William Cowper

NAME William Cowper

WHAT FAMOUS FOR A prominent English poet of the 18th century, renowned for his introspective and deeply personal poetry.

BIRTH Born on November 26, 1731, in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Cowper was the fourth child of Reverend John Cowper, the rector of the Church of St. Peter in Berkhamsted, and Ann Donne Cowper. He was one of only two children out of seven to survive infancy.

His mother was a descendant of Henry III through four separate lines. She died when he was six, deeply affecting him.

Cowper had several notable family connections:

His grandfather, Spencer Cowper, was a noted lawyer and politician.

His father's sister was the poet Judith Madan.

His cousin, Theodora Cowper, was his first love and brief fiancée.

Another cousin, Harriet, married Sir Robert Hesketh and became the "Lady Hesketh" of Cowper's correspondence

CHILDHOOD His early years were marked by sorrow and solitude after his mother’s death. After losing his mother, Cowper grew close to her family, particularly her brother Robert and his wife Harriot. They instilled in young William a love of reading and gave him his first books, including John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress and John Gay's Fables.

Cowper attended boarding schools where he endured bullying, which later influenced his melancholic temperament.

EDUCATION Cowper attended several schools before enrolling at Westminster School in April 1742. At Westminster, he excelled academically despite experiencing bullying. He studied under headmaster John Nicoll and made lifelong friends. Cowper developed a strong foundation in Latin, becoming skilled in interpretation, translation, and composition. He read through Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, sparking a lifelong love for these epics.

After Westminster, Cowper was articled to Mr. Chapman, a solicitor, to train for a legal career. However, his struggles with mental health would eventually prevent him from pursuing law, leading him instead to a life of poetry and religious contemplation.

CAREER RECORD Cowper initially pursued a legal career but transitioned to writing after a mental health crisis. He produced lyrical poetry, hymns, and satirical works.

APPEARANCE Descriptions depict Cowper as slender, with delicate features and a melancholic air.

A 1792 portrait by Lemuel Francis Abbott

FASHION He favored simple, modest attire reflecting his evangelical beliefs and rural lifestyle.

CHARACTER Cowper was gentle, sensitive, and introspective. His struggles with mental health often made him reclusive but also deeply empathetic.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cowper’s wit shone in his satirical works, often lampooning societal norms with subtlety and cleverness.

One of Cowper's most famous humorous works is "The Diverting History of John Gilpin," a comic ballad comprising 63 quatrains. This poem tells the story of a man who loses control of his horse and ends up riding much farther than he intended, leaving his wife behind. The poem employs verbal overkill to maximize its comedic effect.

The story follows John Gilpin, a "linen-draper bold," who plans a trip with his wife to celebrate their 20th wedding anniversary. While his wife and children travel in a chaise, Gilpin rides a borrowed horse. The humor unfolds as Gilpin loses control of the horse, which gallops all the way to its stable in Ware and then back to Cheapside.

The poem's final lines cleverly incorporate both Cowper and the British throne into the comedy:

"Now let us sing, long live the king,

And Gilpin long live he;

And when he next doth ride abroad,

May I be there to see!"

This humorous tale demonstrates Cowper's ability to find comedy in everyday situations and his skill in crafting lighthearted narratives that leave readers laughing at both the characters and themselves.

RELATIONSHIPS William Cowper's life was deeply intertwined with a network of significant relationships, both romantic and platonic. His first love was his cousin, Theodora Cowper. They were briefly engaged, but their relationship was forbidden due to their familial connection.

Later, after recovering from a mental health crisis, Cowper formed a profound bond with Mary Unwin. Their relationship, though platonic, was often described as a mother-son dynamic. They were briefly engaged, but his mental health issues prevented their marriage.

Cowper also cultivated several significant platonic relationships. His friendship with John Newton, a former slave trader turned pastor, was marked by a shared religious connection and collaborative work on hymns. 

Cowper maintained a long and significant correspondence with Harriet Hesketh, his cousin and close friend. Despite a 19-year period of silence, initiated by Harriet, their connection endured. This hiatus was broken when Harriet sent a congratulatory letter to Cowper upon the publication of his second book of poetry. Their extensive correspondence served as a primary source for the biographies written about Cowper.

Harriett Hesketh (1733 – January 5. 1807)  by Francis Coates

Dr. John Johnson, his cousin, cared for him in his final years, although some of his methods were controversial.

Cowper's relationships were characterized by both his personal charm and the challenges posed by his mental health. He was known to be attractive to women and could be charming and flirtatious. However, his mental health struggles often led to periods of isolation and dependence on his friends. Despite these challenges, Cowper's ability to form deep, intimate connections through letter-writing is evident in his extensive correspondence.

Ultimately, while Cowper never married or had children, his close relationships played a crucial role in his personal well-being and literary career.

MONEY AND FAME William Cowper's life was marked by fluctuations in both wealth and fame. Financially, he often struggled, relying on ad hoc contributions from relatives and the meager fortune of Mrs. Unwin. As his resources dwindled, his financial insecurity became a source of stress, potentially exacerbating his mental health issues. Despite these challenges, efforts were made to improve his financial situation, including lobbying for a sinecure or state pension. Eventually, he was granted a literary pension of £300 per annum, though this came too late to significantly alleviate his financial burdens.

In contrast to his financial struggles, Cowper achieved considerable literary fame. He was one of the most popular poets of his time, revolutionizing 18th-century nature poetry. His works, particularly "The Task," enjoyed widespread readership and critical acclaim, including Coleridge who called Cowper "the best modern poet." His translations of Homer's epics and his hymns, such as "God Moves in a Mysterious Way," further solidified his reputation.

Despite his popularity and literary success, Cowper's wealth did not match his fame. His financial insecurity persisted, highlighting the disparity between his literary achievements and his material circumstances.

FOOD AND DRINK William Cowper's diet, as gleaned from available information, was a mix of simple fare and more refined dishes. As a boy, he enjoyed foraging for wild foods such as rose hips, hawthorn berries, crab apples, blackberries, and blackthorn berries. These wild foods, though "hard fare," appealed to his "boyish appetite."

Cowper also appreciated seafood, as evidenced by his poem "To the Immortal Memory of the Halibut, on Which I Dined This Day." 

His famous quote, "Variety's the very spice of life, that gives it all its flavour," suggests an appreciation for diverse culinary experiences.

MUSIC AND ARTS Although primarily a writer, Cowper appreciated hymns and the use of music in worship, collaborating with John Newton on the "Olney Hymns."

Some of his hymns, such as "God Moves in a Mysterious Way," "There is a Fountain Filled with Blood" and "Oh! For a Closer Walk with God," became enduring parts of Protestant worship. 

Drawing was one of several creative pursuits that Cowper engaged in to manage his mental health and find enjoyment in his daily life. In a letter to John Newton, Cowper discussed his attempts at drawing, mentioning ducks and dabchicks as subjects.

LITERATURE A voracious reader, Cowper was influenced by various literary figures, including Milton and Pope.

As a poet, Cowper revolutionized the genre, moving away from the grand, sweeping landscapes of the Romantic poets and focusing instead on the everyday details of rural life. His masterpiece, "The Task," was an immediate success upon publication in 1785, and his shorter lyrical poems, such as "The Poplar Trees" and "Yardley-Oak," were widely admired. Cowper's humorous side was also evident in his comic ballads, such as "The Journey of John Gilpin."

In the realm of religious writing, Cowper collaborated with John Newton on the "Olney Hymns," a collection of deeply personal and moving hymns. Some of his most famous hymns, including "God Moves in a Mysterious Way" and "Oh! For a Closer Walk with God," continue to be sung in churches today.

Cowper's influence on English literature is undeniable. He is considered a precursor to the Romantic poets, inspiring writers like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. His innovative use of blank verse and conversational style in "The Task" was groundbreaking for its time. Cowper's legacy as one of the most important English poets between Alexander Pope and William Wordsworth endures.

Cowper made significant contributions to translation, producing notable English renderings of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. 

Cowper is also considered one of the best letter writers in English literature.

Cowper's many fans include Jane Austen's Sense And Sensibility character Marianne, who said her suitors must have the appropriate voice for reading his works.

Numerous biographies of Cowper have been written, focusing on his poetry, religious contributions, and struggles with mental health. Notable works include The Stricken Deer by David Cecil, which explores his complex personality and faith.

NATURE William Cowper's deep appreciation for nature was a significant aspect of his life and work. His poetry brought a fresh perspective to 18th-century nature poetry, focusing on the beauty and nuances of the English countryside and the joys and sorrows of rural life. This emphasis on nature positions Cowper as a forerunner of the Romantic movement.

