Hector Berlioz

NAME: Hector Berlioz

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Hector Berlioz was a French Romantic composer known for his innovative orchestration, vivid musical imagery, and expressive compositions, such as the Symphonie fantastique and his opera, Les Troyens.

BIRTH: Hector Berlioz was born on December 11, 1803, in La Côte-Saint-André, France.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Berlioz was born into a family of physicians. His father, Louis Berlioz, was a respected local physician, while his mother, Marie-Antoinette-Josephine, came from a wealthy family. He had five siblings, three of whom died in infancy.

CHILDHOOD: Berlioz grew up in a comfortable and cultured environment. Despite showing an early interest in music, his father initially wanted him to study medicine, but eventually supported his musical aspirations. Louis Berlioz invited many music masters to settle in the town so the boy would be exposed to a rich musical environment. 

EDUCATION: Berlioz initially studied medicine in Paris as his father wished, but spent more time at the opera and library. His passion for music led him to pursue composition and music theory at the Paris Conservatoire.

CAREER RECORD: Berlioz's career was marked by innovation and controversy. He struggled with traditional forms and structures, preferring to explore his own musical ideas. Despite facing criticism from conservative elements, his works eventually gained recognition for their originality and emotional depth. Here's his resume.

Composed numerous orchestral works, operas, and choral pieces throughout his career.

Became a renowned conductor, championing his own works and those of other composers.

Wrote music criticism, promoting progressive musical ideals.

APPEARANCE: Berlioz was described as tall and thin with a prominent nose and expressive eyes. He had a striking presence and intense gaze.

The young Berlioz

FASHION: Berlioz dressed in the fashion of his time, favoring elegant attire appropriate for his social standing as a respected composer.

CHARACTER: Berlioz was passionate and fiercely independent, often challenging the conventions of his era. He possessed a restless creative spirit and a deep sensitivity to the human experience, which he expressed through his music.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Berlioz was known for his wit and humor, often displayed in his writings and correspondence.

RELATIONSHIPS: Berlioz had a tumultuous romantic life, marked by infatuation and heartbreak. His most famous relationship was with the Irish actress Harriet Smithson, whom he idolized and later married.

It all started at a September 11, 1827 performance of Hamlet, of all things. Berlioz, a young, unknown musician, falls head over heels for a fiery Irish actress named Harriet Smithson. Now, a little infatuation is one thing, but Berlioz went full lovelorn puppy, showering her with unanswered letters that would make a Hallmark card writer cringe. Undeterred, and perhaps a touch melodramatic, he pours his unrequited passion into his most famous work, the Symphonie Fantastique. Think of it as a musical journey through love's crazy rollercoaster, complete with a dream sequence where he, well, let's just say eliminates his beloved (thankfully, only in the music).

While recoiling from his obsession with Smithson, Berlioz, ever the romantic, sets his sights on a young pianist named Marie. This time, the feeling is mutual, but true love wasn't on the menu. When Marie ditched him for a richer dude, Berlioz hatched a revenge plot so outlandish it would make a James Bond villain raise an eyebrow. Disguised as a lady's maid (yikes!), he planned to confront the happy couple with pistols and poison! Thankfully, common sense prevailed, and Berlioz ditched this operatic revenge fantasy before things got messy.

Eventually, Harriet graced a performance of the very symphony inspired by her. One might think this would rekindle the romance, but fate, it seems, had a different plan in mind. Harriet's career was on life support, and Berlioz wasn't exactly swimming in cash. So, on October 3, 1833, they got married., a union more about practicality than passion. It lasted a decent chunk of time, with a son thrown in for good measure, but eventually fizzled out.

Portrait of Harriet Smithson (1800-1854) by Dubufe, Claude-Marie

In 1840, Berlioz crossed paths with a singer named Marie Recio. Sparks flew, and by 1844, they were living together. For nearly two decades, they were a team – she, the singer, and him, the well, the famously dramatic composer.  Berlioz finally tied the knot with Marie on October 19, 1854 at a Parisian church. Sadly, their love story was cut short. Marie passed away in 1862 at the young age of 48, leaving a heartbroken Berlioz behind.

MONEY AND FAME: While Berlioz achieved fame as a composer, he struggled financially for much of  his life, relying on commissions, concerts, and occasional financial support from patrons to make ends meet. Financial success came later in life, primarily through performances abroad.

FOOD AND DRINK: Berlioz enjoyed fine dining and appreciated the culinary arts, often indulging in French cuisine and wine.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Berlioz admired composers like Beethoven and Weber.

As a composer, Berlioz was at the forefront of the Romantic movement, incorporating literary and artistic influences into his music to create vivid and evocative works.

Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, inspired by a failed love affair (shocker!), was a total game-changer. It was like a musical story, taking you on a journey through love's sweet torture, complete with a dream sequence where he, ahem, eliminates his beloved (thankfully, just in the music). This symphony, with its "program" woven into the music, basically invented a whole new genre – program music.

Berlioz didn't stop there. He went on to compose masterpieces like Les Troyens, a monumental opera that was both wildly romantic and surprisingly restrained (think Shakespeare meets a toga party, but with way more class). Then there were his other hits: Harold in Italy, a musical travelogue that would make you want to pack your bags, the dramatic symphony Roméo et Juliette, and the hauntingly beautiful La damnation de Faust.

Oh, and did I mention the man loved a good show? One concert he conducted in Paris featured an orchestra of 1,022 performers, bigger than your average town fair, with enough double basses to make your house vibrate and a harp brigade that would put a medieval banquet to shame. Now that's how you make music!

LITERATURE: Berlioz was well-read and drew inspiration from literature, particularly the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, and Byron, which influenced many of his compositions.

Berlioz also had a practical side, which is probably why he decided to become a music critic. Imagine a world where music reviews were actually entertaining to read! Berlioz, made that happen. He started slinging critiques in the 1830s and became a legend for his sharp wit and passionate pronouncements. It was like a rock concert reviewer got loose in the classical music world.

Speaking of groundbreaking, Berlioz also wrote a book on orchestration in 1843. His Treatise on Instrumentation wasn't your average "How to Play the Triangle for Dummies" guide. It was a deep dive into the world of musical instruments and how to make them sing (or blare, depending on the instrument). This book became a bible for composers, and even today musicians are flipping through its pages for inspiration.

His Mémoires were published posthumously in 1870.

NATURE: Berlioz had a deep appreciation for nature, which he often depicted in his music through vivid and colorful orchestration. This is evident in works like Harold in Italy.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Berlioz was primarily focused on music and composition. There are no documented hobbies or athletic pursuits beyond his dedication to music.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While not extensively documented, Berlioz likely had a basic understanding of science and mathematics, as required by his education.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Berlioz was known for his skepticism and rationalism, which he expressed through his music and writings. He explored philosophical themes in his music, such as love, death, and the nature of the artist.

Though Berlioz didn't have a Christian faith as an adult, he retained a love for the beauty of the religious music that had enraptured him as a child. One example is "The Shepherd's Farewell" is a beloved choral piece from Hector Berlioz's oratorio L'enfance du Christ (The Childhood of Christ), which was premiered on December 10, 1854. It's a poignant moment where the shepherds bid farewell to the Holy Family as they embark on their flight into Egypt.

The music is characterized by its gentle, pastoral melody and simple harmonies, reflecting the shepherds' humble and loving nature. The lyrics express their sorrow at parting ways with the infant Jesus and their blessings for his safe journey.

This piece is often performed during Christmas seasons, evoking a sense of peace and tenderness. It's a reminder of the humble beginnings of Jesus and the unwavering faith of those who witnessed his birth.

SCANDAL: Berlioz's unconventional approach to music and his personal life sometimes caused controversy, but he embraced his role as a provocateur and remained true to his artistic vision.

MILITARY RECORD  Berlioz witnessed the Napoleonic Wars during his childhood, which influenced his later compositions.   

