NAME Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, commonly known as Caligula.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Caligula is infamous for his tyrannical and extravagant reign as the Roman Emperor from AD 37 to 41. His rule is often highlighted by accounts of extreme cruelty, eccentricity, and erratic behavior.
BIRTH Caligula was born on August 31, AD 12, in Antium, Italy (modern-day Anzio).
FAMILY BACKGROUND Father: Germanicus Caesar (15 BC-19 AD), a prominent Roman general and the stepson and great-nephew of Tiberius.
Mother: Agrippina the Elder, granddaughter of Augustus and Scribonia.
Siblings: Four other sons (Tiberius and Gaius Julius, who died young; Nero, Drusus), and three daughters (Julia Livilla, Drusilla, and Agrippina the Younger).
Significant family events:
In 33 AD, Agrippina committed suicide after being banished by Tiberius.
When his favorite sister Julia Drusilla died on June 10, 38, Caligula was badly affected by the loss. He had the Roman Senate declare her a Goddess, as Diva Drusill and declared a year of national mourning, imposing a chilling silence across the empire. Laughter, celebratory feasts, and even the simple act of bathing were banned for all citizens. The penalty for violating this edict? Death.
Insanity was prevalent in his family.
CHILDHOOD Young Caligula, accompanying his father on military campaigns, became a familiar sight to the Roman legions. The soldiers, charmed by the young boy, affectionately nicknamed him "Caligula," which translates to "little boots" – a reference to the miniature military uniform his parents dressed him in.
In 14 AD, during a tense situation within Germanicus's camp, bordering on mutiny, Caligula was briefly sent away for his safety. However, fearing the consequences of upsetting the superstitious soldiers, he was soon brought back to appease them.
EDUCATION He received a typical Roman education for a noble, including training in rhetoric, literature, and the arts. He was also exposed to the military discipline of his father's legions.
CAREER RECORD Caligula's early career was relatively uneventful until he was adopted by Tiberius and became his heir.
37 AD: Became emperor at the age of 24 after the death of Tiberius.
37-41 AD: Reign marked by brutality, extravagance, and political instability.
APPEARANCE Contemporary accounts describe Caligula as tall and pale, with a thin face and piercing eyes. He had a massive, hairy body, bald head, and thin legs and neck. Caligula was prematurely bald and sensitive about it, making it a capital crime to look down on him from above.
Believing himself to be the reincarnation of Jupiter he grew a long, tangled beard.
Marble bust, 37–41 AD by Sergey Sosnovskiy from Saint-Petersburg, Russia
FASHION He dressed extravagantly, often in ornate and luxurious clothing, and sometimes donned costumes of various gods and demigods.
CHARACTER Caligula's character is described as complex, with initial promise giving way to cruelty, paranoia, and madness. He was known for his erratic and ruthless decisions.
SENSE OF HUMOUR His sense of humor was often cruel and macabre, including making jokes about executions and tortures.
When incensed by the Roman citizens cheering for a gladiatorial team he did not support, Caligula wished aloud that the Roman people had one neck so he could slay them all with one stroke.
RELATIONSHIPS Caligula had numerous relationships, both heterosexual and homosexual. He was married four times, with his most notable wife being Caesonia.
On his appointment as emperor, Caligula adopted his cousin Gernellus and six months later had the poor chap executed.
MONEY AND FAME His reign was marked by extravagant spending, leading to financial troubles for the empire. His fame, largely negative, endures through history.
FOOD AND DRINK Caligula indulged in lavish banquets and was known for his gluttony. He enjoyed exotic and expensive foods.
His horse Incitatus was treated to luxurious foods.
MUSIC AND ARTS He was a patron of the arts and enjoyed theatrical performances, sometimes participating himself.
LITERATURE Caligula was literate and appreciated literature, although there are no significant literary works attributed to him.
NATURE He had a fondness for gardens and often enjoyed their beauty, incorporating them into his palatial estates.
PETS Caligula had a notable affection for horses, with his favorite being Incitatus.(meaning "spurred on"). Incitatus lived a life of unimaginable luxury, residing in a stable of polished marble and enjoying meals served from an ivory manger. A golden goblet quenched his thirst, and a team of dedicated slaves catered to his every whim. Caligula even hosted lavish parties where Incitatus himself was the guest of honor! The rumor that Caligula intended to make Incitatus a consul, a position equivalent to a high-ranking senator, further cemented his reputation for eccentricity.
Caligula and Incitatus, drawing by Jean Victor Adam
HOBBIES AND SPORTS He enjoyed watching gladiatorial games and chariot races.
Caligula enjoyed organizing large-scale fights. He once entered the arena himself, ensuring his victory by having wooden swords for his opponents while he used a real one.
Caligula never learnt to swim.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caligula conducted experiments to produce gold from orpiment, an early form of alchemy.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caligula considered himself a living god and demanded to be worshiped as such, reflecting his megalomania rather than any coherent philosophical stance.
One of the most controversial of Caligula's acts was his plan for Jerusalem. Upon learning about the city's imageless temple, a holy site for Jews, Caligula decreed the placement of a life-sized statue of himself within the holiest chamber. This act of desecration would have been a direct affront to Jewish beliefs. Although his advisors desperately pleaded with him, fearing a violent uprising, Caligula remained stubbornly determined. Thankfully, his death in 41 AD came before this plan could be implemented, sparing the temple and potentially averting a major religious conflict.
POLITICS His political actions were often arbitrary and brutal. He conducted purges of perceived enemies and demanded absolute loyalty.
SCANDAL Caligula's reign was filled with scandalous behavior, including alleged incest with his sisters, and bizarre public spectacles. He executed many of his relatives and engaged in numerous acts of cruelty, including sawing rivals in half and feeding criminals to animals.
Caligula tormented his senators by making them run in front of his chariot for miles.
MILITARY RECORD Though initially popular with the military, his later campaigns were erratic and sometimes bizarre, such as the ill-fated campaign in Britain which ended with his soldiers collecting seashells.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caligula suffered from a serious illness in 37 AD, likely exacerbated by a depraved lifestyle. He was possibly afflicted by encephalitis or lead poisoning.
His health declined during his reign, and he may have suffered from epilepsy or other mental disorders.
HOMES In 31 AD, at the young age of nineteen, Caligula was sent to live with Tiberius at the secluded Villa Jovis on Capri. This marked the beginning of a six-year period under the watchful eye of the emperor.
After becoming emperor, his principal residence was the imperial palace on Palatine Hill, but he also had numerous other estates.
TRAVEL Caligula traveled throughout the Roman Empire, including to the provinces, often with grandiose displays.
Upon becoming Emperor, Caligula craved a dramatic display of defiance. An astrologer had dared to suggest he'd never be emperor, with odds as unlikely as "riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae." In response, Caligula embarked on a seemingly impossible feat. He ordered the construction of a temporary bridge, a colossal structure stretching over two miles across the bay, using ships as pontoons. Dressed in the legendary breastplate of Alexander the Great, Caligula then triumphantly rode his horse across the bridge, proving the astrologer wrong in a spectacle that defied both logic and expectation.
Caligula's extravagance extended to Lake Nemi, where he harbored a pleasure barge unlike any other. This floating palace boasted opulent features like private baths, lavish dining rooms, and even gardens overflowing with vines and fruit trees.
DEATH Caligula's reign of terror came to a bloody end on January 24, 41 AD. Just a day before his planned departure for Alexandria, he was brutally murdered by Praetorian tribunes Cassius Chaerea and Cornelius Sabinus, along with several other centurions.