Cowper's love for nature extended beyond his writing. He enjoyed firsthand experiences of the natural world, such as foraging for wild foods. He also found spiritual significance in nature, viewing it as a reflection of God's creation.

Cowper had a particular fondness for gardens and cultivated spaces. He maintained his own garden, which is now part of the Cowper and Newton Museum. In his writings, he often idealized gardens as resembling a pre-lapsarian state. He also appreciated the beauty of landscaped areas, such as his neighbor's "lime walk" with its cathedral-like arched trees.

PETS Cowper was devoted to his pet hares, which he wrote about tenderly, highlighting his love for animals.

He wrote a poem called "The Colubriad" inspired by an incident involving a snake and three kittens in his outhouse.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Gardening and letter-writing were his primary pastimes. He also enjoyed walking in the countryside.

Cowper found solace and occupation in carpentry, a hobby he pursued with enthusiasm. Cowper wrote to William Unwin on April 6, 1780, mentioning that "The necessity of amusement makes me sometimes write verses; it made me a carpenter, a birdcage-maker..."

He often turned to carpentry as a means of amusement, particularly during periods of recovery from his mental health struggles. His engagement with the craft allowed him to focus on the tangible and to find satisfaction in the process of creation. Through carpentry, Cowper not only occupied his time but also experienced a sense of accomplishment and purpose.

SCIENCE AND MATHS  Cowper showed little interest in science or mathematics, focusing instead on theology and the arts.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY William Cowper's life took a significant turn towards faith after a period of mental illness and institutionalization. He found solace in evangelical Christianity, a belief system deeply influenced by his friendship with John Newton, the author of "Amazing Grace." Together, they collaborated on the "Olney Hymns," a collection of religious verse reflecting their shared spiritual convictions.

Cowper's theology emphasized God's mysterious ways and sovereign control. His famous poem "Light Shining out of Darkness" (later written as the hymn ("God Moves In a Mysterious Hymn") encapsulates this belief, with the line "God moves in a mysterious way.  His wonders to perform." He viewed life's challenges as part of God's inscrutable plan, believing that even the darkest times held the promise of divine blessing. However, Cowper also wrestled with deep personal doubt, struggling to reconcile his faith with his experiences of despair.

Cowper's writings also reflected a concern for moral and social issues. He was a vocal opponent of slavery, penning several anti-slavery poems that supported the Abolitionist cause. His work often expressed sympathy for the poor and downtrodden, demonstrating a commitment to social justice. He also championed the value of simple rural life, criticizing the artificiality of urban society.

Throughout his life, Cowper grappled with the tension between faith and doubt. Despite his deep religious convictions, he often feared for his salvation, tormented by the belief that he was destined for eternal damnation. His hymns and poems reflect this ongoing struggle, expressing both spiritual assurance and deep anxiety. Cowper's work serves as a poignant reminder of the human experience, exploring the challenges of maintaining faith in the face of mental anguish and perceived divine absence.

POLITICS While not overtly political, his poetry, such as "The Task," sometimes touched on social and political issues.

SCANDAL Cowper’s institutionalization for insanity in 1763 shocked some, but his transparency about his struggles gained him sympathy and admiration.

MILITARY RECORD Cowper's writings occasionally alluded to national and moral conflicts.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS William Cowper's life was deeply marked by significant mental health struggles. He suffered from severe depression, experiencing multiple episodes throughout his life. Modern psychiatrists speculate that he may have had bipolar disorder, characterized by cycles of depression and mania.

Cowper's mental health issues led to several suicide attempts, particularly during periods of intense depression. His first documented attempt occurred in 1763, before an examination for a clerkship position. To address his condition, he was admitted to Dr. Nathaniel Cotton's asylum at St. Alban's. While his Christian faith provided some relief, he continued to grapple with doubts about his salvation. To manage his symptoms, Cowper engaged in various activities, including daily walks, gardening, carpentry, caring for animals, and immersing himself in nature.

His mental health challenges significantly impacted his life and career. They prevented him from pursuing a career in law and profoundly influenced his poetry and hymn writing. Despite his struggles, Cowper experienced periods of productivity and even joy. His life and work offer a poignant reflection of the interplay between mental illness, creativity, and faith in the 18th century.

HOMES Born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, Cowper spent his early years in his family home.

As an adult, he moved to Huntingdon to live with the Unwin family following a period of mental illness. Later, he moved to Olney, Buckinghamshire, residing at Orchard Side house from 1768 to 1786. It was during this time that he produced some of his most renowned works. Subsequently, he relocated to Weston Underwood, a nearby village, where he continued his literary pursuits.

In his later years, Cowper moved to Norfolk. He resided in North Tuddenham, Dunham Lodge near Swaffham, and Mundesley. Finally, he settled in East Dereham, where he lived with the Johnsons after Mary Unwin's paralysis.

TRAVEL Cowper rarely traveled beyond his local environs, preferring the tranquility of his home.

DEATH William Cowper passed away on April 25, 1800, in East Dereham, Norfolk. His final years were marked by a decline in health and a deepening depression. In the spring of 1800, he suffered from edema, a condition that further weakened his frail body.

During this time, his mental health deteriorated significantly, with chronic depression bordering on insanity. His final poem, "The Castaway," reflects this despair and sense of abandonment.

Cowper was laid to rest in the chapel of St Thomas of Canterbury, within St Nicholas's Church in East Dereham. A stained-glass window, installed in 1905, commemorates his life, depicting him in a purple dressing gown with his beloved pet hares. Additionally, the Cowper Memorial Congregational Church, built on the site of his last residence in Dereham's Market Place, stands as a tribute to his legacy. A memorial stone outside the church bears lines from "The Task," reflecting his troubled state of mind in his final years.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cowper has been celebrated in biographies, academic works, and church histories.

The Cowper and Newton Museum in Olney, Buckinghamshire, celebrates his life and literary contributions. The museum’s exhibits include personal artifacts, manuscripts, and letters.

Cowper’s phrases, such as “God moves in a mysterious way” and “to go the whole hog,” are frequently quoted in religious and secular contexts, demonstrating his linguistic impact.

ACHIEVEMENTS A significant figure in the Romantic movement, his poetry continues to be admired for its emotional depth and technical brilliance. Cowper's legacy as a poet and hymn writer profoundly influenced English literature and Christian thought. His struggles and achievements resonate, making him a figure of both literary and spiritual inspiration.

Source Classicalpoets.org

Kevin Costner

NAME Kevin Michael Costner

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Kevin Costner is an American actor, director, producer, and musician, renowned for his roles in iconic films such as Dances with Wolves (1990), The Bodyguard (1992), and Field of Dreams (1989). He is also known for his work in the television series Yellowstone.

BIRTH Kevin Costner was born on January 18, 1955, in Lynwood, California.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Costner is the youngest of three sons born to electrician Bill Costner and welfare worker Sharon Costner. Tragically, his middle brother died at birth.

His family's diverse heritage, tracing back to German immigrants in the 1700s and encompassing English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh roots, has shaped his identity.

CHILDHOOD Costner's childhood was marked by frequent moves due to his father's work, leading him to feel like an outsider and a daydreamer. Despite these challenges, he maintained a close bond with his parents and developed a love for sports, music, and the arts.

Costner’s childhood was marked by outdoor adventures. At 18, he demonstrated his love for nature by building his own canoes and paddling down the rivers that Lewis and Clark followed to the Pacific.

EDUCATION After graduating from Villa Park High School in 1973, Costner attended California State University, Fullerton, where he earned a degree in business administration. It was during his college years that he first discovered his passion for acting and dancing, setting the stage for a remarkable career in Hollywood.

CAREER RECORD Before fame, Costner worked as a skipper on Disneyland’s Jungle Cruise ride and gave bus tours of Los Angeles stars’ homes. His first film role was in the low-budget 1981 film Sizzle Beach. He gained recognition after The Big Chill (1983), even though his scenes were cut. His breakthrough came with Silverado (1985).

Costner won two Academy Awards in 1990 for Dances with Wolves (Best Director and Best Picture) and went on to star in numerous classics, including The Untouchables and Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

APPEARANCE Kevin Costner is instantly recognizable for his piercing blue-gray eyes and his signature sandy hair, which has now gracefully transitioned into a distinguished shade of gray. This natural evolution of his hair color complements his mature and sophisticated appearance.

Costner possesses a tall, lean build that has been a defining characteristic throughout his career. This physique has suited him well for a variety of roles, especially in Westerns and sports-themed films. His athletic frame and graceful movements often evoke the image of an outfielder, reflecting his background in sports and the numerous athletic roles he has portrayed.

Standing at 6'1", Costner was only 5'2" when he graduated high school but had a growth spurt soon after. 