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Hector Berlioz suffered from recurring illnesses throughout his life. The exact nature of these ailments remains unclear, but historical accounts mention stomach problems, nervous disorders, and possibly even depression.

His demanding career as a composer and conductor, often involving travel and irregular schedules, likely contributed to his health struggles.

HOMES: Berlioz lived in various locations throughout his career, constantly on the move due to professional opportunities. Here are some notable residences:

La Côte-Saint-André, France (Childhood): His birthplace and childhood home.

Paris, France (Majority of Career): Lived in various apartments and lodgings in Paris throughout his life.

London, England (Multiple Visits): Spent significant periods in London conducting and promoting his work.

Germany (Touring): Toured German cities conducting his own compositions and those of others.

TRAVEL Berlioz was a well-traveled figure due to the demands of his career. He undertook extensive concert tours and conducting engagements across Europe, including:

Germany: Toured extensively in Germany, particularly Leipzig and Berlin.

England: Frequent visits to London for concerts and promoting his music.

Austria: Conducted in Vienna and other Austrian cities.

Italy: Toured Italy, drawing inspiration for works like Harold in Italy.

DEATH: Hector Berlioz passed away on March 8, 1869, at his Paris home, No. 4 rue de Calais, shortly after noon. He was 65 years old at the time of his death. Berlioz had been suffering from health issues, including intestinal neuralgia and possibly a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed and unable to speak towards the end of his life.

Berlioz's funeral took place on March 11, 1869, at the recently completed Église de la Trinité in Paris. The ceremony was attended by many notable figures from the musical world, including Charles Gounod and Ambroise Thomas, who carried his coffin. The funeral procession featured music from Berlioz's own works, including his funeral march from the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, as well as pieces by other composers like Beethoven and Cherubini. However, the service was marred by an unexpected interruption when the brass band began playing Litolff's funeral march for Meyerbeer, cutting off the organist's performance.

Hector Berlioz was buried in Montmartre Cemetery (Cimetière du Nord), where he was laid to rest alongside his two wives, who were exhumed and reburied next to him. Montmartre Cemetery is a historic site in Paris, known for its picturesque layout and the graves of many famous artists and musicians. Berlioz's final resting place reflects the enduring legacy of his contributions to music and his lasting impact on the cultural landscape of Paris.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Berlioz's life and music have been celebrated in various media formats:

Biographical Films: Films like La Symphonie Fantastique (1946) and Hector Berlioz: The Man Who Invented Music (2003) explore his life and work.

Documentaries: Several documentaries delve into his musical innovations and influence, such as Berlioz and the Birth of Romanticism (2018).

Recordings: Countless recordings exist of his orchestral works, operas, and other compositions by renowned conductors and orchestras.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Berlioz's achievements include pioneering new techniques in orchestration, expanding the possibilities of musical expression, and leaving behind a rich and influential body of work that continues to inspire musicians and audiences to this day.

Irving Berlin

NAME: Irving Berlin

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Renowned American composer and lyricist, famous for composing enduring classics such as "White Christmas," "God Bless America," and "There's No Business Like Show Business."

BIRTH: Irving Berlin was born on May 11, 1888, in Tyumen, Russian Empire (now Russia).

FAMILY BACKGROUND: He was born as Israel Isidore Beilin to Jewish cantor Moses Beilin and Lena Lipkin Beilin, Jewish immigrants from Siberia. The family later emigrated to the United States to escape religious persecution.

CHILDHOOD: Berlin's childhood was marked by poverty and hardship, as his family struggled to make ends meet in New York City's Lower East Side. Despite the challenges, Berlin developed a love for music and taught himself to play the piano.

EDUCATION: Berlin received little formal education, leaving school at a young age to help support his family by working odd jobs. His education in music was primarily self-taught, learning to play the piano by ear and soaking up the vibrant musical culture of New York City.

CAREER RECORD: Berlin's career as a songwriter and composer spanned over six decades, during which he wrote hundreds of songs for Broadway musicals, Hollywood films, and popular recordings. His contributions to American music are immeasurable, with many of his songs becoming timeless classics. Here's his resume: 

Published his first song, "Marie from Sunny Italy," in 1907.

Composed numerous international hits like "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (1911), "White Christmas" (1940), "Puttin' on the Ritz" (1929), and countless others.

Wrote music and lyrics for Broadway shows like Annie Get Your Gun (1946) and Easter Parade (1948).

Co-founded the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP).

Won an Academy Award, a Tony Award, and a Grammy Award.

APPEARANCE: Short in stature, with dark hair and eyes, Berlin was often described as unassuming in appearance, with a humble demeanor that belied his immense talent and success.

Irving Berlin in 1943

FASHION: Berlin's fashion sense was simple and practical, reflecting his no-nonsense approach to life and work.

CHARACTER: Berlin was known for his work ethic, humility, and unwavering dedication to his craft. He was a perfectionist who tirelessly honed his songs until they achieved the level of excellence he demanded.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Irving Berlin's wit and sense of humor were evident not only in his personal interactions but also in his song lyrics.  His playful use of language and clever turns of phrase added another layer of enjoyment to his music..

RELATIONSHIPS: Berlin was married twice, first to Dorothy Goetz in February 1912 after a whirlwind romance. She died four months later of typhoid fever contracted during their honeymoon in Havana, Cuba. Berlin's new bride was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, and for the next thirteen years he placed flowers regularly on her grave until he remarried

The ballad Berlin wrote to express his grief, "When I Lost You", was an immediate popular hit and sold more than a million copies. 

Berlin's second marriage was to author and heiress Ellin Mackay, daughter of the head of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, Clarence Mackay. She was some fifteen years his junior and Ellin's father had opposed their relationship from the start. Irving wooed her with letters and songs over the airwaves such as "Always". They eloped and were married on January 4, 1926 in a simple civil ceremony at New York's Municipal Building away from media attention.

Their marriage remained a love affair and they were inseparable until she died on July 29, 1988 at the age of 85. They had four children during their 63 years of marriage. 

Berlin and Ellin c1926

MONEY AND FAME: Irving Berlin achieved both wealth and fame during his lifetime, becoming one of the most successful and celebrated songwriters of the 20th century. Berlin became a millionaire through his successful songwriting career.

Irving Berlin co-owned the Broadway Music Box Theatre from its opening in 1921. He was still checking the theater's receipts in 1989.

FOOD AND DRINK: Berlin had simple tastes when it came to food and drink, preferring classic American dishes and enjoying an occasional drink with friends.

MUSIC AND ARTS: As a composer and lyricist, Berlin had a profound impact on American music and culture, shaping the sound of Broadway and Hollywood with his memorable melodies and insightful lyrics.

Berlin's big break came in 1906 when he landed a gig as a singing waiter at a joint called the Pelham Café. Now, this wasn't exactly the Four Seasons, but hey, it was a roof over his head and a captive audience for his warbling. One such captive audience member was Harry Von Tilzer, a big shot in the music biz. Tilzer must have liked what he heard, because he snatched Irving right up and put him to work singing tunes at Tony Pastor's Music Hall, practically the ground zero of vaudeville.

Irving churned out his first song, "Marie from Sunny Italy," the following year, and pretty soon he was a regular on the hit parade. Then came "Alexander's Ragtime Band" in 1910. This wasn't just a hit, it was a phenomenon. Sheet music sales went through the roof, faster than a squirrel on espresso. People were humming that ragtime all over the world, from Zanzibar to Kalamazoo.

Fast forward a few decades, and Irving's still cranking out classics. He wrote "White Christmas" for the movie Holiday Inn, and Bing Crosby recorded it on May 29, 1942. The song practically invented the whole Christmas pop song industry. Apparently, Irving had a good feeling about this one. He even told his secretary, with all due modesty of course, that it was the best song ever written. 