The assassination unfolded during a performance by a troupe of young actors at a palace games festival honoring the divine Augustus. In the midst of the festivities, Chaerea lunged at Caligula, striking the first blow. Confined within a narrow space, escape or rescue proved impossible. By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guards arrived, their emperor lay dead. The chaos escalated as the Praetorians, fueled by fear and ambition, cut down many others, including innocent senators and bystanders. The carnage only ceased when the Praetorians asserted control.
Fearing retribution from Caligula's remaining allies, the assassins then hunted down and murdered his wife, Caesonia, and their young daughter, Julia Drusilla.
The Assassination of the Emperor Caligula, by Lazzaro Baldi, between 1624 and 1703
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caligula has been depicted in numerous films, television series, and books, often highlighting his excesses and cruelty. Notable portrayals include by Malcolm McDowell in the 1979 film Caligula, known for its graphic content and produced by Bob Guccione of Penthouse fame.
ACHIEVEMENTS Caligula’s reign is not noted for significant positive achievements. However, his actions and the subsequent reaction to his rule significantly impacted the Roman Empire's administrative structure and imperial succession.
Sources Book of Lists, Cassells Book of Humorous Quotations
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Michael Caine is famous for being an iconic British actor known for his distinctive voice and versatility in both dramatic and comedic roles. He has appeared in over 130 films, becoming one of the most respected and beloved actors of his generation.
BIRTH Michael Caine was born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr. on March 14, 1933, in Rotherhithe, London, England.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Michael Caine's father, Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Sr., was a fish market porter, and his mother, Ellen Frances Marie (née Burchell), was a cook and charwoman. He grew up in a working-class family during the tough times of the Great Depression and World War II. He had a younger brother, Stanley (also an actor), and an older half-brother, David Burchell.
CHILDHOOD Caine's childhood was marked by poverty and the turmoil of wartime London. Young Maurice wore surgical boots as a toddler due to rickets caused by a poverty-stricken diet. During World War II, he was evacuated to the countryside, where he lived with a family who starved him and locked him in a cupboard.
Despite the hardships, he developed a love for cinema early on, often escaping into the local movie theaters.
EDUCATION Caine attended Hackney Downs School but left at the age of 16 to take on a series of low-paying jobs. He later pursued acting by joining a repertory company and studying drama.
CAREER RECORD Caine's career began in the 1950s with minor roles in theater and television. Here's his resume.
Began acting on stage in 1953.
Film debut in 1956.
Acted in over 160 films across various genres, including war films, spy thrillers, comedies, and dramas.
Notable films include: Alfie (1966), The Ipcress File (1965), Get Carter (1971), The Italian Job (1969), Educating Rita (1983), The Cider House Rules (1999), Batman Begins (2005), and many more.
Won two Academy Awards (Best Supporting Actor), a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
APPEARANCE Michael Caine is known for his tall stature, standing at 6 feet 2 inches. He has a distinctive cockney accent, sharp features, and often wears glasses. He is often described as having a debonair charm.
Michael Caine in 2012. By Manfred Werner / Tsui - Own work, Wikipedia
FASHION Caine's fashion style is quintessentially British, often seen in well-tailored suits. In his younger days, he was known for his mod fashion, characterized by slim-fitting clothes and stylish glasses.
CHARACTER Michael Caine is widely regarded as charming, down-to-earth, and professional. He is known for his strong work ethic and dedication to his craft.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Caine possesses a sharp and dry sense of humor. His wit and ability to laugh at himself have endeared him to fans and colleagues alike.
RELATIONSHIPS Michael Caine has been married twice. His first marriage was to actress Patricia Haines in 1954, which ended in divorce four years later. They had a daughter, Dominique (who was named after the heroine of Ayn Rand's novel, The Fountainhead).
Flicking through the channels in 1971, Caine came across a commercial for Maxwell House coffee in which actress and model Shakira Baksh was dancing in the background. Smitten in an instant, Michael enlisted a friend in the advertising world to track down this mysterious beauty, and they were introduced soon after. They married on January 8, 1973 at the Algiers Hotel in Las Vegas, and they have been together ever since. They have one daughter, Natasha.
Caine and Shakira in Venice, Italy, in 2014. By ShakiraCaine.com
MONEY AND FAME Caine's long and successful career has made him one of the wealthiest and most recognizable actors in the world. He has maintained his humility despite his fame and fortune.
FOOD AND DRINK Michael Caine enjoys traditional British cuisine and has a fondness for fine wines. He is known to enjoy a good steak and classic comfort foods.
MUSIC AND ARTS Caine has a deep appreciation for music and the arts. He has often spoken about his love for jazz and classical music.
Michael Caine, the man with the voice smoother than a vintage Bentley and as quintessentially British as a lukewarm cup of tea, has been gracing our screens for a staggering eight decades. With over 160 films under his belt, he's a true icon of British cinema.
The 1960s were Caine's coming-out party. He swaggered onto the scene in flicks like Zulu (fighting off hordes of angry Zulus with, presumably, impeccable manners), The Ipcress File (playing a spy so cool, James Bond might have taken notes), and The Italian Job (performing a daring heist, though perhaps without a valid driver's license – bit of a sticky situation that).
Believe it or not, the iconic role of Alfie was actually rejected by two other actors before landing in Caine's lap. Imagine a world where Michael Caine wasn't the world's most charming Lothario! A terrifying alternate reality.
His foray into American accents was...interesting. For his role in Hurry Sundown, Vivien Leigh, in a moment of eccentric genius, instructed him to repeat "four door Ford" all day for weeks on end. One can only hope passersby weren't too alarmed by this constant muttering.
When filming Mona Lisa, the production offices were set up in the very same hospital where Caine himself was born. Just goes to show, you can never escape your roots, even if those roots involve a stint in a disused hospital.
Caine's trophy cabinet positively rattles with awards. He's been nominated for an Oscar an astonishing number of times, somehow managing to snag one in each decade from the 60s to the 00s. Though there was a hilarious snafu when he won Best Supporting Actor for Hannah and Her Sisters but was busy filming, ahem, Jaws: The Revenge (let's not dwell on that one).
His most heartwarming reason for taking a role? Why, his daughter of course! Since she was too young for his usual gritty fare, he signed on for The Muppet Christmas Carol. Because what says quality family entertainment more than a singing, dancing Scrooge opposite Kermit the Frog?
Finally, in 2000, the Queen herself bestowed upon him a knighthood, solidifying his status as a national treasure. And his favorite film of his own? The heartwarming Educating Rita. A fitting choice for a man who's brought so much charm and wit to the silver screen.
LITERATURE Michael Caine is an avid reader and has written several autobiographies, including What's It All About? (1992) and The Elephant To Hollywood (2010). He also wrote the acting guide Acting in Film: An Actor's Take on Moviemaking (1990) and two collections of trivia Not Many People Know That!: Michael Caine's Almanac of Amazing Information (1984), and And Not Many People Know This Either! (1985). Proceeds from the trivia books went to the National Playing Fields Association (now Fields in Trust) of which Caine is a prominent supporter.
NATURE Caine enjoys spending time in nature, particularly in his garden. He finds solace and relaxation in the outdoors.
PETS Caine has had pets throughout his life, including dogs, which he is particularly fond of.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caine enjoys gardening, watching football, and playing golf. He is also a fan of cricket.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caine has shown an interest in technology and innovation, especially as it relates to filmmaking.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caine is not overtly religious but has expressed a belief in fate and the importance of personal integrity and kindness. Shakira Baksh is a Muslim, while Caine is a Christian.
POLITICS Michael Caine has voiced his political opinions on various issues, often advocating for moderate and pragmatic approaches. He has expressed support for Brexit, citing his belief in self-governance for the UK.
SCANDAL Caine's career has been relatively free of scandal. He has maintained a reputation for professionalism and respectability.