Costner in 2024 by Arielaortizb

FASHION Costner’s style leans toward casual sophistication, often favoring tailored suits for formal events and cowboy-inspired attire for casual occasions.

CHARACTER Costner is described as ambitious, creative, and grounded, traits that have shaped both his career and personal life.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Costner has a knack for delivering humorous observations about life and his career. "I've had some movies that have been ridiculed, but that's OK with me," he once said. "I don't feel that really defines me. Should I change who I am to be popular?"

RELATIONSHIPS Kevin Costner's first marriage was to Cindy Silva, a fellow student at California State University, Fullerton. They tied the knot in 1978 and remained married for 16 years, divorcing in 1994.

On September 25, 2024, Costner married model and handbag designer Christine Baumgartner. Their wedding was a lavish affair held at his Aspen ranch, The Dunbar. However, after 18 years of marriage, Baumgartner filed for divorce in 2023, citing irreconcilable differences. The divorce was finalized in February 2024.

Costner is the father of seven children from three different relationships. With his first wife, Cindy Silva, he has three children: Annie, Lily, and Joe. He also has a son, Liam, with former partner Bridget Rooney. With his second wife, Christine Baumgartner, he has three younger children: Cayden Wyatt, Hayes Logan, and Grace Avery.

MONEY AND FAME Costner’s success in Hollywood and business ventures, including a golf course, have solidified his status as a wealthy celebrity. As of 2024, Kevin Costner's net worth is estimated at $250 million

FOOD AND DRINK Kevin Costner has developed a fondness for coffee in recent years, often starting his day with a large cup of coffee, sometimes even topped with whipped cream. He particularly enjoys mocha-flavored coffee and has even collaborated with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters to create his own blends, including a Mountainside Mocha Latte.

While he's been described as a picky eater, Costner does have a few favorite dishes. He enjoys simple, home-cooked meals, with pineapple bourbon bread pudding being a particular favorite. When it comes to dessert, he has a soft spot for classic apple pie, especially store-bought versions.

Costner's eating habits can be somewhat contradictory. While he often claims to be on a diet and avoids sugar, he also indulges in sweet treats like apple pie. He's not particularly adventurous with food and prefers simple, familiar dishes.

MUSIC AND ARTS Costner founded the country-rock band Kevin Costner & Modern West in 2007. Their album Untold Truths peaked at #61 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. He also convinced Whitney Houston to cover Dolly Parton’s "I Will Always Love You," which became a global hit.

Costner on stage in 2010 by Brennan Schnell at https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastscene/

Kevin Costner, a man who seems to have stepped straight out of a Western, is one of those rare breeds of Hollywood actor who can do it all. He’s a fine actor, a capable director, and a producer with a nose for a good story.

He burst onto the scene in the late 80s and early 90s with a string of hits that included The Untouchables, Bull Durham, and Field of Dreams. But it was his epic western, Dances with Wolves, that truly cemented his status as a Hollywood heavyweight. Winning Oscars for Best Picture and Best Director, the film was a critical and commercial success.

In the years since, Costner has continued to churn out a steady stream of films, some good, some not so good. He’s tackled everything from historical dramas to sci-fi thrillers. And while he might not always hit the bullseye, he's always interesting to watch.

LITERATURE Costner has a passion for storytelling, particularly historical and Western themes, which is reflected in his film projects.

Costner co--authored a novel/graphic novel hybrid called The Explorer's Guild: A Passage to Shambhala.

He enjoyed writing poetry in his spare time during his youth.

NATURE His love for nature was evident in his canoeing adventure at 18 and his environmentally conscious projects, including funding oil-water separation technology.

PETS Costner has a large number of dogs - he is said to have eight or nine dogs as part of his family.The actor seems to have a particular fondness for Labrador Retrievers. 

In 2010, his white Labrador, Daisy, made headlines when she accompanied Costner on a flight from California to Canada to help rescue shelter dogs affected by wildfires

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Costner is a skilled equestrian who performed his own horseback stunts in The Postman. 

He excelled in basketball, baseball, and football during high school. 

Kevin Costner's love for baseball is well-known, evident in many of his films. He's a dedicated fan, attending Texas Longhorns baseball practices and games, and making an effort to watch every College World Series game played by his alma mater, Cal State Fullerton Titans. He even owned a part of the minor league baseball team, the Lake County Fielders.

Beyond baseball, Costner is an avid water sports enthusiast, often engaging in surfing, spearfishing, lobster diving, and exploring tide pools with his children near their Santa Barbara home. 

He's also a golfer, having played with former US Presidents George Bush and Ronald Reagan. 

Additionally, he's a supporter of Arsenal Football Club, once going to the extent of booking a private helicopter to attend a match.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Costner’s interest in science is notable through his investment in oil-water separation technology used during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Costner’s work often explores themes of heroism, morality, and the human spirit, reflecting a thoughtful worldview.

Costner's spiritual journey is a complex blend of his Baptist upbringing and his evolving personal beliefs. While he grew up attending church regularly and singing in the choir, he now identifies as a Christian with agnostic leanings, expressing a desire to believe in a higher power and an afterlife while acknowledging intellectual doubts.

Despite these complexities, Costner maintains certain spiritual practices, including prayer, particularly for his children. He also recognizes a sense of divine guidance in his life and acknowledges his own imperfections.

Costner's religious background has also influenced his work as a filmmaker. He often incorporates elements of faith into his films, such as in Horizon: An American Saga, where faith is portrayed as a crucial element for the settlers. He also incorporates Scripture verses when they are contextually appropriate.

POLITICS Costner has expressed moderate political views, supporting environmental initiatives and occasionally endorsing candidates.

SCANDAL Costner has managed to avoid significant scandals, maintaining a largely positive public image.

MILITARY RECORD Costner has no military background, though he has portrayed military characters in films like Thirteen Days (2000).

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS He is known for his dedication to fitness and health. His physical fitness is notable, particularly for his action and Western roles that demand endurance and skill.

HOMES Kevin Costner is known for his lavish lifestyle and owns several luxurious properties across the United States.

In California, he possesses a 1.4-acre beachfront estate in Carpinteria, valued at approximately $145 million. This expansive property includes a main house, two additional houses, 500 feet of private beach, and a baseball field. Additionally, he owns a 10-acre estate in Santa Barbara, which he recently mortgaged to fund his film Horizon: An American Saga.

In Colorado, Costner owns the 160-acre Dunbar Ranch in Aspen. This stunning property features three separate buildings, breathtaking views of the Elk Mountain Range and Continental Divide, and various amenities such as a baseball field, sledding hill, and private ice rink.

Costner owns multiple properties, including a sprawling ranch in Aspen, Colorado, where he enjoys the outdoors.

TRAVEL Costner enjoys traveling, particularly for his career, and has filmed on location around the globe. He narrates podcasts for HearHere, an audio entertainment travel app he co-founded

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Costner remains a prominent figure in both film and television, with his role in Yellowstone garnering widespread acclaim.

ACHIEVEMENTS Kevin Costner has won two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and an Emmy Award, cementing his legacy as a Hollywood icon. He is also known for his philanthropic contributions to environmental and disaster relief efforts.

Sergio Costa

NAME Sergio Costa

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Co-founder of Costa Coffee, the world’s second-largest coffee chain.

BIRTH Sergio Costa, the co-founder of Costa Coffee, was born on April 23, 1949, in Baselica, a small village in the Parma province of Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Sergio hailed from a family with a deep-rooted tradition in coffee. Generations of the Costa family had worked with coffee, nurturing a passion for crafting exceptional blends.

His father, Oreste Costa, helped Sergio set up his first coffee roastery. 

His brother, Bruno Costa, co-founded Costa Coffee with Sergio in 1971

CHILDHOOD Raised in northern Italy, Sergio grew up immersed in the culture of coffee, often watching his family roast beans using a vintage drum roaster—a tool that later played a pivotal role in his success.

In 1959, when Sergio was about 10 years old, his family, including his father Oreste Costa, moved from Parma, Italy to the United Kingdom. This relocation would prove to be a pivotal moment in Sergio's life, as it laid the foundation for his future business ventures in the UK.

When the Costa family moved to England, they brought with them a traditional coffee bean drum roaster. This piece of equipment would later become instrumental in the establishment of their coffee business.

EDUCATION Sergio did not pursue formal higher education but was informally educated in the art of coffee roasting and brewing within his family.

CAREER RECORD  In 1971, Costa and his brother Bruno opened a small coffee roastery in London's Fenchurch Street, supplying coffee shops and specialist retailers. This marked the beginning of Costa Coffee.

In 1981, the brothers opened their first Costa Coffee shop in Vauxhall Bridge Road, Central London, after blind-testing 112 coffee blends to create the signature Mocha Italia blend. 