On top of being a chart-topping songwriter, Irving was also a key player in the evolution of popular music. He wasn't afraid to experiment, taking things from jazzy ragtime to smooth swing and heart-wrenching ballads. The man was a melody machine, and he didn't need fancy sheet music to get the job done. He'd just hum his tunes to a secretary who'd translate them into those squiggly lines us normal folks call notation. Stranger things have happened, but not many that have resulted in such catchy songs.

LITERATURE: While Berlin's primary focus was on music, he had a deep appreciation for literature and often drew inspiration from poetry and storytelling in his songwriting.

NATURE: Berlin found solace and inspiration in nature, often taking long walks in the countryside to clear his mind and recharge his creative energies.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Berlin enjoyed playing golf and spending time outdoors, but his true passion was always music, which consumed much of his time and attention.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While not formally trained in science and mathematics, Berlin had a keen understanding of musical theory and composition, which he applied with skill and precision in his songwriting.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Berlin's worldview was shaped by his Jewish faith and the immigrant experience, which instilled in him a sense of resilience, optimism, and gratitude.

SCANDAL: Berlin's life was relatively free from scandal, as he focused on his music and avoided the trappings of celebrity culture.

MILITARY RECORD: Berlin dabbled in a bit of military service during World War I. Drafted at the ripe old age of 30, the army figured his songwriting skills were more valuable than his ability to dig trenches. So they stuck him with his fellow soldiers, and out came an all-soldier musical revue titled Yip Yip Yaphank. Not exactly Fight Club, but hey, every war needs a good soundtrack, right?

In 1942 Berlin wrote and produced the musical revue This Is the Army, using only military personnel. 

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Berlin maintained good health throughout much of his life, thanks to regular exercise and a balanced diet. However, he faced health challenges in his later years, including a series of strokes.

HOMES: Irving Berlin lived in various residences throughout his life, primarily in New York City.  He enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle and owned a home on Beekman Place, a prestigious Manhattan address. and a country estate in Connecticut, where he found peace and inspiration.

Berlin bought his mother a house out of the royalties for "Alexander's Ragtime Band".

TRAVEL: Berlin traveled extensively throughout his career, performing his music on Broadway stages, Hollywood soundstages, and concert halls around the world.

DEATH: Irving Berlin passed away in his sleep on September 22, 1989, at the age of 101, leaving behind a legacy of timeless music and enduring melodies that continue to captivate audiences to this day.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Irving Berlin's immense popularity led to him making occasional appearances in films and on radio programs.  However, he wasn't a performer himself and preferred to focus on creating music behind the scenes.  His true legacy lies in the countless recordings and stage productions that brought his songs to life.

ACHIEVEMENTS Irving Berlin's achievements are monumental. Here are just a few highlights:

Composed over 1,500 songs, many of which became enduring classics.

Revolutionized popular music with his innovative use of ragtime and other styles.

Won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "White Christmas" (1942).

Received Tony Awards for his contributions to Broadway musicals.

In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower presented Berlin with a special medal authorized by Congress for his patriotic songs.

Co-founded ASCAP, ensuring songwriters received proper compensation.

Wrote iconic patriotic songs like "God Bless America" that continue to resonate deeply.

Achieved international fame and recognition for his music.

Ingrid Bergman

NAME: Ingrid Bergman (She was named after Princess Ingrid of Sweden).

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Renowned Swedish actress known for her versatile performances in classic films such as Casablanca, Notorious, and Gaslight.

BIRTH: Ingrid Bergman was born on August 29, 1915, in Stockholm, Sweden.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: She was the daughter of Justus Samuel Bergman, a photographer, and Frieda Adler Bergman, an artist and homemaker. Her family had artistic inclinations, which influenced her interest in acting from a young age.

CHILDHOOD: Ingrid experienced significant loss early on. When she was three years of age, her mother died. Her father passed away when she was thirteen. After his death, she was then sent to live with her paternal aunt, who died of heart complications only six months later. Ingrid then lived with her paternal uncle Otto and his wife Hulda, who had five children of their own.

Ingrid Bergman aged 14

Despite the hardships, Ingrid developed a love for the performing arts. She often participated in school plays and amateur theater productions.

EDUCATION: Ingrid attended the Royal Dramatic Theatre School in Stockholm, where she honed her acting skills and began her journey towards a successful career in acting.

Bergman possessed proficiency in multiple languages: Swedish (her mother tongue), German (learned from her German mother and in school), English (acquired upon her move to the United States), Italian (picked up during her time in Italy), and French (learned in school). Furthermore, she showcased her linguistic versatility by acting in each of these languages at different points in her career.

CAREER RECORD: Bergman's career spanned several decades and included numerous critically acclaimed performances on stage, screen, and television. She won three Academy Awards for Best Actress and is remembered as one of the greatest actresses of Hollywood's Golden Age. Here's her resume:

Began her career in Swedish films, gaining recognition for her natural charm and talent.

Hollywood breakthrough came in the 1939 remake of Intermezzo.

Throughout the 1940s and 50s, she delivered iconic performances in films like Casablanca, Gaslight (winning her first Academy Award), Notorious, Joan of Arc, and Anastasia (winning her second Academy Award).

Collaborated with renowned directors like Alfred Hitchcock, George Cukor, and Roberto Rossellini.

Faced public scandal in the 1950s for her relationship with Rossellini, but her talent and determination prevailed.

Continued to act in films and on stage throughout her career, winning numerous accolades.

APPEARANCE: Ingrid Bergman was known for her natural beauty, with striking features and an elegant presence that captivated audiences. She had a classic, timeless appeal that contributed to her success as a leading lady in Hollywood.

Press release publicity photo of Ingrid Bergman for film Gaslight (1944). 

FASHION: Ingrid Bergman was a style icon whose influence transcended the silver screen. Known for her elegant and timeless looks, she embodied a sophisticated yet approachable aesthetic. Here are some hallmarks of her signature style:

Bergman favored well-tailored suits and dresses that accentuated her figure. She often opted for classic cuts with clean lines, creating a look that was both polished and powerful.

Even in her most glamorous roles, Bergman never appeared overdressed. She preferred to keep accessories simple and let the quality of the garments speak for themselves.

Bergman could effortlessly adapt her style to suit the character she was portraying. From the sophisticated Ilsa Lund in Casablanca to the downtrodden Paula Alquist in Gaslight, her clothing choices were always believable and purposeful.

CHARACTER: She was known for her intelligence, determination, and professionalism both on and off-screen. Bergman was highly respected by her peers for her dedication to her craft and her commitment to delivering authentic performances.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: While Bergman was known for her seriousness in her roles, she had a playful and witty side in her personal life. She enjoyed sharing jokes and anecdotes with friends and colleagues.

RELATIONSHIPS: Bergman had several high-profile relationships throughout her life, including three marriages.

In 1937, Ingrid Bergman married dentist Petter Lindström. However, twelve years later, she faced a public scandal due to her affair with Italian director Roberto Rossellini during the filming of Stromboli. This controversy compelled her to return to Europe. Shortly after the release of the film, she gave birth to a son, Robertino. Within a week of his birth, she divorced Dr. Lindstrom and married Rossellini in Mexico. For the following seven years, Bergman resided in Italy until their divorce in 1957.

On December 21, 1958, Bergman wed Lars Schmidt, a theatrical entrepreneur hailing from a prominent Swedish shipping family. She met Schmidt through her publicist, Kay Brown. Their marriage lasted almost two decades before they divorced in 1975. 

Bergman and Schmidt 1961 e http://proxy.handle.net/10648/a9cd6fa2-d0b4-102d-bcf8-003048976d84

Despite the ups and downs of her personal life, Bergman remained dedicated to her career and family.

MONEY AND FAME: Ingrid Bergman achieved both wealth and fame during her illustrious career, becoming one of the most recognizable and respected actresses in Hollywood history. She commanded high salaries for her acting roles.