Booze and cigarettes were his companions through the 60s, a two-bottle-a-day vodka habit fueled by endless cigarettes. Thankfully, Tony Curtis gave him a talking-to in 1971, and Caine finally kicked the smoking habit in his 70s.
MILITARY RECORD Caine was called up for national service in the British Army in 1951 at 18 and was deployed to South Korea. He served with the Royal Fusiliers and had a near-death experience that "formed his character." He learned to live every moment as if it were his last.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caine has faced health challenges over the years, including hip replacements. Despite these, he has remained active and continues to work in film.
HOMES Caine lodged with composer John Barry in the early 1960s for a few months, and also shared a London flat with actor Terence Stamp early in his career.
Caine has owned several homes, including properties in London and Surrey. He also has a home in Miami, Florida.
TRAVEL Michael Caine enjoys traveling, both for work and leisure. He has traveled extensively around the world for film shoots and personal vacations.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caine has made numerous appearances on television talk shows, award ceremonies, and in documentaries. He is a beloved guest known for his engaging stories and humor.
"Michael Caine," a Top 10 song in Britain by Madness, sampled his quote "My Name Is Michael Caine."
ACHIEVEMENTS Michael Caine's career spans over eight decades with numerous iconic film roles. He has won numerous awards, including two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and The Cider House Rules (1999). He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000 for his contributions to cinema.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Roman general who conquered Gaul (modern-day France)
Statesman who played a critical role in the fall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire
Dictator of Rome for a brief period before his assassination
Roman statesman and general
BIRTH Born July 12, 102 BC in Rome. His birth was via Caesarian section, hence his name "Caesar," derived from the Latin "Caedere" meaning "to cut."
FAMILY BACKGROUND Julius Caesar hailed from a distinguished lineage, tracing his roots back to the Roman aristocracy. He belonged to the prestigious Julian clan, known for its ancient heritage. However, despite their noble blood, the Julii Caesares weren't particularly wealthy by Roman aristocratic standards. Though his father, Gaius Julius Caesar (also a praetor), and his mother, Aurelia Cotta (from a prominent plebeian family), held respectable positions, the family lacked recent figures of significant political power.
A key connection for Caesar came through his aunt, Julia. Married to Gaius Marius, a celebrated general and reformer of the Roman army, she linked Caesar to the Populares faction within the Senate.
CHILDHOOD Caesar possessed a flamboyant streak even as a youth. He was known for daring horseback riding, showcasing his skill by riding at full speed without stirrups and even holding his hands behind his head.
EDUCATION Caesar mastered several languages, including Hebrew and Gallic dialects, a valuable asset in his future endeavors.
Caesar's thirst for knowledge and oratory skills led him to Rhodes in 76 BC. This brief hiatus from his early political career allowed him to hone his rhetorical talents through formal education. While details are unclear, some accounts mention an incident where Caesar took a leadership role during his studies, perhaps foreshadowing his future ambitions.
CAREER RECORD Caesar rose through the Roman ranks through bribes and his gift for oratory, always maintaining a huge workload.
81 BC: Joined the army in Asia in the war against Mithridates, King of Pontus.
78 BC: Returned to Rome to pursue a career in law.
68 BC: Became Quaestor in Spain and secured a seat in the Senate.
67 BC: Returned to Rome as leader of the popular party.
65 BC: Formed a political alliance with Crassus and was put in charge of buildings and games.
63 BC: Elected chief pontiff.
61 BC: Became Governor of Spain.
60 BC: Formed the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus.
59 BC: Served as Consul, then became governor of Gaul.
49 BC: After Crassus died, Caesar and Pompey became rivals, leading to a civil war.
46 BC: Defeated Pompey and his sons, and was awarded a ten-year dictatorship.
APPEARANCE Julius Caesar's physical presence was striking. He had a well-proportioned head with a strong jaw and prominent brow. His piercing dark eyes conveyed intelligence and intensity. Caesar kept his hair short, likely due to early balding, which was a concern for Romans who viewed a full head of hair as desirable. He maintained a clean-shaven face and a lean, athletic build.
Caesar was known for his meticulous personal grooming. He reportedly removed unwanted body hair and was likely left-handed. Despite his efforts, his receding hairline remained a source of self-consciousness, as baldness wasn't considered ideal in Roman society.
Below is the Tusculum portrait, possibly the only surviving sculpture of Caesar made during his lifetime.
FASHION Caesar's image was carefully cultivated. Self-conscious about his baldness, a social disadvantage in Rome, he famously lobbied the Senate to wear a laurel wreath constantly – a mark of victory that conveniently disguised his receding hairline. He maintained a meticulously groomed appearance, reportedly plucking facial hair with tweezers daily.
In contrast to the Britons he described during the Gaul uprising, Caesar often went bareheaded, showcasing his clean-shaven face and preference for neatness. His attire, however, could be striking. During the 52 BC Gallic uprising, he stood out in a scarlet cloak, a bold statement on the battlefield. His writings highlight the stark contrast between his Roman soldiers and the Britons he encountered at Deal, who surprised him by fighting naked except for blue body paint and minimal jewelry.
CHARACTER Bold, ambitious, and intelligent. Some considered Caesar ruthless and power-hungry.
Caesar's youth was marked by a potent mix of confidence and ambition. He possessed a certain aristocratic swagger and youthful exuberance. His ambition was undeniable, famously captured in the statement: "I would rather be first in a little Iberian village than second in Rome." However, some, like G.B. Shaw, viewed his pragmatism as a lack of originality or moral conviction.
Despite this interpretation, Caesar's charisma and bravery were undeniable. He refused a bodyguard, stating, "It is better to die once rather than live always in fear of death." This unwavering confidence stemmed from a belief in his own destiny, a belief in his "star" that would guide his path.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Caesar had a serious character but maintained a mask of smiling, light-hearted gaiety.
RELATIONSHIPS Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, a leader of the Populist Democratic party, at age 17. Sulla ordered Caesar to divorce her, but he refused. After about thirteen years of marriage, Cornelia died early in her husband's quaestorship, which occurred in BC 69 or 68.
In 67 BC, Julius Caesar married Pompeia. She was the daughter of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, a son of a former consul, and Cornelia, the daughter of the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Their union coincided with his rise to prominence, as he was elected Pontifex Maximus, Rome's chief priest, just two years later in 63 BC. This prestigious position came with an official residence on the Via Sacra.
However, scandal soon struck. In 62 BC, Pompeia hosted a religious festival restricted to women, the Bona Dea. A young patrician named Publius Clodius snuck in disguised as a woman, allegedly seeking to seduce Pompeia. When discovered, Clodius was prosecuted for sacrilege. Though Caesar himself offered no evidence against Clodius, who was ultimately acquitted, the incident cast a shadow on Pompeia's reputation.
Caesar, unwilling to tolerate any hint of impropriety, divorced Pompeia. He famously declared, "My wife ought not even to be under suspicion," a statement that birthed the proverb "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." This phrase emphasizes the importance of impeccable conduct for those associated with powerful figures.
Julius Caesar married 17-year-old Calpurnia in 59 BC, during his consulship. Described as modest and reserved, Calpurnia seems to have been a devoted wife, tolerating Caesar's known extramarital affairs.
Engraving of Calpurnia by Hubertus Quellinus
Rumors of Caesar's philandering were rife. He was said to have seduced the wives of prominent allies and maintained a long-term relationship with Servilia, an open secret in Rome. His affairs extended beyond Roman borders, including the Mauretanian queen, Eunoë.
But his most famous entanglement was with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. She claimed Caesar fathered her son, Caesarion. Despite these relationships, Caesar's marriage to Calpurnia remained childless.
Caesar was nicknamed "the bald adulterer" by soldiers.