Sergio Costa expanded the business into a recognized coffee chain before selling it to Whitbread in 1995.

APPEARANCE Sergio was known for his neat, classic Italian style, often seen in tailored suits that reflected his professional demeanor and attention to detail.

Sergio Costa https://www.comunicaffe.com/

FASHION He favored traditional Italian tailoring, combining elegance with practicality, embodying his roots and business ethos.

CHARACTER Sergio was passionate, entrepreneurial, and meticulous. His obsession with quality set the tone for Costa Coffee's reputation for excellence.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Sergio had a wry sense of humor, often joking about the peculiarities of British coffee culture and his early struggles to introduce espresso to tea-drinking Londoners.

RELATIONSHIPS Sergio Costa was married to Iolande Bertorelli. A devoted family man, he had three children: Monica, Marco, and Tania, all of whom have been involved in the coffee business in some capacity.

His partnership with his brother Bruno was crucial in the early years of Costa Coffee.

MONEY AND FAME While Sergio achieved significant financial success, selling Costa Coffee for £23 million in 1995, he was later overshadowed by the exponential growth of the brand under Whitbread and Coca-Cola's ownership. Despite this, he lived a fulfilled and content life.

While not a celebrity in the traditional sense, Costa is well-known in the coffee industry and business circles.

FOOD AND DRINK What would you pack if you were emigrating from northern Italy to South London? A lifetime’s worth of warm clothes? The family heirlooms? A beloved pet? Maybe even the kitchen sink?

Not so for the Costa family, who in 1959 decided to leave most of that behind in favor of something entirely more peculiar: an enormous, antique, and rather unwieldy coffee bean drum roaster. Yes, while most families would’ve prioritized suitcases and sentimentality, the Costas chose a 19th-century roasting contraption that could double as a small tank in a pinch.

Now, at first glance, this decision might seem more than a little unhinged. And perhaps it was. But in the grand sweep of history, it turned out to be a masterstroke. For it was this very roaster—and not much else—that young Sergio Costa used to launch a little business you may have heard of: Costa Coffee.

The Costa family had coffee practically coursing through their veins for generations, but when they arrived in Britain, it was clear they had their work cut out for them. Postwar London, for all its charm, was deeply entrenched in tea culture. Coffee? Well, that was a passing fad from the louche days of the 1950s. By the time Sergio and his brother Bruno arrived on the scene, the Brits had more or less retreated to their teapots.

But Sergio, ever the optimist, saw a gap. After tasting (and rejecting) 112 variations of coffee, he and Bruno crafted a blend they called Mocha Italia—six parts smooth Arabica beans to one part punchy Robusta, slow-roasted for exactly 18 minutes. Armed with their blend and an unshakeable faith in their roaster, they opened their first Costa Coffee shop in Victoria, London, in 1978.

It was, to borrow a phrase, an espresso shot of success. Italian immigrants flocked to the shop, dazzled by the comforting aroma and the dark wood and brass interiors. They sipped their cups of Mocha Italia with a sense of near-religious devotion. Word spread, and Costa Coffee began to carve out a niche in a market that hadn’t yet been infiltrated by the likes of Starbucks and Caffè Nero.

Sergio’s attention to detail bordered on obsession. He insisted on precision in everything, from the temperature of the milk to the freshness of the beans. And his dedication extended to his employees—he personally trained Gennaro Pelliccia, who later became Costa’s chief taster. Pelliccia’s tongue was deemed so vital to the operation that it was insured for a staggering £10 million by Lloyd’s of London. That’s right: one man’s tongue was worth more than most people’s entire life savings.

In the mid-1980s, Sergio bought out his brother Bruno, but by 1995, perhaps doubting coffee’s long-term prospects in Britain, he decided to sell Costa Coffee to Whitbread for a reported £23 million. At the time, it seemed a tidy sum, but hindsight, as they say, is 20/20. Whitbread expanded Costa to more than 1,000 shops, and by 2019, Coca-Cola snapped up the entire chain for a jaw-dropping £3.9 billion.

Was Sergio bitter? Hardly. By all accounts, he enjoyed the fruits of his labor, remaining steadfastly unruffled by the billion-dollar windfall he didn’t get.

A coffee connoisseur, Sergio was fanatical about achieving the perfect cup, ensuring precise temperatures for milk and water. He also enjoyed traditional Italian cuisine.

MUSIC AND ARTS Sergio Costa appreciated classical Italian music and art, often drawing inspiration from his cultural heritage.

LITERATURE Costa Coffee became the sponsor of the prestigious Costa Book Awards, linking Sergio’s legacy to British literature.

NATURE Sergio Costa admired the beauty of Italy’s countryside, which he credited as a source of relaxation and inspiration.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS He enjoyed crafting new coffee blends and cycling, a pastime he picked up during his youth in Italy.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Sergio Costa was fascinated by the science of coffee roasting, meticulously studying the chemical transformations that occurred during the process.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Sergio Costa embraced a philosophy of quality and authenticity, believing that good coffee could bring people together and brighten their day.

POLITICS Sergio Costa was apolitical in public life, focusing his energies on business and family.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Sergio Costa maintained an active lifestyle but struggled with health issues in his later years.

HOMES Sergio Costa lived in South London, England, for most of his adult life, where he started Costa Coffee. He spent his later years in Monte Carlo where he passed away

TRAVEL Costa frequently traveled between England and Italy, often sourcing the finest coffee beans for his business.

DEATH Sergio Costa, the co-founder of Costa Coffee, passed away on March 24, 2022, at the age of 7212. He died in his home in Monte Carlo, Monaco, where he had been residing

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Sergio Costa’s story of founding Costa Coffee has been celebrated in interviews, articles, and business retrospectives about the rise of coffee culture in Britain.

ACHIEVEMENTS Co-founder of Costa Coffee, now with over 5,400 locations worldwide.

Pioneered the Mocha Italia blend, still central to Costa Coffee’s success.

Inspired Costa Coffee’s sponsorship of the Costa Book Awards, blending coffee with culture.

Source Daily Mail

Bill Cosby

NAME William Henry Cosby Jr.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Comedian, actor, and television personality. Cosby’s reputation was severely damaged by over 60 sexual assault allegations. 

FAMILY BACKGROUND  Bill Cosby, was born on July 12, 1937, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the eldest of four sons born to William Henry Cosby Sr. and Anna Pearl Hite. His father worked various jobs, including as a welder and a mess steward in the U.S. Navy, while his mother worked as a maid.

CHILDHOOD Cosby's childhood was marked by both hardship and ambition. Growing up in a working-class African American neighborhood in Philadelphia, he faced financial challenges. His father's frequent absences due to military service during World War II further impacted his family. The tragic loss of his brother James to rheumatic fever at the age of six was a significant blow.

Despite these challenges, young Cosby excelled in academics and athletics. He was captain of his baseball and track and field teams and even served as class president. However, his playful nature often overshadowed his academic pursuits, as he preferred making jokes to studying. To help support his family, he took on various jobs, including shining shoes, selling produce, and stocking shelves at a supermarket.

EDUCATION Cosby's educational journey was unconventional. He attended FitzSimons Junior High School and Central High School, but his academic career was interrupted by a stint in the U.S. Navy. After completing his military service, he enrolled at Temple University on a track and field scholarship. However, he left during his sophomore year to pursue a career in comedy.

Later in life, Cosby returned to his education, earning a Master of Arts degree and, eventually, a Doctor of Education degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His doctoral degree, which was granted based on his life experience and work on educational television shows, has been the subject of some controversy.

CAREER RECORD Cosby made history in 1965 as the first African-American co-star in a dramatic television series, I Spy.

His sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–1992) became a cultural phenomenon and was the number-one show in America for five straight years.

APPEARANCE Bill Cosby, a towering figure in American entertainment, possessed a distinctive physical presence. Standing at 6 feet tall (1.83 meters), his above-average height contributed to his commanding stage and screen presence. His weight, while fluctuating over the years, was generally around 88 kg (194 lbs).

Cosby was known for his expressive face, a key tool in his comedic arsenal. His dark brown eyes and, in his younger years, dark hair, combined with a warm, engaging smile, created a public persona that was both authoritative and endearing. As he aged, his hair turned gray, further solidifying his fatherly image.

Like everyone, Cosby's appearance changed over time. His hair gradually grayed and thinned, and his face naturally developed lines and wrinkles. However, he maintained a relatively consistent weight throughout his adult life.

While Cosby's physical appearance was once a source of admiration and affection, it has become inextricably linked to a darker side of his legacy. Numerous sexual assault allegations have significantly impacted public perception of his image. His once-beloved status as "America's Dad" has been irrevocably tarnished by these accusations.