FOOD AND DRINK: Bergman enjoyed simple and healthy meals, often incorporating fresh fruits and vegetables into her diet. She also had a fondness for Swedish cuisine, particularly traditional dishes like gravlax and meatballs.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Bergman had a deep appreciation for music and the arts, often attending concerts, operas, and art exhibitions in her free time. She also enjoyed playing the piano and painting as creative outlets.

Imagine a time before Netflix binges and superhero flicks. A time when movie stars were glamorous and shrouded in a bit of mystery. Ingrid Bergman? That was one such legend. This Swedish firecracker was tearing up the silver screens back home when Hollywood came knocking, offering her a one-way ticket to Intermezzo (the American remake, not the Swedish one, though she was in that too, because why not?).

Now, Bergman wasn't exactly known for her on-set speed. In fact, her nickname among the crew was "Betterlater" because, well, she apparently wasn't always on point in those first takes. But hey, practice makes perfect, and Bergman certainly perfected her craft.

Over the next few decades, she flitted between Hollywood and Europe, dazzling audiences in classics like Casablanca, which premiered in New York City on November 26, 1942. Unlike some actors who are typecast, Bergman bounced between genres like a champion ping pong player. One minute she's fighting Nazis in For Whom the Bell Tolls, the next she's getting psychoanalyzed by Gregory Peck in Spellbound.

LITERATURE: Bergman was an avid reader and had a particular fondness for classic literature, often citing authors such as Shakespeare, Chekhov, and Tolstoy as influences on her work.

NATURE: Bergman found solace and inspiration in nature, often retreating to quiet countryside retreats to recharge and reconnect with the natural world.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: In addition to acting, Bergman enjoyed gardening, hiking, and horseback riding. She also had a passion for skiing and often spent time on the slopes during the winter months.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While Bergman's career focused primarily on the arts, she had a curious mind and maintained an interest in science and mathematics throughout her life.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Bergman had a deep spiritual side and explored philosophical and theological themes in both her personal life and her work as an actress.

POLITICS; Regarding Nazis, Bergman had a bit of a…misjudgment there. Apparently, she initially wrote Hitler and his cronies off as a passing fad, a bit like a bad case of the sniffles. Let's just say her perspective changed a tad when World War II rolled around.

SCANDAL: Bergman faced controversy in her personal life, particularly regarding her relationship with director Roberto Rossellini, which led to a temporary exile from Hollywood. Her divorce from Dr. Lindstrom in 1950 to marry Roberto Rossellini was so scandalous that on March 14, 1950, US Senator Edwin C. Johnson proposed a bill that would require films to be rated not just for on screen content, but the moral character of the actors involved as well.  He called Bergman, "one of the most powerful women on Earth - I regret to say, a powerful influence for evil.

However, she ultimately made a triumphant return and continued to receive acclaim for her performances.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Bergman maintained a healthy lifestyle throughout her life, prioritizing exercise, proper nutrition, and self-care to ensure she remained fit and energetic.

Bergman became a smoker after needing to smoke for her role in the 1948 film Arch of Triumph.

HOMES: Ingrid Bergman's life took her to various corners of the world, and her homes reflected her diverse experiences. Here's a glimpse into some of her residences:

Stockholm, Sweden: Bergman grew up in a Stockholm apartment, where her passion for acting likely blossomed.

Hollywood Hills: During her Hollywood heyday, Bergman resided in a luxurious home in the Hollywood Hills. This residence undoubtedly reflected the glamour associated with her movie star status.

Stromboli, Italy: After her relationship with Roberto Rossellini sparked a scandal, they settled on the volcanic island of Stromboli, Italy. Here, they embraced a more rustic lifestyle.

Paris, France: Bergman eventually settled in Paris, France, where she lived for many years. This sophisticated European city likely offered a sense of peace and privacy.

TRAVEL: Bergman traveled extensively for both work and pleasure, exploring different cultures and landscapes around the world. Her travels influenced her worldview and enriched her performances as an actress.

DEATH: Ingrid Bergman passed away on August 29, 1982, in London, England, at the age of 67.  She had been battling breast cancer for several years. Her body was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery, London and her ashes taken to Sweden. Bergman's death marked the end of an era for cinema, leaving behind a rich legacy of unforgettable performances.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Bergman's life and work have been celebrated in numerous biographies, documentaries, and retrospectives, highlighting her contributions to the world of cinema and her enduring impact on popular culture.

Though Bergman's official website calls her role of Ilsa Lund in Casablanca, her "most famous and enduring role," the Swedish actress' personal feelings about the movie were more complex. She had some reservations about the script and the direction of her character, Ilsa. She felt that the script was unclear and that the love triangle between her, Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart), and Victor Laszlo was not fully developed. Additionally, she was dissatisfied with the lack of depth in her character and the rushed nature of the love scenes.

However, it's important to note that despite these reservations, Bergman recognized the film's impact and its enduring popularity. She acknowledged that Casablanca had become a classic and that her performance in the film had contributed to her fame.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Ingrid Bergman's achievements extend far beyond her impeccable fashion sense and worldly travels. Here are some of her most notable accomplishments:

Academy Award wins: Bergman is one of the most decorated actresses of all time, having won three Academy Awards for Best Actress (Gaslight, Anastasia, and murder On The Orient Express).

Pioneering roles: She played a pivotal role in portraying strong and complex female characters on screen, breaking away from traditional stereotypes.

International stardom: Bergman achieved international fame and recognition, captivating audiences worldwide with her talent and beauty.

Enduring legacy: Her influence on cinema continues to inspire generations of actors and filmmakers.

Karl Benz

NAME: Karl (or Carl) Benz

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Inventor of the first practical automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.

BIRTH: Karl Benz was born on November 25, 1844, in Mühlburg, in the Grand Duchy of Baden (now part of Germany).

FAMILY BACKGROUND: He was born to a locomotive driver, Johann George Benz, and Josephine Vaillant, a housewife. His father's occupation likely influenced his interest in machinery and engines from an early age.

CHILDHOOD: When he was two years old, his father died of pneumonia and Karl was raised by his widowed mother in near poverty.

Growing up in a working-class family, Karl was exposed to the world of machinery and engineering from a young age. He showed an early interest in mechanical devices and often tinkered with various gadgets.

EDUCATION: Benz attended the local Grammar School in Karlsruhe and later studied at the Poly-Technical University in Karlsruhe, where he developed his skills in engineering.

CAREER RECORD: After completing his education, Benz worked as a draftsman in various firms before founding his own company, Benz & Cie., which later became Mercedes-Benz. Here's his resume:

1864-1866: Worked as a fitter at Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe.

1866-1870: Worked as a draftsman and designer at Waagen- und Maschinenfabrik Schweizer.

1871: Co-founded Iron Foundry and Machine Factory (later Benz & Cie.) with August Ritter.

1885: Built the Benz Patent Motorwagen, considered the first practical modern automobile.

1886: Received a patent for the Motorwagen.

Continued developing and refining automobiles throughout his career.

APPEARANCE: Benz was described as a tall, imposing figure with a prominent jawline and piercing eyes. He often dressed in formal attire, reflecting his status as a successful businessman.

FASHION: Benz preferred traditional and conservative attire, typically wearing suits and ties befitting his role as an entrepreneur.

CHARACTER: Benz was known for his determination, innovation, and entrepreneurial spirit. He was driven by a desire to create groundbreaking inventions that would revolutionize transportation. Benz faced financial difficulties and skepticism about his automotive ideas but never gave up.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: While Benz was focused on his work, he was known to have a dry wit and enjoyed sharing jokes with close friends and colleagues.

RELATIONSHIPS: Benz married Bertha Ringer on July 20, 1872. Bertha was a strong supporter of his work and famously took his car on a long-distance journey to prove its practicality.