MONEY AND FAME Caesar's ambition came at a cost. Early in his career, he heavily burdened himself with debt to gain favor with the Roman populace. He lavishly funded public games, including a spectacular event that diverted the Tiber River for a theatrical performance. These extravagant displays earned him popularity but left him teetering on financial ruin, with debts reaching millions of Euros in today's terms.
However, Caesar was a shrewd politician. In 59 BC, he enacted an anti-corruption law, aiming to clean up the Roman political scene. By 45 BC, his influence reached unprecedented heights. His image adorned Roman coins, a mark of his power. He even rejected a crown offered by Mark Antony, perhaps wary of appearing too kingly.
Despite his official recognition as a god and a temple dedicated to him, Caesar cultivated a more charismatic image. His smile and charm were legendary, and he exuded an aura of destiny. He embraced grandeur, living a life of luxury and ceremony. Interestingly, his soldiers were paid in salt, a valuable commodity in Roman times, which is believed to be the origin of the word "salary."
FOOD AND DRINK Caesar hosted a banquet for up to 260,000 guests to celebrate his victory over Pompey.
In a gluttonous age, Caesar himself was known for moderation in his food and drink. Even during military campaigns, he shared the same rations and beverages as his soldiers, demonstrating a connection and willingness to endure hardship alongside his men.
MUSIC AND ARTS The Roman legions sang filthy songs about Julius Caesar, which the Roman authorities tried to ban.
LITERATURE Caesar started one of the earliest newspapers, the Acta Diurna (The Daily News), containing daily announcements of various orders, marriages, births, deaths, military appointments, and more. It was written on a board in public places in Rome.
Caesar's accounts of his invasion of Britain and the subdual of Gaul are familiar to Latin students. His De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civile are models of simple and clear military history writing. He wrote in a clear and simple style, using the third person and favoring the ablative absolute construction.
NATURE It is likely that herding dogs were brought to England by Caesar during his 55 BC invasion and interbred with local dogs.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caesar understood the importance of personal connection. During his time overseeing public games in 66 BC, he used the opportunity to stage spectacular events in the Circus Maximus, boosting his popularity with the public. However, these extravagant displays came at a significant cost, adding to his already substantial debt.
Caesar possessed impressive physical prowess. A skilled swordsman and horseman, he was renowned for his stamina and endurance. He could reportedly march alongside his legionaries for days, keeping pace with even the most seasoned soldiers. His athleticism wasn't limited to land; he was also a superb swimmer, famously braving rough waters with his sword in his teeth and military commentaries held high above the water.
Caesar was known to participate in sigillography, the collection and study of seals and their symbolism. This seemingly unlikely hobby hints at a curious and multifaceted personality.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Caesar formulated the Julian calendar with the help of Egyptian astronomers.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A far-seeing statesman, Caesar believed, "Men are nearly always willing to believe what they wish to be true."
He led by example, and refused to sleep in a tent when his men were out in the cold and wet.
SCANDAL Caesar was known for his political ambitions and economic manipulation. He conquered Gaul for political gain and was often economical with the truth when reporting his British campaigns. During his journey to his rhetoric course, Caesar was captured by pirates and held for ransom. He joked with the pirates about how he would capture and crucify them. Once the ransom was paid, Caesar gathered a fleet, captured the pirates, and crucified them.
Accused of involvement in a conspiracy and criticized for his relationship with Cleopatra.
MILITARY RECORD Julius Caesar possessed a remarkably clear mind for military strategy, modeling his approach on that of Alexander the Great.
1. PAYING HIS SOLDIERS Caesar paid his soldiers in salt, a valuable commodity in Roman times, rather than money. This practice led to the term "salary" originating from the Latin word for salt, "sal."
2. QUICK CAMPAIGNS In his swift campaign against King Pharnaces in Zela, Asia Minor, in 47 BC, Caesar famously summarized his victory with the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered").
3. SECRET MESSAGES Caesar used a simple cipher for passing secret messages, advancing each letter of the alphabet by one place. For example, his name "Caesar" would be encoded as "Dbftbs."
4. LEADING FROM THE FRONT
Even nearing the age of 50, Caesar fought in the front lines with his troops. His presence and active participation in battle greatly encouraged his soldiers, who admired him and found renewed vigor in his leadership. He often marched alongside his legionaries on foot, outpacing them to set the rhythm for his cavalry, and would seize a spade to help his men dig in during fortifications.
5. CONQUEST OF GAUL
From 58 to 50 BC, Caesar subdued Gaul, selling thousands of Belgic tribespeople into slavery through the total annihilation of Gaelic forces. At the Battle of Alcae in Gaul, his 70,000 troops, though outnumbered 5:1, emerged victorious. Caesar's leadership was pivotal, as he led from the front. According to Plutarch, the entire campaign resulted in the conquest of 800 cities, the subjugation of 300 tribes, one million men sold into slavery, and another three million dead on the battlefields. While ancient historians often exaggerated such figures, Caesar's conquest of Gaul was undoubtedly the greatest military triumph since Alexander the Great's campaigns.
Gallic king Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, painting by Lionel Royer in 1899
EXPEDITIONS TO BRITAIN In 55 and 54 BC, Caesar crossed to Britain in response to the Britons aiding his enemies in Gaul. He lost many ships due to inadequate beaching, failing to account for the tides. The woad-painted inhabitants of Kent outmatched Caesar's Romans, preventing them from advancing beyond the beach. Both expeditions failed to secure a foothold, and Caesar withdrew to Gaul, although he did bring several tribes to heel on his second attempt. Militarily, these ventures were disasters and the biggest blow to Anglo-Italian relations until the release of "Save Your Love" by Renée and Renato almost 2,000 years later.
CROSSING THE RUBICON In 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon, declaring "Alea iacta est" ("The die is cast"), an act of treason that ignited a civil war against Pompey. The Rubicon was a stream dividing Caesar's province from Italy proper. Despite initiating the Civil War, Caesar's leniency led him to repeatedly face the same enemies. He defeated Pompey at Pharsalus.
AFRICAN CAMPAIGN When he landed at Adrumetum in Africa, Caesar tripped and fell, which was considered unlucky in Roman tradition. He quickly kissed the ground, saying, "Thus do I take possession of thee, North Africa."
EGYPTIAN CIVIL WAR In 47 BC, while in Egypt, Caesar involved himself in the Egyptian civil war.
FINAL VICTORY IN SPAIN In 45 BC, Caesar's final victory at Munda in Spain over the sons of Pompey solidified his position as the sole leader of the Roman world.
As Tim Finn of Crowded House succinctly put it in "Weather For You," "Julius Caesar blue, couldn't conquer the sky."
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Caesar maintained a healthy lifestyle and was known for his riding and military prowess.
He suffered from epilepsy and migraine headaches
HOMES Caesar lived in various locations throughout Rome, including his family home on the Palatine Hill.
Caesar's palace was located in Subura. Contrary to what one might expect, it was quite a modest house. It frequently served as the site for Caesar's dinner parties.
TRAVEL Caesar traveled extensively throughout the Roman world during his military campaigns.
When Caesar invaded Britain, he lost many ships due to insufficiently beaching them and not accounting for the tides, a mistake likely due to the lack of significant tides in the Mediterranean.
In 45 BC, due to increasing traffic congestion, Caesar banned all wheeled vehicles, including chariots, from the center of Rome during daylight hours.
Caesar crossed the River Thames at Brentford, where a stone marked the spot of the crossing.
DEATH Caesar was killed by a republican group on the Ides of March (March 15) at the Senate house.
The Death of Caesar (1798) by Vincenzo Camuccini
On the night before the fatal Ides of March in 44 BC, Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, had a fearful dream and begged him not to attend the festival. The day before his assassination, while dining with friends, Caesar was asked what kind of death he thought was best. He replied, "A sudden one." That night, Caesar's ceremonial armor fell with a great crash.