Cosby in 1969

FASHION A significant part of Cosby's public image was his signature style. He was often seen wearing colorful sweaters, which became synonymous with his character on The Cosby Show. Additionally, he frequently wore glasses, both on and off-screen. This combination of elements contributed to his iconic look.

CHARACTER Cosby projected a warm, paternal figure on screen, known for his emphasis on family values and education.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Bill Cosby's comedic style was a unique blend of observational humor, storytelling, and family-centric themes. He was renowned for his ability to find the funny in ordinary life, particularly the experiences of family life and parenting. His conversational delivery style, coupled with his masterful timing and facial expressions, made his comedy both relatable and engaging.

A significant aspect of Cosby's humor was its cleanliness. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he avoided explicit language and offensive material, making his comedy accessible to a wide audience. This family-friendly approach earned him the title "America's Dad."

While Cosby often shied away from overtly racial humor in his mainstream work, he did incorporate elements of satire and surrealism into his routines. His versatility allowed him to tackle a variety of topics, from parenting to social commentary.

Cosby's legacy as a comedian is complex. While his comedic genius is undeniable, his personal scandals have cast a shadow over his public image. Nonetheless, his impact on the world of comedy remains significant, inspiring generations of comedians to follow in his footsteps.

RELATIONSHIPS Bill Cosby married Camille Hanks on January 25, 1964. They first met when he was performing stand-up in Washington, DC and she was University of Maryland student. Their marriage has endured through various life events, including Cosby's successful career in entertainment and his later legal troubles. 

Together, they had five children, all with names starting with "E" to symbolize "excellence." Ennis, their only son, was tragically murdered on January 16, 1997. He was shot and killed during a robbery attempt while changing a flat tire on a Los Angeles freeway. Another child Ensa died of renal disease on February 23, 2018, while awaiting a kidney transplant.

MONEY AND FAME Cosby became one of the highest-paid entertainers of his time, with multiple endorsements and a lucrative career spanning television, music, and publishing. He has an estimated $400 million net worth.

FOOD AND DRINK Cosby has enjoyed rich, flavorful dishes throughout his life. His mother's love for fried lamb chops suggests that such foods may have been a part of his upbringing. Cosby's humorous approach to his eating habits is evident in the title of his book, I Am What I Ate...and I'm Frightened!!! He acknowledged the challenges of maintaining a healthy diet, describing himself as "just one of us who still wants his cake and to eat it too."

Cosby's public image was also linked to specific food and beverage brands. He served as a spokesperson for Coca-Cola and was famously associated with Jell-O products.

As Bill Cosby aged, he faced health challenges related to his diet. At the age of 65, he discovered he had high cholesterol, prompting him to reflect on his lifestyle choices.

MUSIC AND ARTS Cosby is also a dedicated music lover, with a particular fondness for jazz. He has often incorporated jazz elements into his comedy and children’s programming. 

His musical comedy single "Little Ole Man" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967.

Additionally, he admires classic comedians such as Jack Benny, Burns & Allen, Jimmy Durante, and Fred Allen.

LITERATURE Cosby authored several books, including Fatherhood (1986), which became the fastest-selling hardcover book at the time and remained at #1 on the New York Times Best Seller List for over half of its 54-week run. He is also the creator of the popular children's book series, Little Bill.

NATURE Cosby frequently mentioned the importance of family outings and nature in his stand-up routines and books.

PETS Cosby occasionally referenced pets in his comedy, often using them as metaphors for parenting.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cosby has developed a keen interest in collecting, particularly fountain pens. He is a frequent visitor to renowned pen stores and even serves as a spokesperson for Fountain Pen Hospital.

Cosby was a talented athlete in his youth. He excelled in baseball, track and field, and football, captaining his elementary school teams in both baseball and track. His athletic prowess continued into his college years, where he played football at Temple University. Even as an adult, Cosby remained a passionate sports fan, particularly of the Philadelphia Eagles.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Through his educational advocacy, Cosby emphasized the value of science and math education for children.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Bill Cosby's philosophical and theological views are multifaceted and often contradictory. Raised in a household with both Methodist and Baptist influences, Cosby identifies with both denominations but maintains a somewhat distant relationship with organized religion. He has described himself as an "absentee voter" in matters of faith, suggesting a casual approach to religious practice.

Despite his personal stance, Cosby acknowledges the positive impact of religion on society. He has cited Islam as an example of a faith that actively addresses social issues like drug abuse. However, he is critical of evangelical approaches, believing they often miss the core message of faith. Interestingly, Cosby has incorporated religious themes and biblical stories into his comedy, suggesting a deeper engagement with spiritual concepts.

The stark contrast between Cosby's public persona and the numerous sexual assault allegations against him highlights a significant moral contradiction. While he publicly championed family values and moral behavior, his alleged actions reveal a darker side to his character. This dichotomy raises profound questions about the nature of human morality and the potential for individuals to compartmentalize their behavior.

Through his iconic television show, The Cosby Show, Cosby promoted a positive image of African American families, emphasizing black excellence and individual achievement over systemic oppression. This portrayal aligns with a belief in human potential for goodness and success. However, the allegations against him suggest a more cynical view of human nature, one that aligns with theological concepts of inherent sinfulness.

POLITICS Cosby is a strong advocate of "respectability politics," emphasizing education, family values, and personal accountability within the African American community. He is critical of what he perceives as a victim mentality in marginalized groups.

SCANDAL Bill Cosby's career and reputation were severely tarnished in the mid-2010s following numerous sexual assault allegations made against him by over 60 women. These accusations spanned several decades, with some dating back to the 1960s.

On September 25, 2018, Cosby was convicted of three counts of aggravated indecent assault and sentenced to three to ten years in prison. This conviction was a significant moment in the #MeToo movement, shedding light on the widespread issue of sexual assault and harassment.

However, in 2021, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned Cosby's conviction, leading to his release from prison. The court ruled that a previous prosecutor had made an agreement not to charge Cosby, a decision that violated his due process rights. 

The following year, Cosby was found civilly liable for having sexually assaulted Judy Huth when she was 16. 

MILITARY RECORD Cosby served in the Navy from 1956 to 1960, working in physical therapy with injured Korean War veterans.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Cosby maintained an active lifestyle during his early career and often spoke about health and wellness.

HOMES Bill Cosby has owned several homes throughout his life, with properties in various locations.

Elkins Park, Pennsylvania: This 5,835-square-foot stone Colonial home, built in 1800, sits on a 3-acre property. Purchased in 1983 for $225,000, it's now estimated to be worth over $775,000. After his release from prison in 2021, Cosby returned to this estate.

Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts: This expansive 21-acre compound, acquired in 1971, includes multiple buildings, a swimming pool, and a tennis court. Cosby has spent significant time here, particularly during his legal battles.

Cosby owns a home in Los Angeles.

TRAVEL Cosby’s career took him around the globe, performing stand-up and filming on location.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cosby appeared in numerous television shows, films, and commercials, most famously for Jell-O pudding. He also created and voiced characters in the children’s series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids.

ACHIEVEMENTS

First African-American co-star in a dramatic series (I Spy).

Creator of The Cosby Show, a television milestone.

Winner of multiple Emmy and Grammy awards.

Author of record-breaking books like Fatherhood.

Advocate for education and recipient of over a dozen honorary degrees.

Hernán Cortés

NAME Hernán Cortés

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large parts of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century

BIRTH Hernán Cortés was born in 1485 in Medellín, in the southeast of Extremadura, southwestern Spain.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Cortés was the only child of Martín Cortés, a military captain in the infantry, and Catalina Pizarro Altamirano. Through his mother, he was a second cousin of Francisco Pizarro, the conqueror of the Inca Empire in Peru.

CHILDHOOD Little is known about Cortés' early childhood, but his family background was modestly noble, and they envisioned a future for him in law or the church.

EDUCATION Cortés studied law at the University of Salamanca like his grandfather. However, in 1501, he abandoned his studies to the disappointment of his parents to pursue a life of exploration and adventure.

CAREER RECORD Cortés initially worked as a soldier and farmer before sailing under Diego Velázquez to help conquer Cuba in 1511. 

1504 Makes first trip to the West Indies (Santo Domingo)

1511 Elected alcalde, a sort of mayor/judge of Santiago the then capital of Cuba.

1519  Led the famous 1519 expedition to Mexico, culminating in the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. 

1522 Promoted to Governor and Captain-General of Mexico after the sacking of Tenochtitlan.

1526 Sacked as governor of Mexico so ruthless are his methods and spent the remainder of his life pleading his cause.

1530 Returned to Mexico as Captain General

1541 Cortés returned to Spain, 

APPEARANCE Cortés's appearance evolved over time. In his youth, he was reportedly pale and delicate. However, as he matured and embarked on his legendary conquests, his physical appearance transformed, mirroring his growing power and influence.