They had five children: Eugen (1873), Richard (1874), Clara (1877), Thilde (1882), and Ellen (1890)., 

MONEY AND FAME: Karl Benz initially faced financial struggles while developing his automobile. That first Motorwagen set eager drivers back a cool $1,000 – a hefty price tag for a machine that likely rattled more windows than it impressed. Still, Benz persevered, and in those first five years, he managed to sell a whopping 69 cars. Not exactly a production line humming with activity, but a start nonetheless. 

He later achieved both wealth and fame through his groundbreaking inventions, particularly the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the world's first automobile.

His company, Benz & Cie., ., based in Mannheim, became a giant in the auto industry, eventually merging with Daimler to form the Mercedes-Benz empire we know today.

FOOD AND DRINK: Benz preferred simple, hearty meals, typical of the German cuisine of his time. He enjoyed traditional dishes such as sausages, potatoes, and beer.

MUSIC AND ARTS: While Benz appreciated music and the arts, his passion lay primarily in the field of engineering and invention.

LITERATURE: Benz had a keen interest in literature, particularly scientific and technical publications that could further his understanding of engineering principles.

NATURE: Despite his busy schedule, Benz enjoyed spending time outdoors, particularly in the countryside, where he found inspiration for his inventions.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: In his leisure time, Benz enjoyed gardening and tinkering with mechanical devices. He also had a passion for horseback riding and hunting.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: Benz excelled in the fields of science and mathematics, applying his knowledge to the design and construction of his pioneering automobiles.

INVENTIONS Karl Benz wasn't exactly the type to win the Indy 500. In the late 1870s, this German fellow was tinkering away with a two-stroke engine, the kind of thing that would make your average lawnmower sound like a purring kitten. But Benz wasn't aiming for manicured meadows. He had a grander vision, and in 1885, he squeezed his puny petrol engine into a three-wheeled carriage, thus birthing the granddaddy of all automobiles – or, as it was probably called back then, the "putt-putt that doesn't need a horse." 

On January 29, 1886 Karl Benz received the patent for his "horseless carriage" - the first car with an internal combustion engine.

This marvel of engineering, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, was unveiled in all its glory on July 3, 1886. It was revolutionary, sure, but revolutionary slow. We're talking speeds that would make a snail raise an eyebrow. But hey, it was a start! And who needs breakneck velocity when you have the thrill of a brand new invention that doesn't require oats and a stable?

A photograph of the original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, first built in 1885

Benz wasn't just about horseless carriages. He was also the guy who brought us the first motorized lorry in 1895, proving his engine wasn't just for leisurely (and smelly) Sunday drives

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: While Benz was primarily focused on his scientific pursuits, he held a deep respect for philosophy and theology, viewing them as complementary to his work.

SCANDAL: Benz's career was relatively free from scandal, although he faced challenges and controversies from competitors and detractors who doubted the viability of his automobile designs.

MILITARY RECORD: Benz did not have a notable military record, as his talents were primarily focused on engineering rather than military service.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Despite the demanding nature of his work, Benz maintained good health throughout much of his life, thanks to regular exercise and a balanced diet.

HOMES: Benz lived in various locations throughout his life, including Karlsruhe and Mannheim, where he established his engineering workshops.

The Carl-Benz-Gymnasium Ladenburg in Ladenburg, where he lived until his death, is named in his honor.

TRAVEL: While Benz traveled extensively for business purposes, particularly to promote his automobiles, he also enjoyed leisure travel with his family.

Now, Benz wasn't one to just putter around his own driveway. His wife, Bertha, a woman who clearly wasn't afraid of a little adventure (and possibly looking to escape the fumes), took the Motorwagen on a rather grand trip n August 5, 1888. We're talking over 100 kilometres – a daring feat in a contraption that coughed more than a smoker with a head cold. This little joyride of Bertha's is now celebrated as the Bertha Benz Memorial Route, a testament to both her adventurous spirit and the fact that someone probably needed a good whiff of fresh air after spending too much time around Karl's invention.

DEATH: Karl Benz passed away on April 4, 1929, at the age of 84 in his home in Ladenburg, Germany. The cause of his death was bronchial inflammation. 

He was buried at the Cemetery of Ladenburg, located in Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. His grave is situated near the western wall of the cemetery, close to the church. 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Benz's life and inventions have been celebrated in numerous books, films, and documentaries, highlighting his contributions to the automotive industry and technological innovation.

In 2011, a dramatized television film about the life of Carl and Bertha Benz was made named Carl & Bertha which premiered on May 11. 

ACHIEVEMENTS: Karl Benz's most significant achievement was the development of the Benz Patent-Motorwagen in 1885, widely regarded as the world's first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine. His innovative designs laid the foundation for the modern automotive industry and revolutionized transportation worldwide.

Jeremy Bentham

NAME Jeremy Bentham

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Jeremy Bentham is famous for being a philosopher, social reformer, and legal theorist. He is considered one of the founders of modern utilitarianism.

BIRTH Jeremy Bentham was born on February 15, 1748, in Houndsditch, London, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Bentham was from a wealthy and influential family who supported the Tory party. His father, Jeremiah Bentham, was a successful attorney, and his mother, Alicia Grove, came from a family of merchants. His family life reflected a mix of Enlightenment rationalism and religious piety.

CHILDHOOD Jeremy Bentham grew up in a privileged household. Considered a prodigy, he received an education at home before attending Westminster School. He was groomed for a legal career

EDUCATION Jeremy Bentham was practically spoon-fed learning from day one. By the time he could wobble on his chubby legs, there he was, knee-deep in a massive history of England at his dad's desk. Latin followed at the ripe old age of three, and then, just to show off, he waltzed into Oxford at the tender age of twelve.

Bentham studied Queen's College, Oxford. where he excelled academically. He later studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1769.

CAREER RECORD Although qualified as a lawyer,  Bentham didn't practice. Instead, he set his sights on ripping the whole legal system apart and rebuilding it from the ground up, along with a shiny new theory of law and morality for good measure. He started by churning out short works bursting with his ideas, like a legal reform happy meal.

Bentham focused on philosophical and reformist writings. He advocated for social and legal reforms based on utilitarian principles, aiming to maximize happiness and minimize suffering.

APPEARANCE Bentham was described as having a plain and unassuming appearance, often seen in simple clothing. He was likely of average height with a round face.

Portrait of Jeremy Bentham by Thomas Fyre

FASHION Bentham's attire was conventional for his time, reflecting his focus on intellectual and academic pursuits rather than fashion.

Notably, he wore a distinctive round hat.

CHARACTER Bentham was known for his sharp intellect, rationality, and dedication to social improvement through legal and ethical reforms. He could be critical and impatient with those who disagreed with him.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Bentham had a dry and analytical sense of humor, often employing wit in his philosophical writings. He sometimes used satire to make his points.

RELATIONSHIPS Bentham never married and had no children

He had close friendships with other intellectuals and reformers, including James Mill and John Stuart Mill, who were influenced by his ideas.

MONEY AND FAME Although born into wealth, Bentham used his resources to support his intellectual pursuits rather than seeking riches.

He achieved fame within philosophical and reform circles, but wasn't widely known by the general public.

FOOD AND DRINK Bentham's lifestyle was modest, and he focused more on intellectual pursuits than culinary interests.

MUSIC AND ARTS Bentham had a limited interest in music and the arts, preferring academic and philosophical endeavors.

LITERATURE An avid reader, Bentham was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and David Hume. Their focus on reason, empiricism, and individual rights greatly shaped his own philosophical ideas.

Bentham was a prolific writer, producing numerous books, articles, and pamphlets advocating for utilitarian reform. His most famous works include A Fragment on Government (1776) and An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780). He argued in the latter that the proper objective of all conduct and legislation is "the greatest happiness of the greatest number."

NATURE While not a prominent theme in his writings, Bentham valued rational inquiry and scientific observation.

Bentham owned a cat called Langbourne who he fed on macaroni. Over time, Langbourne's name became The Reverend Sir John Langbourne, D.D. (Doctor of Divinity). 