Fearing Caesar's growing power and ambitions for absolute rule, a conspiracy formed, involving some 60 individuals. Ironically, one of the assassins, Marcus Brutus, was considered a close friend and confidante of Caesar, even viewed as a son by some accounts.
A fateful twist unfolded moments before the attack. A Greek scholar named Artemidorus reportedly approached Caesar, thrusting a note into his hand that detailed the assassination plot. Preoccupied with other matters, Caesar tragically ignored the warning. He entered the Senate chamber, note still clutched, where the conspirators awaited. Armed with daggers, they descended upon Caesar, inflicting 23 wounds.
Caesar is said to have recognized Brutus among his attackers. Defeated and heartbroken, he surrendered to his fate.
Following the assassination, a celestial event added an eerie touch - the appearance of a comet, the Julium Sidus.
Caesar's funeral was a spectacle of public mourning, with magistrates carrying his body. However, the act of assassination sparked outrage. Angry mobs set fire to the homes of Brutus and his co-conspirators, forcing them into exile. Legend suggests Brutus eventually sought refuge in Britain.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Julius Caesar has been portrayed in numerous works of literature, film, and television, solidifying his place in popular culture.
Famous examples include William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar and the HBO series Rome.
Handel wrote an opera titled "Giulio Cesare."
ACHIEVEMENTS Caesar's achievements are vast and long-lasting. He:
Conquered Gaul, significantly expanding the Roman Empire.
Reformed the Roman calendar, which is still the basis for our modern calendar.
Introduced social and political reforms aimed at improving the lives of Roman citizens.
Authored influential military commentaries that continue to be studied today.
Played a pivotal role in the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire.
The King of Diamonds in a deck of cards represents Julius Caesar.
Sources 4,000 Amazing Trivia Facts, Faber Book of Anecdotes
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Caedmon is renowned as the first hymn writer to compose in English and is often called the "Father of English song."
BIRTH Caedmon's exact birthdate is unknown, but he lived during the 7th century AD. He is believed to have been born in Northumbria, England
FAMILY BACKGROUND Details about Caedmon's family background are scarce. He was an illiterate herdsman before his divine inspiration.
CHILDHOOD Little is known about Caedmon's childhood, but he grew up as a herdsman, tending to cattle and living a humble life.
EDUCATION Caedmon was illiterate and had no formal education. His learning came from his experiences and later, his time at Whitby Abbey. He learned and composed poetry with the help of the monks at Whitby Abbey.
CAREER RECORD Caedmon worked as a herdsman for most of his life. His poetic career began after he received a divine command in a dream. He then joined Whitby Abbey as a lay brother and spent his remaining years composing hymns and poems.
APPEARANCE There are no contemporary descriptions of Caedmon's appearance.
FASHION As a herdsman and later a lay brother, Caedmon likely wore simple, practical clothing suitable for his humble lifestyle.
CHARACTER Caedmon's life changed dramatically after his divine inspiration, which he accepted with faith and dedication. He was described by Bede as devout, humble, and filled with a love of God
RELATIONSHIPS Caedmon's personal relationships are not well-documented, but he formed a close relationship with the community at Whitby Abbey, especially with Abbess St. Hilda of Whitby who supported him.
MONEY AND FAME Caedmon gained fame for his divine gift of song and poetry, but he remained humble and dedicated to his faith. Wealth was not a pursuit for him.
FOOD AND DRINK Caedmon likely adhered to the simple diet of a medieval herdsman and later the monastic lifestyle, which included basic, modest meals.
MUSIC AND ARTS Caedmon, an unlettered herdsman, experienced a life-changing dream that propelled him into the annals of literary history. According to the Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Caedmon found himself at a gathering where guests were expected to contribute songs and poems. Feeling out of place due to his lack of artistic talent, he excused himself and sought refuge in a cowshed.
There, in the quiet of the night, Caedmon encountered a vision. An angelic voice commanded him to "sing of creation." Despite his protestations of inability, the voice persisted. Emboldened by the dream, Caedmon awoke with a newfound gift: the ability to compose beautiful verses in praise of God.
He immediately shared his experience and poetic creation with the Abbess St. Hilda of Whitby Abbey. Recognizing the divine spark within him, the Abbess invited Caedmon to take monastic orders. Nurtured by the monastery's resources and the guidance of its scholars, Caedmon dedicated his life to composing religious poetry in the Old English language.
While the extent of his work remains a mystery, the celebrated "Caedmon's Hymn" survives. This groundbreaking work stands as a testament to the transformative power of faith and the unexpected emergence of artistic genius.
LITERATURE Caedmon authored religious poems based on biblical stories and themes. His only surviving work is "Caedmon's Hymn," a nine-line alliterative vernacular praise poem. His story is documented in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.
NATURE As a herdsman, Caedmon was closely connected to nature, spending his days outdoors with the cattle.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Caedmon's primary activities were related to his work as a herdsman and later his poetic compositions.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Caedmon's philosophy and theology were deeply rooted in his Christian faith, which inspired his hymns and poems.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS There is little information about Caedmon's health and physical fitness, but as a herdsman and monk, he likely led a physically active and modestly healthy life.
HOMES Caedmon lived as a herdsman before moving to Whitby Abbey, where he spent the rest of his life.
DEATH Cædmon's life, marked by devotion and piety, culminated in a serene and saintly death in 680. Foreseeing his own passing, he requested to be transferred to the abbey's hospice, a place of comfort for the terminally ill. Surrounded by loved ones, he received the Holy Eucharist, a final act of spiritual communion. As the first rays of dawn approached, just before the monks began their nocturnal prayers (nocturns), Caedmon peacefully passed away. His death mirrored the quiet strength and dedication that characterized his life.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Caedmon's story is prominently featured in Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation." His legacy is also commemorated by Cædmon's Cross, erected in 1898 in the graveyard of St. Mary's Church in Whitby (see below). The inscription reads, "To the glory of God and in memory of Caedmon the father of English Sacred Song. Fell asleep hard by, 680"
By Rich Tea, Wikipedia
ACHIEVEMENTS Caedmon's major achievement is the composition of "Caedmon's Hymn," which is considered one of the earliest examples of Old English poetry and a significant contribution to Christian literature. His transformation from an illiterate herdsman to a revered poet remains an inspiring story of divine inspiration and dedication to faith.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Founder of Cadbury, a renowned British chocolate company.
BIRTH Born on August 12, 1801, in Birmingham, England.
FAMILY BACKGROUND John Cadbury was born into a prominent Quaker family. His father, Richard Tapper Cadbury, was a successful draper, and his mother, Elizabeth Head Cadbury, was a devout Quaker.
CHILDHOOD Growing up in a strict Quaker household, John was instilled with values of integrity, social justice, and philanthropy. His family's faith played a significant role in shaping his future endeavors.
EDUCATION John Cadbury attended Joseph Crosfield's Quaker School in Hartshill, Warwickshire. Quakers traditionally did not attend university, focusing instead on practical skills, so he was apprenticed to a tea dealer in Leeds in 1818, gaining valuable business experience.
CAREER RECORD Opened a shop selling tea and coffee on Bull Street, Birmingham on March 4, 1824. He later added cocoa, which he powdered himself using a mortar and pestle. By 1828-29, he was listed as a tea dealer in the Directory of Warwickshire.
Began manufacturing cocoa and drinking chocolate in 1831 produced in a factory on Bridge Street.
Advertisment for cocoa
Partnered with his brother Benjamin in 1847, forming Cadbury Brothers.
Stepped down from the business due to health reasons in 1861.
The Cadbury company continued to grow under his sons' leadership.