He possessed a well-proportioned, sturdy physique and a face that could convey both warmth and severity. His hair and beard, though sparse, were a deep, inky black. His complexion, often described as somewhat pale, lent him an air of seriousness. The Aztecs initially perceived him as a divine figure.

18th-century portrait of Cortés based on the one sent by the conqueror to Paolo Giovio,

FASHION As a Spanish conquistador and later, Governor of New Spain, Cortés adhered to the fashion of the time. He likely wore a doublet, breeches, a cape, and a hat, often adorned with feathers. His attire, like his demeanor, was a reflection of his high social status.

Cortés destroyed the Aztec fashion industry, replacing jaguar skins and feathered cloaks with European textiles. He introduced silk production to the Americas.

CHARACTER Cortés was ambitious, determined, and ruthless. He was also deeply religious, carrying a statuette of the Virgin Mary at all times and attending Mass daily.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Historical records do not emphasize Cortés' sense of humor, but his sharp wit likely aided his political and military maneuvers.

RELATIONSHIPS Hernán Cortés was married twice during his lifetime: Cortés married Catalina Suárez (also known as Catalina Xuárez or Juárez) in Cuba around 1516. This marriage was initially reluctant on Cortés's part and occurred under pressure from Governor Diego Velázquez. The couple remained childless, and Catalina's death in 1522 under mysterious circumstances marked the end of their union.

In 1529, Cortés married Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana de Zúñiga, the niece of the Duke of Bejar. This marriage produced three children: Don Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca, Doña María Cortés and Doña Catalina Cortés.

Sculpture of Juana de Zúñiga for her tomb by CarlosVdeHabsburgo

Beyond his formal marriages, Cortés had several significant relationships:

La Malinche (Doña Marina): He had a son named Martín Cortés, often referred to as "El Mestizo", by his Indian noblewoman, counsellor and translator, the beautiful Dona Marina who had been taken prisoner. She became his constant companion and her information, translations and advice were invaluable to Cortés. 

Isabel Moctezuma: Another domestic partner mentioned in historical records.

Cortés's marital and romantic relationships were integral to his personal life and political career, influencing his social status, alliances, and legacy both in the New World and Spain. His complex network of relationships, including his connections to Indigenous women, shaped his experiences and actions during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

He left his many Indian and white children well cared for in his will, along with every one of their mothers.

MONEY AND FAME Originally seeking his fortune in gold, Cortés became wealthy through the conquest of Mexico, earning titles such as Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. Despite his riches, he spent later years pleading for recognition from the Spanish crown.

Cortés, once a formidable conquistador and a symbol of Spanish power in the New World, met a tragic end, dying in poverty and debt. Despite his early successes and the vast wealth he had amassed, his later years were marked by financial hardship, legal battles, and disillusionment.

One of the primary factors contributing to Cortés's decline was his mounting debt. In 1524, he wrote to King Charles V, confessing to owing over 500 ounces of gold, a significant sum at the time. This debt, coupled with his dwindling financial resources, forced him to take desperate measures, such as pawning his wife's jewelry to fund his later expeditions.

In addition to his financial woes, Cortés was plagued by endless legal battles that consumed his time, energy, and resources. These legal disputes, combined with the loss of royal favor, further eroded his wealth and status. As a result, he found himself increasingly isolated and marginalized, his once-promising future fading into obscurity.

Cortés participated in the unsuccessful Spanish expedition against Algiers in 1541, losing much of his remaining wealth and experiencing shipwreck. He died in poverty in 1547 and his tragic end serves as a stark reminder of the impermanence of wealth and power, and the harsh realities of life for even the most celebrated figures.

Cortés' infamous quote to the Aztecs, "We suffer from a disease of the heart which is only cured by gold," encapsulates the European obsession with wealth that fueled the Age of Exploration. This insatiable greed, shared by figures like Pedro de Cieza de León, who was inspired by the sight of Inca gold in Seville, ultimately led to the exploitation and suffering of countless Indigenous peoples.

FOOD AND DRINK Hernán Cortés introduced several elements of Aztec culture to Spain. One such import was a drink known as "chocolati," made from cacao beans, which the Aztecs called "xocati." Originally, this drink was spiced with chili and musk, a flavor profile that Cortés initially found unappealing. However, by 1527, he had grown to appreciate the beverage and kept a chocolate pot on his desk.

With the addition of sugar, vanilla, and cinnamon, the drink was transformed into a sweet and aromatic beverage that quickly became a favorite among the Spanish aristocracy. It is likely that Cortés also introduced the Spanish to tortillas, a staple food of the Aztec diet.

Another significant introduction was the vanilla bean. The Aztecs regarded vanilla as a sacred and divine plant, with legends tracing its origins back to the early days of the world when gods still walked the earth. According to one myth, the goddess Xanat, in love with a Totonac youth, transformed herself into a vanilla vine to remain on Earth with him and his people. Cortés sent a consignment of these precious vanilla beans back to Spain, where they would eventually become a prized ingredient in European cuisine and perfumery.

MUSIC AND ARTS Cortés was focused on practical matters related to colonization and expansion of Spanish influence rather than artistic or cultural pursuits.

LITERATURE Cortés authored Letters to Charles V (Cartas de Relación), detailing his conquests, which are key historical documents. 

The Conquest of Mexico (1843) is a landmark historical work by William H. Prescott, which romanticizes and dramatizes Cortés’ campaign.

Captain from Castile (1945) is a historical novel by Samuel Shellabarger featuring a fictionalized depiction of Cortés and his exploits.

Cortés and Montezuma (1990) is a children’s book by Seymour Rosenthal, which narrates the conquest for a younger audience.

NATURE He introduced European agricultural practices to the Americas, including silkworm farming and vine cultivation.

PETS Cortés horses, vital to his conquest, were his closest animal companions. When Cortés's horse, El Morzillo, fell ill in 1524, he was left with the Maya Indians. Unfamiliar with horses, the Maya revered the majestic creature as a divine being. They had never seen a horse before the arrival of the conquistadors, who were accustomed to riding deer.

Similarly, the Aztecs were awestruck by the sight of Cortés and his mounted soldiers. The sight of men riding colossal, armored beasts struck fear and awe into the hearts of the Aztec warriors. They believed these mounted soldiers to be divine beings, a belief that contributed to their initial hesitation to resist the Spanish advance.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cortés' main pursuits were exploration and military campaigns rather than recreational hobbies.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cortés relied on advanced European navigation and military technology, introducing these innovations to the Americas.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Cortés was a devout Catholic who sought to convert indigenous peoples, often by force. Upon arriving in Vera Cruz, Mexico, Cortés was initially greeted as a god by the Aztec emperor Montezuma. The Aztecs believed that their god, Quetzalcoatl, had vanished across the Atlantic and was prophesied to return in the year Cortés arrived. This belief, coupled with Cortés's arrival by sea and his fair skin and beard, led the Aztecs to mistake him for the returning deity.

The Aztec religion relied heavily on human sacrifice to appease their gods. It's estimated that around 1% of their population of 250,000 people were sacrificed annually, with the victims' limbs often cooked and consumed as part of the ritual.

In contrast to the Aztecs' bloody practices, Cortés presented himself as a devout Christian. He claimed to be an ambassador of the Spanish king, sent to spread the true religion and end the practice of human sacrifice. Despite his deceitful intentions, Cortés was genuinely devoted to the Virgin Mary and carried a statue of her at all times. He was known to pray daily and attend Mass regularly.

POLITICS Cortés played a pivotal role in expanding Spanish influence, laying the groundwork for colonial governance in Mexico.

SCANDAL Hernán Cortés's conquest of the Aztec Empire, while a remarkable feat of military strategy, was often brutal and exploitative.

1. Betrayal and Violence: Initially welcomed by the Aztec emperor Montezuma, Cortés soon revealed his true intentions. After receiving lavish gifts of gold and other treasures, he responded with acts of violence, using cannons and crossbows against the unarmed Aztecs.

2. Massacre and Flight: In a particularly heinous act, Cortés's deputy, Pedro de Alvarado, orchestrated a massacre of hundreds of unarmed Aztec nobles during a religious festival. This betrayal led to the infamous "Noche Triste," when the Spanish were forced to flee Tenochtitlan under the relentless attacks of the enraged Aztecs.

3. Ruthless Pursuit of Gold: Cortés's obsession with gold led to countless atrocities. He tortured the captured Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc, forcing him to reveal the location of hidden treasure. This act of cruelty, along with other violent excesses, tarnished Cortés's reputation and haunted him for the rest of his life.

