your sins shall find you out.' This is the final cliché origin we will explore

POLITICS Chaucer held several government positions, including a role as a customs controller in London and a Member of Parliament. His works also subtly critique social and political issues of his time, particularly in The Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer was a Member of Parliament in the "Wonderful Parliament" of 1386. He served as an MP for Kent in this parliament, which met from October to November 1386. As an MP, Chaucer took advantage of his time at Westminster to conduct other business related to his role as controller of customs and to give evidence in a legal case.

Chaucer's experience in Parliament may have influenced some of his writing, particularly The Parliament of Fowls, which contains elements reminiscent of parliamentary proceedings

SCANDAL (1) Chaucer's poems often celebrated the joys of life in a humorous, sometimes suggestive manner that might be considered risqué by modern standards. However, due to the Middle English language, many readers may have missed the bawdy undertones.

(2) On October 16, 1379, Thomas Staundon filed a legal action against Geoffrey Chaucer and Cecily Chaumpaigne under the Statute of Labourers. The case centered on Chaumpaigne leaving Staundon's employment before the end of her agreed contract term, without permission, to work for Chaucer instead. Staundon was trying to force Chaumpaigne back into his service by invoking the Statute of Labourers, which forbade employers from poaching servants.

Both Chaucer and Chaumpaigne appointed attorneys to defend themselves against Staundon's charges in the months between late 1379 and early 1380. At an unknown date in Easter term 1380, Staundon withdrew his action. The original writ was marked "non prosecutum" (not prosecuted), indicating Staundon had ceased to pursue the case against Chaucer and Chaumpaigne

(3) Chaucer's financial troubles in the late 14th century were compounded by a series of robberies. In 1390, he was robbed twice in one day, losing a total of 20 pounds, 6 shillings, and 8 pence in various locations in Surrey. The following year, he was robbed again, this time losing 10 pounds at Westminster.

(4) According to some theories, including one proposed by historian and Monty Python comedian Terry Jones, Chaucer may have met a violent end at the hands of political opponents.

MILITARY RECORD During the Hundred Years' War, Chaucer accompanied the English army under King Edward III to France in 1359. While participating in the siege of Reims in 1360, he was taken prisoner. King Edward paid a ransom of 16 pounds to secure Chaucer's release, an indication of his importance.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS There are no specific records of Chaucer’s health, though he lived a relatively long life for his time, dying in his 60s.

HOMES Chaucer lived in various locations, including Kent, and Reims during his diplomatic travels. He also had a residence above Aldgate in London, which he leased in 1374. It was demolished in the 18th century.

Around 1385-1386, Chaucer moved from Aldgate to a country residence, likely in Greenwich where he had a garden and arbour.

On December 24m 1399, Chaucer took a lease of a tenement in the garden of the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey, for a term of 53 years at a yearly rent of fifty three shillings and four pence. The site of this garden where Chaucer's leased house stood is now covered by the enlarged Lady Chapel built by Henry VII in the early 16th century

TRAVEL As a diplomat for King Edward III, Chaucer embarked on several important missions to France, Italy, and Flanders. In 1366, he traveled to Spain. From 1378 to 1380, he visited Lombardy and France. During his travels to Milan, Genoa, and Florence from 1372 to 1373, Chaucer discovered the works of Dante and Boccaccio, which significantly influenced his own poetry.

DEATH Following the overthrow of his patron, King Richard II, Chaucer's historical presence becomes less apparent. He is believed to have died of unknown causes on October 25, 1400. Some speculate that he may have been murdered by enemies of the deposed king.

Chaucer was laid to rest at Westminster Abbey in London. In 1556, his remains were moved to a more elaborate tomb, making him the first writer to be interred in the area now known as Poets' Corner.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Chaucer has appeared as a character in various films, novels, and TV adaptations, including A Knight's Tale (2001), where he is humorously portrayed by Paul Bettany.

ACHIEVEMENTS (1) Chaucer's greatest achievement is his contribution to English literature. His Canterbury Tales established English as a legitimate literary language at a time when Latin and French dominated. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in Western literary history.

(2) Chaucer's popularity as a court poet contributed to the dominance of the southern English dialect in literature, particularly influencing the London dialect. French was still spoken in certain institutions, such as the Low Countries, during the 14th century.

(3) The Canterbury Tales helped to revive bawdy humor in European literature.

(4) In 1998, a first edition of The Canterbury Tales sold for a then- record-breaking £4,621,500, significantly surpassing the price of a paperback Penguin edition.

(5) William Caxton, the pioneer of the printing press in England, was a great admirer of Chaucer, describing him as "The worshipful fader and first fondeur and embellisher of ornate eloquence in our englissh." (It seems spelling was not a universal strength during that era!)