APPEARANCE John Cadbury was known to have a modest and unassuming appearance, typical of the Quaker style of simplicity.
FASHION In line with his Quaker beliefs, Cadbury dressed simply and modestly, avoiding any form of ostentation.
CHARACTER John Cadbury was a man of strong principles, driven by a sense of social justice and philanthropy. His Quaker faith profoundly influenced his business practices (he believed in fair treatment of workers and social responsibility). Cadbury advocated for social reform and campaigned against child labor and animal cruelty.
SENSE OF HUMOUR While there are few records of his sense of humor, Cadbury's dedication to social causes and his community suggests a warm and approachable personality.
RELATIONSHIPS John Cadbury married twice; first to Priscilla Ann Dymond in 1826, but she died two years later. Then to Candia Barrow in 1832, with whom he had had seven children: John (1834–1866), Richard (1835–1899), Maria (1838–1908), George (1839–1922), Joseph (1841–1841), Edward (1843–1866), and Henry (1845–1875). His sons, Richard and George, who took over the Cadbury business
MONEY AND FAME Initially, John Cadbury struggled with the high costs of production, making his products accessible mainly to the wealthy. However, his business gradually grew, and by 1878, it employed 200 workers. His dedication to quality and social causes earned him both wealth and respect.
FOOD AND DRINK John Cadbury was passionate about tea, coffee, and cocoa, viewing them as wholesome alternatives to alcohol. He employed a Chinese man to prepare tea in his shop, emphasizing authenticity and quality.
John Cadbury, a Quaker with a nose for a good cuppa (and a burgeoning sweet tooth), set up shop on Birmingham's Bull Street in 1824. Back then, tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate were the purview of the posh set, thanks to the hefty price tag. But Cadbury wasn't just after a quick buck. By 1831, he'd upped sticks and set up a proper factory on Bridge Street, churning out a range of cocoa and chocolate concoctions. Here's the thing – these weren't your corner shop penny bars. Cadbury's elixirs were fancy, a touch on the dear side, but oh so delightful.
Fast forward a bit, to 1847. John, ever the shrewd businessman, joined forces with his brother Benjamin. Together, they became Cadbury Brothers, a name soon to be synonymous with all things chocolatey. It's worth noting that their rivals, Fry's of Bristol, had already gotten a jump on the chocolate bar scene in 1847, but Cadbury wasn't one to be outdone. He launched his own version just two years later. 1849 was a big year for chocolate, folks! Not only did Cadbury and Fry's duke it out at a Birmingham trade fair, but the Cadburys even scored a royal seal of approval with a warrant from Queen Victoria herself.
MUSIC AND ARTS Cadbury's Quaker background suggests an appreciation for simple, wholesome cultural expressions.
LITERATURE Cadbury was likely well-read, with a particular interest in Quaker literature and social reform publications.
NATURE His Quaker beliefs included a respect for nature, reflected in his campaigns against animal cruelty.
PETS Fired by a passion for animal welfare, John Cadbury spearheaded the creation of the Animals Friend Society, a trailblazing organization that paved the way for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS John Cadbury's main interests lay in his business and social reform activities, rather than recreational hobbies or sports.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Cadbury's business acumen suggests a practical understanding of mathematics, particularly in managing production costs and business expansion.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A devout Quaker, John Cadbury's life and business practices were deeply rooted in Quaker philosophy, emphasizing integrity, social justice, and philanthropy.
POLITICS While not directly involved in politics, Cadbury's social reform efforts, particularly against alcohol and animal cruelty, reflected his commitment to societal improvement.
SCANDAL There are no notable scandals associated with John Cadbury, reflecting his commitment to integrity and Quaker values.
MILITARY RECORD As a Quaker, Cadbury was a pacifist and did not serve in the military.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS His active involvement in business and social causes suggests he maintained reasonable physical fitness.
HOMES John Cadbury's primary residence was in Birmingham. His modest house in Subara became the site for his renowned dinner parties.
TRAVEL His business activities likely required some travel, particularly within the UK, but there are no detailed records of his travels.
DEATH John Cadbury died on May 11, 1889, leaving behind a legacy of social reform and a thriving business.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA While John Cadbury himself did not appear in media, The Cadbury company has a long history of media presence through advertising and branding.
ACHIEVEMENTS Founded Cadbury, a company that revolutionized the chocolate industry.
Championed ethical business practices and social reform.
Left a lasting legacy of social responsibility and delicious chocolate.
NAME Lord Byron, 6th Baron Byron (real name George Gordon). Addressed as The Right Honourable Lord Byron (by strangers) and as Byron (the title, not the name) by friends. No one ever called him George after he became Byron, not even his mother.
WHAT FAMOUS FOR Lord Byron was a renowned British Romantic poet, known for his captivating personality, scandalous love affairs, and groundbreaking works like "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "Don Juan."
BIRTH Born January 22, 1788 at 16 Holles Street, London.
FAMILY BACKGROUND Byron's father, Captain John "Mad Jack" Byron, died when he was 3. He was brought up by his mother, Catherine Gordon of Gight, an impetuous, volatile Scot. His obese mother spoiled him as he was her only child.
His grandfather was Admiral "Fairweather" Jack. Captain Byron spent all his inherited fortune.
His temperamental mother and a Calvinist nurse raised the young Byron in Aberdeen.
Catherine was a harsh and dependent parent, clinging to Byron one moment and denouncing him as a "lame brat" the next.
CHILDHOOD Byron was a lonely, affectionate boy, a fat, limping boy with a broad Scot’s accent. His over-protective mother kept George separated from his peers and his elder half-sister, Augusta.
He was forced to undergo painful and unsuccessful medical treatments throughout his childhood due to his club foot.
He claimed to have read more than 4,000 novels before the age of 15.
He had dancing lessons with Mr. Francis Peacock of Peacock Close.
EDUCATION Byron was educated at a local strict Calvinist Aberdeen Grammar School from 1794 to 1798, then at Dr. Glennie’s School in Dulwich from 1799 and Harrow from 1805..
At Harrow, to compensate for his club foot, he fought seven successive battles, winning six of them.
A hedonist in school, Byron was popular and outgoing, though by his own admission he did very little schoolwork. He had a reputation as a ferocious enemy of bullies.
Byron went on to Trinity College, Cambridge University in 1805 , where he read much literature but cared little for other subjects. A strange and bellicose student, he left without a degree and deeply in debt in 1807 to pursue an extravagant lifestyle in London.
CAREER RECORD In 1798, Byron succeeded his great-uncle as the 6th Lord Byron.
Published his first poems anonymously in 1806.
He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1809.
Gained notoriety with the autobiographical poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812-1818), sparking "Byronmania" across Europe.
Produced a prolific body of work, including poems, satires, and plays.
Advocated for political and social reforms, often critiquing British society.
APPEARANCE Lord Byron possessed a striking appearance. Slender fingers contrasted with large, expressive grey eyes. His full mouth hinted at a charismatic personality, framed by a fashionable mustache (think Clark Gable, but with a touch of Romantic flair). His wavy chestnut hair added to his air of mystery.
Despite being born with a clubfoot, a source of deep insecurity, Byron carried himself with confidence. He overcame a stockier build in his youth, transforming himself into a heartthrob. By 18, he'd shed weight, showcasing his dedication. His unconventional charm extended beyond physical perfection – he bit his nails, a quirk some found endearing.
Standing at a respectable 5' 8½", Byron defied fashion trends with his longer locks in the early 1820s. This, however, only added to his allure.