4. Decline and Madness: As his power waned and his reputation suffered, Cortés became increasingly paranoid and unstable. He embarked on a reckless expedition to Honduras, further alienating his supporters and damaging his health. His final years were marked by legal troubles, financial ruin, and a descent into madness.

Cortés's legacy is a complex one, marked by both extraordinary achievements and horrific acts of violence. His story serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked power and the destructive consequences of greed and cruelty.

MILITARY RECORD In 1511, Cortés demonstrated his military prowess by participating in the Spanish conquest of Cuba.

In 1519, with a small force of 650 men, 16 horses, and limited weaponry, Cortés embarked on his expedition to Mexico. To prevent retreat and instill a sense of determination, he famously ordered his ships burned upon landing. The Aztecs, unfamiliar with such advanced weaponry and tactics, were no match for the Spanish and their Native American allies. Cortés forged an alliance with the Tlaxcalans, a powerful indigenous group who provided him with a significant number of troops, ultimately swelling his army to an estimated 80,000 to 200,000 soldiers.

After a grueling four-month siege, Cortés and his army captured the magnificent city of Tenochtitlan in 1521. By blockading the city by land and water, the Spanish deprived the Aztecs of vital resources, including drinking water. The fallen Aztec capital was then rebuilt as Mexico City, the foundation of Spanish colonial rule in the region.

 The 1521 Fall of Tenochtitlan by Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés, 

Following his conquest of the Aztec Empire, Cortés spent the years between 1530 and 1540 consolidating Spanish control over Mexico. He established a colonial administration and engaged in various expeditions to explore and subdue other parts of the region.

In 1541, Cortés returned to Spain, where he participated in a naval campaign against the Barbary pirates in Algiers. He later led an expedition to the Yucatán Peninsula to conquer the Maya civilization.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS The Spanish conquest of Mexico brought not only military conflict but also devastating disease. Cortés and his men inadvertently introduced smallpox, measles, and influenza to the indigenous population, who had no immunity to these foreign pathogens. By 1545, these diseases had decimated the native population, reducing it from an estimated 25 million to a mere 2 million.

Despite the destruction and suffering he caused, Cortés also made some positive contributions to the region. In 1523, he established a hospital in Mexico City, which remains the oldest hospital in the Western Hemisphere. This institution provided healthcare to both the Spanish colonists and the indigenous population, marking a significant step in the development of medical infrastructure in the region.

Despite his active life, Cortés suffered injuries and pleurisy, which ultimately contributed to his death.

HOMES Spain (1485-1504): Cortés was born and raised in Medellín, Extremadura, Spain. He left his homeland in 1504 to seek fortune in the New World.

After conquering the Aztec Empire, Cortés built his capital, Mexico City, on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. He destroyed Aztec temples and replaced them with Christian churches.

In 1526, Cortés built an imposing residence for himself in Cuernavaca, a region close to the capital where he had extensive encomienda holdings.

Cortés was granted the title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca in 1529, which included vast lands in the broad fertile plains of southern Mexico. 

After being neglected by the court following the 1541 Algiers expedition, Cortés retired to a small estate. .

TRAVEL Hernán Cortés undertook several significant voyages and expeditions during his lifetime:

In 1504, at age 19, Cortés sailed from Spain to the New World, settling in Hispaniola.

In 1511, he joined Diego Velázquez's expedition to conquer Cuba.

In February 1519, Cortés embarked on his most famous expedition, sailing from Cuba to the Yucatán Peninsula with 11 ships and over 500 men. After landing in Mexico, Cortés marched inland towards Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, arriving there on November 8, 1519.

In 1520, Cortés briefly left Tenochtitlán to confront a Spanish force sent to arrest him, before returning to the Aztec capital.

In 1524, Cortés led an expedition to Honduras to quell a rebellion against his authority.

In 1536, Cortés explored northwestern Mexico, including Baja California and Mexico's Pacific coast. This was his last major expedition.

Throughout these travels, Cortés demonstrated his ambition, military skill, and determination to expand Spanish control in the Americas, culminating in his conquest of the Aztec Empire and the establishment of New Spain.

DEATH Hernán Cortés died from a case of pleurisy on December 2, 1547, aged 62, in Castilleja de la Cuesta, Spain. His final resting place, however, has been the subject of much historical intrigue and controversy.

After his death, Cortés's body was moved multiple times, reflecting the changing political and social climate of the era. Initially buried in Seville, his remains were later transferred to Mexico. Over the centuries, they were exhumed, reburied, and hidden, often due to shifts in public opinion and political turmoil.

In the 19th century, as anti-Spanish sentiment grew in Mexico, Cortés's remains were hidden to protect them from desecration. It wasn't until 1946 that his final resting place was definitively identified. Today, his tomb, marked by a simple plaque, lies within the Church of the Immaculate Conception and Jesus Nazareno in Mexico City.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Cortés' exploits have inspired numerous historical works, novels, and portrayals in films and television, often emphasizing his dramatic role in history.

1. FILM AND TELEVISION 

Captain from Castile (1947) A historical drama based on Samuel Shellabarger’s novel, featuring a fictionalized version of Cortés during the conquest of Mexico.

The Other Conquest (1998) (La Otra Conquista) A Mexican film exploring the aftermath of the Spanish conquest, where Cortés is a central figure.

Conquistadors (2000) A BBC documentary series by Michael Wood, in which Cortés’ life and campaigns are examined in detail.

Hernán (2019) A Spanish-language series on Amazon Prime that dramatizes the life of Hernando Cortés, offering a nuanced view of his character and the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

OTHER “La Conquista de México” is an opera by Wolfgang Rihm, premiering in 1992, which explores the psychological and cultural dimensions of the conquest, featuring Cortés as a key figure.

The Mexican artist Diego Rivera depicted Cortés in his works, such as the murals at the National Palace in Mexico City, where he portrays the conquistador as both a hero and a controversial figure.

Cortés is featured in campaigns in the video game Age of Empires II focusing on the conquest of Mexico, with players assuming his role.

“Cortés the Killer” (1975) is a song by Neil Young, written as a critique of colonialism and conquest, metaphorically referencing Cortés' actions.

ACHIEVEMENTS Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire, introduced European agriculture and livestock to the Americas, and played a foundational role in Spanish colonialism.

Aaron Copland

NAME  Aaron Copland 

WHAT FAMOUS FOR A leading figure in 20th-century American classical music, Copland is known for his accessible and distinctly American style. His works often incorporated elements of jazz, folk, and popular music.

BIRTH Aaron Copland was born on November 14, 1900, in Brooklyn, New York, USA.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Copland was the youngest of five children in a family of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania. His father, Harris Morris Copland, ran a department store, while his mother, Sarah Mittenthal Copland, supported her children’s cultural education.

The family lived above his parents' Brooklyn shop, H.M. Copland's, which Aaron described as "a kind of neighborhood Macy's"

Copland's father had no musical interest, but his mother played piano and arranged music lessons for her children

CHILDHOOD Copland grew up in Brooklyn and showed an early interest in music, taking piano lessons from his sister Laurine. He was inspired by opera and early piano compositions, which laid the foundation for his musical career.

Copland began writing songs at the age of eight and a half. His earliest notated music, written at age 11, was for an opera scenario he created called "Zenatello."

When discussing his childhood work in his family's store, Copland quipped, "I was selling toys to kids my own age!"

EDUCATION At age 14, he began formal piano lessons with Leopold Wolfsohn in 1914. From 1917 to 1921, Copland studied harmony, theory, and composition with Rubin Goldmark, a respected composer and teacher in New York

In 1921, at age 20, Copland moved to Paris to further his musical education. He initially attended the Summer School of Music for American Students at Fontainebleau. In Paris, Copland studied with several notable teachers, most notably the legendary pedagogue Nadia Boulanger, who became his primary composition teacher from 1921-1924. While in Paris, Copland also took classes in French language and history at the Sorbonne3

CAREER RECORD Copland’s career was multifaceted:

Composed a wide range of works, including ballets, symphonies, concertos, and film scores. Notable works include "Appalachian Spring," "Fanfare for the Common Man," "Rodeo," "Billy the Kid."

Served as a juror for the Pulitzer Prize in Music

Copland was an accomplished pianist.

He taught at institutions like Tanglewood and mentored young musicians.

APPEARANCE Copland was slender and balding, often wearing glasses that framed his intellectual demeanor. His dress was understated, reflecting his practical nature.

Aaron Copland 1970

FASHION He favored simple and functional clothing, prioritizing comfort over trends.