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Jeremy Bentham was an early proponent of jogging, which he called "circumgyrating." He believed in the importance of physical exercise for maintaining good health, and he would often jog around his garden before breakfast and dinner.

Bentham called his a favorite walking stick ‘Dapple’.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Bentham had a keen interest in science and mathematics, applying empirical methods to his philosophical investigations.

One of Bentham's big contributions was the "felicific calculus" – basically a way to weigh up pleasures and pains with a handy calculator (or at least that was the idea). This would then help figure out laws that made the most people happy, the greatest number and all that. Sure, some folks poked fun at its lack of precision, but Bentham countered that it was a work in progress, not a magic happiness formula.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY The founder of modern utilitarianism, which emphasizes the importance of maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering in ethical decision-making.

He challenged traditional religious authority and advocated for a secular society.

SCANDAL Bentham's life was relatively scandal-free, focused instead on intellectual pursuits and social reform.

MILITARY RECORD Bentham did not have a military career but dedicated his life to legal and philosophical pursuits.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Bentham's health was generally robust, allowing him to pursue his intellectual work until his later years. He continued to write up to a month before his death.

HOMES Bentham lived most of his life in Westminster, London, England. His home, known as Queen Square Place, became a center of intellectual activity.

Bentham designed the house himself, incorporating features that reflected his utilitarian principles, such as maximizing efficiency and natural light.

The Panopticon is a type of institutional building designed by Bentham.  Imagine a prison where the inmates could never tell if they were being watched, always feeling those watchful eyes. That's the Panopticon. Bentham spent ages dreaming up the design, but the government wasn't buying it. Still, it's a clever idea, even if it is a bit creepy. Think CCTV cameras everywhere – that's the Panopticon principle in action, according to some social critics.

Elevation, section and plan of Bentham's panopticon prison, drawn by Willey Reveley in 1791

TRAVEL Bentham himself did not travel extensively. However, his ideas traveled far and wide.

His writings on utilitarianism and legal reform influenced political and social movements throughout Europe and the Americas. The United States Declaration of Independence, for instance, echoes some of Bentham's ideas on individual rights and the pursuit of happiness.

DEATH Bentham died on June 6, 1832 aged 84 at his residence in Queen Square Place.

Bentham wasn't exactly shy about what should happen to him after he shuffled off this mortal coil.  His body was to be dissected and preserved, with the skeleton eventually assembled and displayed in a seated position, clothed in his usual attire at University College London. A bit out there, sure, but hey, to each their own.

And so it came to pass. There he sits, Bentham's skeleton, all dressed up with a wax head (the real one got mummified), in a glass case at UCL. He even gets to attend important university meetings – though whether he has much to say is another matter.

Bentham's head did have a bit of an adventure in 1975. Some pranksters from rival King's College nicked it, but thankfully, they returned it unharmed after a small ransom of £10 was paid to the homeless charity, Shelter. Just another day in the wild world of Jeremy Bentham.

Below is Bentham's auto-icon in a new display case at University College London's Student Centre in 2020.

By Philip Stevens - Own work,Wikipedia

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Bentham's preserved skeleton at University College London is a unique and enduring media presence.

His writings continue to be studied and debated by scholars and philosophers.

There have also been occasional documentaries and biographies exploring his life and ideas.

ACHIEVEMENTS Bentham's founding of modern utilitarianism remains a cornerstone of ethical and political thought.

His ideas on legal and social reform significantly impacted 19th-century society, influencing everything from prison design to the expansion of voting rights.

E. F. Benson

NAME: E. F. Benson (Edward Frederic Benson),  He was always known as Fred.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: E. F. Benson was a renowned English writer known for his humorous and satirical novels, particularly the "Mapp and Lucia" series.

BIRTH: Edward Frederic Benson was born on July 24, 1867, in Wellington College, Berkshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Benson came from a distinguished literary and academic family. His father was the headmaster of Wellington College, and his siblings included the writer and Egyptologist, Margaret Benson, and the author and scholar, Arthur Christopher Benson.

Edward White Benson, was later Archbishop of Canterbury for 13 years and devised the Nine Lessons And Carols Christmas service that's now used worldwide.

His mother Mary Sidgwick Benson (nicknamed Minnie), was a brilliant woman once described as "the cleverest woman in Europe" by Prime Minister William Gladstone.

Arthur Benson, wrote the lyrics to Elgar's "Land Of Hope And Glory" in 1902.

Robert Hugh Benson, was an English Catholic priest and  author of several novels and Roman Catholic apologetic works. 

The Benson brothers

CHILDHOOD: Growing up in a scholarly environment, Benson was exposed to literature and learning from a young age. He witnessed his father's strict demeanor and his mother's eventual mental breakdown.

EDUCATION: He attended Marlborough College and later studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he developed his literary skills. Benson was a member of the prestigious Pitt Club at Cambridge.

CAREER RECORD: E. F. Benson's career as a writer was prolific and diverse. He wrote novels, biographies, and ghost stories, but he is best remembered for his humorous and observant novels set in small English towns. Here's his resume; 

Began writing while still a student, publishing his first book, Sketches from Marlborough, at a young age.

Achieved early success with his novel Dodo (1893), a satirical social commentary.

Authored nearly 100 books throughout his career, including biographies of Queen Victoria, William Gladstone, and William II of Germany.

Became an honorary fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, later in life.

APPEARANCE: Benson was described as a tall and elegant figure, often impeccably dressed in the fashion of his time.

E.F. Benson

FASHION: Being a man of refined tastes, Benson likely adhered to the fashion norms of his era, favoring formal and tailored attire.

CHARACTER: Benson was known for his wit, charm, and sociability. He had a keen eye for social nuances and human behavior, which he often incorporated into his writing.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Benson's writing is characterized by its sharp wit and clever satire, particularly evident in his Mapp and Lucia series.

RELATIONSHIPS: Benson had a close relationship with his family, especially his brother A. C. Benson, with whom he collaborated on several literary projects.

He had close friendships with literary figures and members of high society, including Oscar Wilde and Margot Asquith.

Benson was an intensely discreet homosexual. He never married and had no children.

MONEY AND FAME: Benson achieved financial success through his writing, allowing him to live a comfortable life.

He enjoyed a degree of fame as a popular author, but not necessarily the level of celebrity sought by some.

FOOD AND DRINK: Benson enjoyed good food and drink, which often featured prominently in his novels, adding to the social and domestic settings.

MUSIC AND ARTS: He had an appreciation for the arts and cultural life, which influenced the settings and characters in his novels.

LITERATURE: As a prolific author, Benson contributed significantly to English literature, particularly through his humorous and keenly observed novels.

Benson churned out books like a one-man printing press – nearly 100 of them in his lifetime!  He wasn't fussy about genre, either, bouncing between hilarious social satires, spooky ghost stories, biographies of important folks (like Queen Victoria, no less), and even spilling the beans on his own life.

But Benson's real claim to fame is the "Mapp and Lucia" series. These novels are side-splitting chronicles of social climbing set in a fictional English seaside town.  Think "Keeping Up With the Kardashians" with a healthy dose of Jane Austen, and you're on the right track. Benson mercilessly poked fun at the upper classes, using his razor-sharp wit to expose their ridiculous antics and desperate attempts to outdo one another.

Of course, there's more to Benson than just Mapp and Lucia. He wrote stacks of other cracking novels, like Dodo and Mrs. Ames, that showed his talent for storytelling went way beyond satire. And he wasn't afraid to dabble in non-fiction either. He tackled biographies of bigwigs and even wrote a bit of history on the side, including a look at Athens, just to prove he wasn't all jokes and seaside squabbles.

NATURE: Benson had an affinity for the English countryside, often depicting its landscapes and seasons vividly in his writing.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Benson enjoyed gardening and traveling, both of which provided inspiration for his writing.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While not primarily focused on science or mathematics in his work, Benson's writing often reflected a keen interest in human behavior and social dynamics.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Benson's work occasionally touched on philosophical and spiritual themes, but his primary focus was on satire and social commentary.