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, by Richard Westall
FASHION A trendsetter of his time, Byron embraced a flamboyant style. He favored loose, floppy cravats, often tied in a way that became a signature look, inspiring young men to emulate his open-collared swagger. His travels left their mark – rumor has it, Biblioteca Classense in Ravenna even holds remnants of his sun-kissed skin! In true Romantic spirit, Byron's arrival in Greece in 1823 was marked by a dramatic flourish – a plumed Homeric helmet, a bold choice that perfectly captured his unconventional spirit.
CHARACTER Lady Caroline Lamb famously described him as "mad, bad, and dangerous to know." While undoubtedly intelligent (his brain reportedly weighed a hefty 82oz at death, compared to the average 49oz), Byron battled a complex inner world. Manic depression fueled his legendary temper, leaving him even fearful of his own outbursts. Far from the stereotypical "manly" poet, Byron embraced his emotional depth.
Though aloof at times, his life pulsed with passion. He could be as lively and generous as he was morose and burdened by self-doubt. This unconventional spirit led to a reputation for flamboyance, eccentricity, and courting controversy. Despite his cynicism towards humanity, a fierce fire burned within him – a champion for the downtrodden.
SENSE OF HUMOUR Byron possessed a sharp wit that could sting. His playful sarcasm often landed with a mischievous wink. One such instance involved a gift to his publisher, John Murray. Byron presented him with a handsome Bible, but with a sly alteration. Upon closer inspection, Murray would have discovered the word "robber" in John 18:40 (referencing the crowd demanding Barabbas' release) cleverly replaced with "publisher." Though the Bible was quickly withdrawn from public view, the story became a testament to Byron's mischievous humor.
Beyond pranks, Byron's writing brimmed with wit. Lines like "But here I say the Turks were much mistaken / When hating hogs yet wished to save their bacon" showcase his sardonic brilliance. In fact, his masterpiece, "Don Juan," is considered by many to be the pinnacle of comic poetry, a testament to his enduring comedic talent.
Renowned for his acerbic sense of humour, Byron once gave his publisher John Murray a handsome Bible as a gift, in which he deleted the word "robber" from John 18:40 and substituted it with "publisher." The Bible was quickly removed from public view after a visitor noticed the alteration.
Byron also wrote, "But here I say the Turks were much mistaken. When hating hogs yet wished to save their bacon."
RELATIONSHIPS A serial heartthrob, Byron possessed a certain charm that captivated women. However, his famous quote, "The more I see of men, the less I like them. If I could say so of women as well, all would be well," hints at a deeper cynicism. His first heartbreak came at 14, when his neighbor Mary Chaworth, his "morning star," callously dismissed him for his disability.
Despite a reputation for innocence, Byron actively pursued relationships throughout Europe, even during his marriage. His most scandalous affair, with his half-sister Augusta Leigh, fueled public outrage and pressured him into a union with the intelligent but incompatible Annabella Milbanke. They tied the knot on January 2, 1815 in the drawing room of her father's home at Seaham Hall, Durham.
Portrait of Annabella Byron (nee Anne Isabella Milbanke) (1792-1860)
Their daughter, Ada, would become a pioneer in computer programming.
The marriage crumbled after a year, and Byron left England under a cloud of scandal. He embarked on a series of passionate affairs, including one with Lady Caroline Lamb, who immortalized him in her gothic novel Glenarvon, His longest relationship was with Countess Teresa Guiccioli, a young Italian countess who remained by his side until his death.
Byron also fathered a daughter, Allegra, with Claire Clairmont, Mary Shelley's half-sister. Tragically, Allegra died young in a convent. Despite a strained relationship, Ada was buried beside her father at Hucknall, Nottingham.
MONEY AND FAME Lord Byron became a literary sensation, particularly in Germany, France, and America. Arguably the most popular English poet abroad, he achieved overnight fame with the publication of the first two cantos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" in 1812. His reputation as a rebellious hero was further cemented with the release of "Don Juan."
Despite inheriting a sizeable estate, Newstead Abbey (valued at £140,000 in 1798) and a steady income, Byron's extravagant lifestyle led him into debt. By 1809, he owed a staggering £13,000. In an attempt to rectify the situation, he sold Newstead Abbey in 1818 for £94,500. Interestingly, this seemingly spendthrift poet was also known for moments of surprising frugality, as his exasperated servant Fletcher could attest.
FOOD AND DRINK Obsessed with maintaining a slim figure, Byron embraced a strict and rather unusual diet. He was an early adopter of dieting, often surviving on a meager regimen of biscuits and soda water. To further suppress his appetite, he even resorted to chewing tobacco. Occasionally, he would allow himself a more substantial meal of fish, vegetables, and starches, but these indulgences were doused in vinegar, a supposed appetite suppressant.
Socially, Byron displayed a peculiar relationship with food. He frequently declined dinner invitations, perhaps due to his dietary restrictions. When it came to drinks, his choices were equally eclectic. He favored gin and water, used a concoction of salts for an alleged mood boost, and served wine to guests in a human skull – a macabre detail that reflected his penchant for the dramatic.
Despite his dietary quirks, Byron wasn't entirely averse to culinary pleasure. He enjoyed veal cutlets and even found poetry in the dinner bell, calling it the "Tucsin of the soul," hinting at the importance he placed on a good meal.
MUSIC AND ARTS Byron could be considered an early graffiti artist, having carved his name into the ancient temple of Sounion near Athens.
He described the waltz as "a damned seesaw up and down sort of tune" and confessed to having no knowledge of painting, disliking it unless it reminded him of something he had seen or imagined.
LITERATURE Lord Byron, despite his prolific output, did not necessarily enjoy writing. He once remarked, "One of the pleasures of reading old letters is the knowledge that they need no answer." Byron habitually used a rhyming dictionary, and although his verses often seemed effortless, they did not reflect the hard work he put into finding the right words to rhyme. His complete works were published in 1833 by John Murray in 17 octavo volumes, including a biography by Thomas Moore.
Major Works:
1807: "Hours of Idleness" His first published wor, it was sarcastically reviewed in the Edinburgh Review, prompting Byron to write the 1809 "English Bards and Scottish Reviewers" in response.
1812: "Childe Harold" This work romantically described tours of Portugal, Spain, and the Balkans with a melancholic tone. It is about a pilgrim who roams the world to escape from himself, and is semi-autobiographical. At the time, it eclipsed all other English poetry.
1814: "The Corsair" Written by Bryron while snowed up at Newstead Abbey with Augusta Leigh, this semi-autobiographical tale in verse was published on February 1, 1814 by John Murray. It sold 10,000 copies on its first day and over 25,000 copies in the next month.
1816: "The Dream" describes Byron's long love for Mary Chaworth and the disaster of his marriage to Annabella Milbanke.
1817: "Manfred" A poetic drama about a guilt-ridden outcast tormented by incestuous love who eventually finds release in death.
1819-1824: "Don Juan" Considered his masterpiece, this epic satire about the amorous adventurer was unpopular with critics, who found it morally deprived, but the general public loved it. Blackwood’s Magazine denounced Don Juan as “a filthy and impious poem.”
Byron also wrote racy memoirs in 1824, which were consigned to flames by his rival executors Hobhouse and Thomas Moore three days after news of his death reached England. Additionally, he wrote several verse plays which were produced but not enjoyed.
PETS A true animal lover, Byron defied convention and embraced a menagerie of furry and feathered companions. Unlike most students at Cambridge, where canines and felines were forbidden, Byron exploited a loophole and acquired a bear – perhaps hoping it would even ace his exams!
His loyalty extended beyond species. When admirers requested a lock of his hair, he'd playfully send them dog fur instead. His most beloved companion was Boatswain, a bulldog immortalized in a touching epitaph that praised the dog's virtues and lack of human vices. Boatswain's final resting place at Newstead Abbey even boasts a grander monument than his master's!