CHARACTER Copland was thoughtful, humble, and intellectually curious. He valued simplicity and sincerity in both life and art. Quiet, reserved, and introspective, Copland was a dedicated and meticulous composer.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Copland had a dry wit and a charming ability to lighten serious discussions with humor. For instance, when friends joked about his frugality, Copland would respond good-naturedly: "What do you expect from the son of shopkeepers!

He often used lighthearted expressions like "Holy Moses!", "gee whiz," and "golly" in conversation, revealing a playful side to his personality.

Copland incorporated humor into some of his compositions. In his early work "The Cat and the Mouse" (1920), described as a "scherzo humoristique," Copland used musical elements to depict the playful chase between a cat and mouse.

RELATIONSHIPS Aaron Copland, led a complex personal life marked by significant romantic relationships, primarily with men. Though he lived during a time when societal attitudes towards homosexuality were restrictive, Copland was relatively open about his sexuality within his social circles.

The most enduring and significant relationship in Copland's life was with Victor Kraft. Their connection began when Kraft was a teenage violin prodigy and student of Copland's. Their relationship, which spanned decades, was marked by both deep affection and periods of distance.

Copland also had numerous other romantic relationships, often with younger men involved in the arts. These included composers, dancers, artists, and musicians. Some notable names associated with Copland romantically are Leonard Bernstein, John Brodbin Kennedy, and Paul Moor.

Copland's romantic relationships often followed a pattern of intense intimacy, followed by a period of distance, and eventually settling into a stable friendship. He had a specific philosophy regarding love, viewing relationships as dynamic and often evolving between roles of "father" and "son."

Despite his relatively open nature within his social circles, Copland maintained a degree of privacy about his personal life. He navigated the complexities of his sexuality and romantic relationships with sensitivity and understanding, often prioritizing the emotional needs of his partners.

MONEY AND FAME While Copland achieved significant fame, particularly with "Fanfare for the Common Man" and "Appalachian Spring," he lived modestly and valued intellectual pursuits over material wealth.

FOOD AND DRINK  Copland enjoyed simple, hearty meals and occasionally indulged in fine dining, appreciating the artistry of good cooking.

MUSIC AND ARTS Music was his life’s passion. Copland was inspired by jazz, folk traditions, and modernist movements, creating a style that was distinctly American.

Aaron Copland, the guy they called the Dean of American Composers, wasn’t always destined for greatness. He started out, like most of us, just trying to figure things out. He’d dabble in this and that, a bit of piano here, a bit of theory there, and before you knew it, he was off to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, a woman who could turn a promising musician into a world-class composer.

Now, Copland wasn’t exactly a natural-born genius. He was more of a gentle giant, a bit awkward and bookish. But he had a knack for taking complex ideas and turning them into something everyone could understand. His music wasn’t just for the elite, it was for the everyman. He wanted to capture the spirit of America, the vast landscapes, the pioneering spirit, and he did it with a style that was both accessible and innovative.

In the 1930s and 40s, Copland was on fire. He was churning out masterpieces like there was no tomorrow: “Appalachian Spring,” “Billy the Kid,” “Rodeo,” and, of course, the iconic “Fanfare for the Common Man.” These pieces weren’t just music; they were a cultural phenomenon. They were the soundtrack to a nation on the rise.

But as the years went by, Copland’s tastes began to change. He started experimenting with more complex, avant-garde styles, dabbling in twelve-tone techniques and serialism. It was a bold move, but it didn’t always go down well with the critics. Some people thought he was losing his touch, others that he was simply trying to be trendy.

In the end, though, Copland’s legacy is secure. He was a true original, a composer who could bridge the gap between high art and popular culture. And while he may not have always been the coolest kid on the block, he was certainly one of the most influential.

Music was his primary focus, Copland was interested in all aspects of music, including composition, conducting, and teaching to the exclusion of other things. He did not pay much attention to other arts.

LITERATURE Copland enjoyed reading literature, especially works on philosophy and music theory, which influenced his compositions and teaching.

Copland was an author of music theory and appreciation books, such as What to Listen for in Music (1939), making his philosophies on music accessible to the general public.

NATURE He appreciated natural beauty, reflected in works like "Appalachian Spring," which evoke pastoral landscapes.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Copland enjoyed attending art exhibitions, writing essays on music, and occasionally participating in light outdoor activities like walking. 

He loved hearing gossip about the music world from visitors, and even late in life, Copland would ask about young composers and new musical trends

SCIENCE AND MATHS Copland admired the precision and structure of mathematics, akin to the discipline in his compositions.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Copland leaned toward secular humanism, believing in art’s ability to connect with the common man.

POLITICS He was a progressive who supported workers' rights and New Deal programs. His populist approach to music mirrored his political ideals.

SCANDAL During the McCarthy era, Copland’s leftist sympathies led to his brief scrutiny, though he remained unscathed professionally.

MILITARY RECORD Copland contributed to morale with patriotic works like "Fanfare for the Common Man."

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Copland maintained good health for most of his life, though he suffered from Alzheimer’s disease in his later years.

HOMES Aaron Copland was born and raised above his family's shop at 628 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

After his Parisian sojourn, he returned to the city and rented a studio apartment on New York City's Upper West Side, close to Carnegie Hall. This was his base for decades, a place where he could easily access the vibrant cultural scene of New York.

As his fame grew, Copland began to crave a quieter, more serene environment. He started spending weekends and summers in the countryside. In 1947, he gave up his Manhattan apartment and studio, initially renting a house on the banks of the Hudson River. In 1952, Copland bought his first home in Ossining, New York.

In 1960, Copland purchased Rock Hill in Cortlandt Manor, New York (near Peekskill), which he moved in after the Tanglewood Festival in the summer of 1960. Rock Hill was a six-room, prairie-style house with a separate garage and studio, sitting on 2.5 secluded acres. This became Copland's primary residence for the last 30 years of his life.  Here, away from the hustle and bustle of the city, Copland found the inspiration and peace he needed to create some of his most enduring works. Today, it stands as a testament to Copland's legacy, preserved as a National Historic Landmark and a center for American music.

Rock Hill By Daniel Case 

TRAVEL Copland traveled extensively, particularly to Europe and Latin America, to study, perform, and gather folk inspirations for his works. 

DEATH Aaron Copland died of Alzheimer's disease and respiratory failure brought on by pneumonia on December 2, 1990. He had been experiencing short-term memory lapses since the mid-1980s and was under regular medical supervision. He passed away in North Tarrytown, New York (now known as Sleepy Hollow).

Copland's ashes were scattered over the Tanglewood Music Center near Lenox, Massachusetts. The burial took place in a private ceremony arranged by Daniel Gustin, Tanglewood's director and Copland's friend. The burial site features three flat rectangular stones embedded in the grass, reading:

BEQUEATHED BY FAMILY AND FRIENDS

AARON COPLAND

1900-1990

THE FIRST THREE NOTES OF "FANFARE FOR THE COMMON MAN"

On June 30, 2011, a bronze bust of Copland by sculptor Penelope Jenks was unveiled and placed in the center of the burial site.

Much of Copland's estate was bequeathed to establish the Aaron Copland Fund for Music, a non-profit organization supporting contemporary music and young composers

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Aaron Copland's music and persona have appeared in various forms of media, highlighting his significant impact on American culture and classical music. They include:

1. FILM The Red Pony (1949): Copland composed the score for this film based on John Steinbeck's novella, earning acclaim for its evocative orchestration.

The Heiress (1949): His score for this William Wyler film won an Academy Award for Best Original Score.

Of Mice and Men (1939): Though not directly involved in the score, Copland’s influence is felt in the Americana soundscape employed by the composer, Aaron Copland having set a precedent for such styles in American media.

2. TELEVISION His music has been featured in numerous PBS specials and educational documentaries, particularly those focused on American history, due to its accessible and evocative nature. Copland’s works, particularly "Fanfare for the Common Man" and "Appalachian Spring," are frequently used in Ken Burns’s historical series, such as The Civil War and Baseball, to underscore American themes.

3. POPULAR CULTURE "Fanfare for the Common Man" has become an anthem in various sports arenas, award ceremonies, and political events. It is often used to herald significant moments due to its grandeur. The theme has also appeared in rock adaptations, such as Emerson, Lake & Palmer's 1977 progressive rock version.

4. VIDEO GAMES Copland’s compositions, including excerpts from "Rodeo" and "Appalachian Spring," have been included in soundtracks for video games that explore American history or themes of nature and exploration.

ACHIEVEMENTS Composed timeless works like "Fanfare for the Common Man" and  "Appalachian Spring."

Won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1945 for "Appalachian Spring."

Received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.

Championed American music, earning the title "Dean of American Composers."

Source Aaron Copland: The Man Behind The Music