SCANDAL: There are no notable scandals associated with Benson's personal or professional life.

HOMES: Benson didn't settle in one place for too long. He lived in various locations throughout England, including London and Rye (where he served as mayor).

In London, Benson lived at 395 Oxford Street, W1, where much of the action of Lucia in London occurs. 

He spent time in other locations like Rye, in East Sussex, seeking inspiration and enjoying the change of scenery. Below is Lamb House, home of E. F. Benson and model for "Mallards" in the Lucia series

Photographed by Elizabeth B. Thomsen Wikipedia

TRAVEL: Benson traveled extensively, which provided him with material for his writing and enriched his observations of society.

DEATH: E. F. Benson passed away on February 29, 1940, in London, England, aged 72. 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: His novels, particularly the "Mapp and Lucia" series, continue to be enjoyed by readers worldwide. Their comedic brilliance and timeless social commentary ensure their continued relevance.

Several of Benson's novels have been adapted for film and television, further extending his reach to new audiences.

ACHIEVEMENTS: E. F. Benson's enduring legacy lies in his witty and insightful portrayal of English society, particularly in the "Mapp and Lucia" series, which remains beloved by readers for its humor and keen observations of human nature. His contribution to English literature continues to be celebrated for its enduring charm and entertainment value.

James Gordon Bennett Sr.

NAME James Gordon Bennett Sr. (also known as J. Gordon Bennett)

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Founder, editor, and publisher of the New York Herald, a major figure in the history of American newspapers. He revolutionized journalism with his innovative methods.

BIRTH Born September 1, 1795, in Newmill (near Keith), Banffshire, Scotland, though some sources suggest he may have been born in Buckie, Banffshire. Source gives his birth year as 1792, but most sources cite 1795.

FAMILY BACKGROUND James Gordon Bennett Sr. was born into a Scottish family in Banffshire, Scotland.  His parents were James Bennett and May Gordon. Accounts of his family's status vary: some sources describe them as "prosperous Roman Catholics," while others refer to his father as a "poor crofter," indicating modest means. Bennett maintained a lifelong connection to his Scottish roots, later supporting fellow emigrants from Banffshire whom he encountered in America.

CHILDHOOD Bennett spent his early years in Scotland. He was born in Newmill (near Keith), Banffshire, and moved from Enzie to Newmill as an infant. 

EDUCATION  He received his first education in Newmill from Donald Cameron and later in Keith from the Rev. John Murdoch. At age 15, his family sent him to a Roman Catholic seminary in Aberdeen (Blairs) to prepare for the priesthood, reflecting their religious background and aspirations for him. He remained there for four years before leaving, after which he read voraciously on his own and traveled extensively throughout Scotland. 

CAREER RECORD Bennett's remarkable career trajectory began after emigrating to North America in 1819:

Worked as a schoolmaster in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Taught school in Addison, Maine.

Worked as a proofreader and bookseller in Boston, Massachusetts.

Translated Spanish language news reports for the Charleston Courier in South Carolina.

Moved to New York City in 1823, working as a freelance paper writer.

Assistant editor of the New York Courier and Enquirer.

Founded the New York Herald in May 1835.

APPEARANCE Bennett was described as having a "tall, slender figure, handsome features, and generally imposing appearance". However, his severely cross-eyed condition gave him what some described as a "sinister, forbidding look". (1)

James Gordon Bennett, Sr.

CHARACTER Assessments of Bennett's character vary widely. The journalist Henry Villard characterized him as "hard, cold, utterly selfish, and invincibly ignoble". He was known for his industry and sagacity in business matters. His publication approach was sometimes described as sensationalist, with an early mission statement declaring the Herald's purpose was "not to instruct but to startle". Bennett was known to be controversial and frequently at odds with other editors and public figures. (1)

SENSE OF HUMOUR James Gordon Bennett Sr. was widely recognized for his sharp, irreverent sense of humor, which became a hallmark of both his personality and his newspaper, the New York Herald. His style was characterized by jocularity, impudence, flippancy, and satire, making the Herald both popular and controversial. Bennett often infused his reporting and editorials with wit and biting humor, sometimes targeting rivals or public figures with playful mockery. For example, he would refer to competitors with colorful nicknames and crafted humorous, sometimes sarcastic, commentary on current events and personalities.

His humor was not limited to print. When assaulted by a rival editor, Bennett recounted the incident in the next day’s Herald with characteristic wit, joking that his attacker wanted to "let out the never failing supply of good humour and wit… and appropriate the contents to supply the emptiness of his own thick skull". This ability to turn even personal attacks into opportunities for public amusement demonstrated his resilience and comedic instinct. (2)

RELATIONSHIPS James Gordon Bennett Sr. married Henrietta Agnes Crean, the maternal granddaughter of Nathaniel Warren, M.P., Lord Mayor of Dublin, on June 6, 1840, in New York City.

Henrietta Crean came to New York with her widowed mother in 1834 and both she and Bennett were part of New York's social and professional circles in the years leading up to their marriage

Their marriage was marked by significant challenges. Henrietta was reportedly distressed by the public attacks, slander, and even violence directed at her husband due to his controversial role as a newspaper publisher. She witnessed incidents such as Bennett being horsewhipped in the street and a bomb being sent to the Herald's offices. Finding New York unfit for raising children amid such hostility, Henrietta took their children to Paris, where they were brought up away from the city's social and professional pressures.

The couple had three children, including James Gordon Bennett Jr. (May 10, 1841 – May 14, 1918), who would later inherit his father's newspaper empire. An outlandish international playboy,  James Gordon Bennett Jr. was known for his flamboyant exploits, which gave rise to the exclamation "Gordon Bennett!" to express shock.

James Gordon Bennett Jr. 

NEW YORK HERALD James Gordon Bennett Sr., who arrived in America from Scotland with a head full of Enlightenment ideals and an accent no one could quite place, had the kind of energy that might alarm a small village. In 1835, he founded the New York Herald—a newspaper that began life in a basement office furnished mostly with audacity. On its first day, Bennett declared the Herald would support “no party, be the agent of no faction,” and then proceeded, with the straightest of faces, to throw his editorial weight behind Andrew Jackson and then President John Tyler. Hypocrisy, in Bennett’s view, was less a flaw than a professional tool.

Where other papers printed sermons and society announcements, Bennett gave the people what they really wanted: murder, scandal, money, and the occasional update on horse racing. He was the first to regularly cover sports and business in a general newspaper, which seems obvious now but at the time was seen as rather improper—like turning up to a sermon in bright red trousers. He invented the “extra edition” during a grisly murder case (Robinson–Jewett, if you're keeping score) and turned crime reporting into a national obsession. He also introduced society pages and advice columns, pioneering a tone of cheerful nosiness that still defines modern journalism.

His real genius, though, was speed. Bennett harnessed telegraphs, pony express riders, and even ships lurking off the coast to intercept European news before it hit land. It was journalism at a gallop, and readers loved it. By 1845, the Herald was the most widely read and profitable newspaper in the country. By 1861, it had the largest circulation in the world—an astonishing 84,000 copies a day, each one teeming with opinion, outrage, and the occasional fact.

Though Bennett claimed neutrality, his paper's politics wandered like a tipsy uncle at a wedding—anti-Catholic one moment, pro-Jacksonian the next. During the Civil War, the Herald supported the Union and the Democratic Party, while also publishing pro-slavery screeds and offering a platform to nearly every terrible idea of the era.

What made Bennett enduring wasn’t his consistency—it was his nerve. He dispatched more war correspondents than anyone else, ran stories faster than his rivals, and delighted in controversy. He once published a front-page editorial defending himself against accusations of insanity, which, in fairness, is not something a sane person usually needs to do.