Byron's travels resembled a Noah's Ark procession, with reports of "40 carriages full of animals" accompanying him. Throughout his life, his menagerie included everything from geese (who attended social gatherings!) to monkeys, foxes, peacocks, cranes, and even a sickly cow. He wasn't afraid to get his hands dirty either, famously nursing his rabies-stricken Boatswain with unwavering devotion.
HOBBIES AND SPORTS Byron was determined to overcome his physical disability and became a skilled rider, swimmer, boxer, and marksman. He preferred swimming races to foot races. Byron was a keen swimmer, and his prowess in swimming was a source of great pride for him, even more so than his poetry.
Swimming Achievements:
Swam across the Dardanelles in imitation of Leander, who in Greek mythology crossed it each night to visit Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite.
After visiting a lady at a palazzo in Venice, Byron threw himself fully clothed into the Grand Canal and swam across. The next night, he did the same thing but to avoid being wounded by the oars of a gondolier, he swam with his right hand and held a torch in his left hand.
Swam the Hellespont (May 3, 1810), the stretch of water linking the Aegean with the Black Sea.
Also swam the mouth of the Tagus River (Lisbon, Portugal) and from the Lido to the Rialto Bridges (Venice, Italy).
Byron once sparred with John "Gentleman" Jackson, a former bare-knuckled champion, at Jackson's Bond Street gym, boxing in a dressing gown. He played for Harrow in the first Eton vs. Harrow cricket match in 1805. Not a keen shot, Byron, while sailing on the Hercules from Italy to Greece with his friend Trelawny, would secure dinner by firing at a live duck suspended in a wicker basket from the top of the mast. However, Byron did not partake of the kill.
SCIENCE AND MATHS Although Byron had little interest in formal education, his daughter Ada Lovelace inherited his mathematical talent. Ada worked with Charles Babbage on the Analytical Engine, making significant contributions to the field of computing.
PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A thorn in the side of polite society, Byron reveled in defying expectations. He held both conventional morality and organized religion, particularly the Church of England, in disdain. This is evident in his sardonic poem Don Juan, where he suggests rum might be more effective for calming the soul than religion. His lifestyle and writings frequently drew moral condemnation.
However, beneath his rebellious exterior lay a surprising streak of compassion. Despite his disdain for the establishment, Byron used his position in the House of Lords to advocate for the downtrodden. His very first speech, delivered in 1812, addressed the plight of local stocking weavers.
SCANDAL The fallout from his marital breakdown and rumored affair with his half-sister, Augusta Leigh, ostracized Byron. A public scandal erupted, fueled by a sensational novel written by Augusta herself. The humiliation culminated in a public snub at a social event, where a woman offered a patronizing whisper, "You see, you should have married me..."
Haunted by creditors and public scorn, Byron embarked on a self-imposed exile. He wandered across Europe, encountering fellow Romantic poet Percy Shelley. Their famous night in Switzerland is said to have inspired Shelley's "Frankenstein." In a rebellious act, Byron even defaced the ancient temple of Sounion in Greece by carving his name – a mark that endures to this day.
His departure from England mirrored the drama of his life. He penned his farewell letters on stolen stationary – purloined from Napoleon's own imperial desk at Malmaison.
MILITARY RECORD Beyond poetry, Byron harbored a passion for liberty. He dabbled in Italian revolutionary politics, even joining the secretive Carbonari society. His greatest championing of freedom came with the Greek War of Independence.
In 1823, he actively joined the fight, sailing to Missolonghi and being received as a hero. He poured his energy and considerable financial resources into the cause, even forming his own unit, the "Byron Brigade." However, his idealism was tempered by the reality of internal conflicts within the Greek forces.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Born with a deformed foot, Byron battled a physical limitation that cast a long shadow. He endured painful and largely ineffective treatments throughout his youth. However, by his teens, advancements in medicine offered some relief, improving his condition.
Despite this, Byron remained deeply self-conscious about his physical flaws. This insecurity, coupled with societal pressures about appearance, may have contributed to his struggles with food – possibly leading to disordered eating habits.
Adding to his challenges, Byron inherited a family history of melancholy, and he also suffered from epilepsy. Tragically, just months before his death, a violent seizure struck him, which he attempted to self-medicate with a potent concoction of cider and brandy.
HOMES Early life (1789-1798): Byron's early years were a mix of hardship and inheritance. He spent time in Aberdeen, Scotland, before moving to Newstead Abbey, his ancestral home in Nottinghamshire. Despite inheriting the title of 6th Baron Byron upon his great-uncle's death, the Abbey was in disrepair.
Education (1805-1808): Byron pursued his studies at Cambridge University, residing first at Nevile's Court and then Trinity College.
London (1811-1816): Following his time at Cambridge, Byron established himself in London, first at the Albany apartment block in Piccadilly and later on Bond Street. This period marked the beginning of his literary career, with the iconic poem "Childe Harold" being written during his stay at the Albany.
Italy (1816-1823): Seeking a fresh start after a personal scandal, Byron embarked on a self-imposed exile in Italy. He resided in Venice for several years, first renting a flat near St. Mark's Square and later moving to the grand Mocenigo Palazzo. His travels within Italy also took him to Ravenna and Pisa, where he continued his prolific writing.
Final years (1823-1824): Byron's final act was a display of his commitment to liberty. He arrived in Missolonghi, Greece, in 1823 to join the fight for independence and died there the following year.
TRAVEL Disappointed by the reception of his early poems, Byron embarked on a grand tour in 1809. This European adventure, spanning Spain, Portugal, the Mediterranean, and Greece, fueled his creative fire. The exotic locales and rich history he encountered would later inspire his iconic poem, "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage."
In preparation for his self-imposed exile in Italy, Byron commissioned a luxurious carriage from the renowned coach-maker Baxter. This custom-built vehicle, a symbol of both extravagance and comfort, cost a hefty sum of £500.
DEATH Lord Byron's life ended tragically on April 19, 1824, in Missolonghi, Greece. Weakened by rheumatic fever, possibly contracted from the damp marshes, he passed away. His final words remain a subject of debate, with some accounts mentioning a peaceful farewell, "Now I shall go to sleep. Goodnight," while others claim they hinted at deeper turmoil, "My daughter! My sister!"
News of his death plunged Greece into mourning, with the nation observing a solemn 21-day period of grief. However, Byron's final resting place became a point of contention. He was denied burial in the prestigious Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey, a decision met with public outcry. Ultimately, he was laid to rest in the Parish Church of Hucknall Torkard, near his family home.
A poignant detail emerged during the funeral procession. Lady Caroline Lamb, once romantically linked to Byron, accidentally encountered the cortege. This unexpected event is said to have further destabilized her mental health.
While his body found peace in England, a part of Byron remained in Greece. His heart was buried beneath a tree in Missolonghi, a testament to the deep connection he felt with the nation he sought to liberate.
Years later, a memorial was finally placed in Westminster Abbey, a belated recognition of his immense literary contribution.
APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Lord Byron's influence transcended his lifetime. Over 300 biographies delve into his complex life, while his passionate works inspired musical compositions by Schumann, Tchaikovsky, and operatic masterpieces by Verdi.
His captivating story continues to be reimagined on screen, with portrayals in films and plays, including The Bad Lord Byron (1948), Lady Caroline Lamb (1972), Rowing with the Wind (1987), and Gothic (1986).
ACHIEVEMENTS Byron is celebrated as a symbol of Romanticism and liberalism, with his poetry influencing the transition from the Age of Reason to the Age of Passion.
He is considered Britain's first celebrity, famous for being famous.
Sources The Frank Muir Book, The Book of Lists, Letter to John Murray 14/3/1817 The Frank Muir Book, Independent Magazine, Oxford Book of English Literature, Faber Book of Anecdotes
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