In 1867, he handed the reins to his son, James Gordon Bennett Jr., who turned the family newspaper into a sort of journalistic Jules Verne novel—financing expeditions to Africa, launching a European edition, and proving once and for all that money and madness are a powerful mix in media.

Eventually, the Herald merged with the New York Tribune, became the Herald Tribune, and remained influential until the mid-20th century, by which time journalism had become less about scoop and scandal and more about television hair.

Still, Bennett Sr.'s fingerprints are everywhere: in the urgency of 24-hour news, in the breathless tone of tabloids, and in every editorial that pretends to neutrality while winking furiously at the reader. He was brilliant, problematic, maddening, and necessary—the kind of man who could remake a whole industry before breakfast and start a fistfight before lunch.

MONEY AND FAME James Gordon Bennett Sr. amassed extraordinary wealth and fame as the founder and publisher of the New York Herald, one of the most influential newspapers of the 19th century. Starting the paper in 1835 with just $500 in a Wall Street basement, Bennett transformed it into the most widely circulated and profitable newspaper in America by the mid-1800s. By 1861, the Herald was selling 84,000 copies daily, a figure unmatched by any other paper at the time.

Bennett’s financial success placed him among the wealthiest Americans of his era, on a level comparable to business giants such as the Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, Carnegies, and Mellons. The Herald’s vast revenues allowed him to employ an unprecedented number of correspondents-sixty-three reporters covered the American Civil War for the Herald, far surpassing any rival publication.

His fame was equally significant. Bennett was a household name, both respected and notorious for his innovations in journalism, including sensational reporting, the first-ever newspaper interview, and pioneering coverage of finance and Wall Street. His influence extended beyond journalism, shaping public opinion and the very business model of American newspapers. Upon his death in 1872, he left his son "the richest newspaper in America," cementing his legacy as a media titan.

FOOD AND DRINK James Gordon Bennett Sr. was notably abstemious in his habits regarding food and drink. He was described as "more than temperate in the use of liquor and tobacco," deliberately avoiding the convivial drinking culture that was common in Boston and other cities during his era. When reproached for his restraint, Bennett reportedly replied, "I eat to live. I do not live to eat and drink." 

MUSIC AND ARTS  James Gordon Bennett Sr. had no particular interest in music or the arts. His son, James Gordon Bennett Jr., became a notable patron of the arts and was known for entertaining artists and painters,

LITERATURE As a young man, after leaving the Roman Catholic seminary with a distaste for theology, Bennett developed a strong interest in literature-especially the works of Sir Walter Scott and Lord Byron. These literary influences shaped his worldview and ambitions as he sought a new path in life.

Bennett’s fascination with literature was also evident in his admiration for Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, which he read in Scotland and which inspired his move to America at age 24. His early years in publishing and journalism were marked by a deep engagement with reading and writing, and he was known for quoting Franklin’s aphorisms and referencing literary works.

However, as his career progressed and he became immersed in the business and innovation of journalism, Bennett’s literary interests took a back seat to his focus on news, reporting, and editorial innovation. While he was not known as a literary figure or patron of the arts, his early love of literature contributed to his distinctive editorial voice and his ability to craft engaging, provocative, and sometimes satirical prose in the New York Herald. (2)

HOBBIES AND SPORTS James Gordon Bennett Sr. was intensely dedicated to his work as a newspaper publisher and editor, and historical accounts suggest that his chief passion and hobby was journalism itself. He was described as industrious, relentless, and deeply involved in every aspect of the New York Herald, from editorial decisions to technological innovations in printing and news gathering. Bennett expanded the scope of American newspapers by introducing regular sports reports, society pages, and advice columns, indicating a broad curiosity about contemporary life and public interests

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Though raised Roman Catholic and initially training for the priesthood, Bennett left the seminary after developing doubts about Catholicism and organized religion. He later renounced his faith entirely and became stridently critical of the Catholic Church in his editorials.

POLITICS Bennett's political stance was complex and sometimes contradictory. His Herald was essentially conservative and supportive of the Democratic Party. He wrote editorials defending President Andrew Jackson's attack on the National Bank. Despite being an immigrant himself, he adopted anti-immigrant positions and was characterized as anti-abolitionist. During the Civil War, the Herald remained supportive of the Democratic Party while backing the Union cause. Bennett was notably antagonistic toward Abraham Lincoln and his administration.

Cover of June 20, 1861 issue of New York Herald covering the American Civil War

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Bennett was known for his abstemious lifestyle, particularly regarding food, drink, and tobacco. He deliberately avoided the heavy drinking and convivial habits common among his peers. This moderation likely contributed to his relatively good health for the era.

HOMES From 1823 onward, Bennett made New York City his primary home. He lived and worked in Manhattan, where he founded the New York Herald and became a central figure in American journalism. His home in Manhattan was significant enough that, in 1869, he endowed the New York City Fire Department's highest honor after firefighters saved it from destruction

TRAVEL After leaving the Roman Catholic seminary in Aberdeen, he traveled extensively throughout Scotland, furthering his education and broadening his horizons.

Bennett continued his studies in Spain. It was during this period abroad that he decided not to pursue the priesthood, returning to Scotland before ultimately seeking a new life overseas.

 In 1819, Bennett sailed from Scotland to North America with a friend, landing in Halifax, Nova Scotia after a four-week voyage. He briefly worked as a schoolmaster in Halifax to earn enough money to continue his journey.

After achieving success in America, Bennett visited his family in Newmill and Keith, Scotland, maintaining ties to his homeland and supporting fellow emigrants from Banffshire whom he met in America. 

DEATH James Gordon Bennett Sr. died on June 1, 1872, in Manhattan, New York City, at the age of 76. His death came just five months before that of his longtime rival, Horace Greeley.

Bennett was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. This cemetery is a historic resting place for many prominent New Yorkers, reflecting Bennett’s significant status in the city and the nation.

He erected a gravestone in memory of his parents in the old cemetery in Keith, Scotland.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA James Gordon Bennett Sr., while a giant of 19th-century journalism, hasn’t been widely immortalized in pop culture in the way figures like William Randolph Hearst have—but he has made several notable appearances and inspired portrayals across media over the years. Here's a rundown of his most prominent appearances and influences:

Harold Frederic's The Damnation of Theron Ware (1896): The Herald and its sensationalist journalism are indirectly referenced in critiques of the press and modernity, echoing Bennett's influence on the changing media landscape.

Scorsese’s Gangs of New York (2002): While Bennett himself doesn’t appear, the New York Herald and the style of press he helped create loom large in the film’s portrayal of corrupt, chaotic 19th-century New York. Some of the newspaper headlines and crowd-inciting journalism nod to Bennett’s methods.

Bennett occasionally features in American media history documentaries such as The Press and the People or Ken Burns-style explorations of Civil War-era journalism, where he's portrayed as a pivotal figure in the birth of the modern press.

Bennett Sr. was occasionally dramatized in early 20th-century radio programs about historical journalism, particularly in educational broadcasts that depicted his clashes with rivals and his role in covering major crimes.

"Gordon Bennett!": While this is actually a reference to his son, James Gordon Bennett Jr., the exclamation "Gordon Bennett!" became British slang for an expression of shock or disbelief, likely due to the flamboyant, scandalous lifestyle of Jr. However, the notoriety of the family name—thanks to Sr.'s larger-than-life presence in American journalism—certainly helped cement the phrase in the public imagination.

Bennett is frequently referenced in academic texts and media retrospectives on the history of journalism. He's typically portrayed as both revolutionary and controversial—a founding father of the tabloid age before tabloids existed.

ACHIEVEMENTS Founded the New York Herald.

Transformed American journalism.

Pioneered modern news reporting methods.

Introduced innovations such as cash-in-advance policy for advertisers.

Advanced news gathering through the use of the latest technology, including the telegraph, pony express, and offshore ships.

Expanded newspaper content to include sports reports, a society page, and advice columns

Sources (1) Mr Lincoln and New York (2) Encyclopedia.com