Sean Connery

NAME Thomas Sean Connery

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Sean Connery is best known for his role as James Bond, originating the suave British secret agent on screen in Dr. No (1962) and solidifying the Bond character's legacy across seven films in the franchise. His career spanned six decades, making him a celebrated figure in cinema history.

BIRTH Connery was born on August 25, 1930, in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, Scotland.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Raised in a working-class family, Connery's father was a lorry driver, and his mother was a cleaning lady. He grew up in poverty, which instilled in him a strong work ethic and sense of resilience. The family lived in an overcrowded tenement flat, and as a young child, Connery's cot was reportedly the bottom drawer of a cupboard.

CHILDHOOD Connery began working at an early age to support his family, taking on a milk delivery job around Edinburgh. One of his delivery stops was Fettes School, where, according to Bond creator Ian Fleming, Bond himself would later be "sent" following expulsion from Eton.

EDUCATION Connery's formal education was limited. He attended Tollcross elementary school, where he showed a remarkable aptitude for mathematics. At the age of 13, Connery left school to work full-time at a local dairy. Despite his short time in school, he developed a love for reading, particularly comic books

CAREER RECORD After leaving school, Connery took on various jobs to support himself and his family. These included working as a milkman for St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society and, later, joining the Royal Navy at the age of 16. However, he was discharged three years later due to health issues.

Following his naval service, Connery worked a series of odd jobs, including lorry driver, lifeguard, laborer, artist's model, coffin polisher, bricklayer, and cement mixer.

At the age of 18, he began bodybuilding.

Connery transitioned to acting in the 1950s.

He gained international fame for his portrayal of James Bond in seven films.

Connery continued to have a successful acting career, starring in films such as The Untouchables, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and The Rock.

APPEARANCE Sean Connery was a striking figure, standing at an impressive 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) tall and weighing approximately 180 pounds (82 kg) during his prime. His tall, muscular build and ruggedly handsome features made him a captivating presence on screen.

As he aged, his distinctive features became even more pronounced. His eyebrows grew bushier, especially noticeable from the film Thunderball onwards. His dark hair, initially slicked back in his early Bond films like Dr. No and From Russia with Love, later transitioned to a side-parted style. To compensate for thinning hair, Connery wore wigs, particularly in later films, but embraced baldness in his private life.

This image of Sean Connery is from the collection of the ETH-Bibliothek 

FASHION Connery was renowned for his suave style, particularly his ability to effortlessly wear tailored suits. His tuxedo appearances, especially as James Bond, became iconic. In more casual settings, he favored a relaxed look, often seen in striped short-sleeved shirts, linen trousers, or even a pink dressing gown. Later in life, he occasionally incorporated elements of Scottish dress, such as tartan, into his red carpet attire.

CHARACTER Strong-willed, determined, and charismatic, Connery was known for his intense and commanding screen presence and his straightforward, no-nonsense personality. His early encounters with Edinburgh’s Valdor gang showcased his physical courage; he once fought off six gang members singlehandedly, earning their respect.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Connery possessed a dry, Scottish wit and wasn’t afraid to laugh at himself. He found humor in his life’s ironies, once saying about his experience in League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, "I made it… despite not understanding the script."

RELATIONSHIPS Connery was married twice. His first marriage was to Australian actress Diane Cilento who he wed on December 6, 1962. They divorced in 1973, after eleven years of marriage. Together, they had one son, Jason Connery, born in 1963. Years later, Cilento made allegations of abuse against Connery, which he vehemently denied.

Connery's first wife Diane Cilento in 1954

In 1970, Connery met Micheline Roquebrune, a Moroccan-French painter, at a golf tournament in Morocco. They married on May 6, 1975 and remained together until Connery's death in 2020. 

Their relationship was marked by a strong connection, despite language barriers. Connery often referred to Micheline as "an amazing woman" and "the love of my life." 

Micheline was a constant support for Connery, especially during his battle with dementia in his final years. She described him as a "gorgeous model of a man" after his passing.

MONEY AND FAME Despite his modest beginnings, Connery amassed significant wealth. He reportedly turned down a $400 million deal for the Gandalf role in Lord of the Rings because he didn’t understand it.

Connery was known for his shrewd business acumen and investments.

FOOD AND DRINK Connery was a fan of Scottish cuisine, often indulging in traditional dishes and fine Scotch whisky.

Connery was a connoisseur of fine wine, particularly enjoying red varieties. He was especially fond of Chilean Merlots, appreciating their value. His cellar also housed a selection of California wines, including some expensive vintages. During his time in Spain around 1975, he developed a taste for Vega Sicilia.

His passion for wine was further fueled by his annual trips to France with his friend David Murray. These visits allowed him to explore Murray's wine estates and sample a wide range of wines. Connery admired the French wine culture, noting the importance it held for everyone involved.

He was quick to point out that James Bond's wine expertise was a fictional creation developed by director Terence Young, rather than a reflection of his own knowledge at the time of filming.

MUSIC AND ARTS Sean Connery was a force of nature, a cinematic titan who roared onto the screen and redefined the spy genre. As the first man to play James Bond, he wasn’t just filling a role; he was carving it out of solid granite. With his brooding good looks, Scottish brogue, and that certain je ne sais quoi, he turned 007 into an icon. From the sleek sophistication of Dr. No to the outlandish adventure of You Only Live Twice, Connery owned the part.

But Connery wasn’t just a one-trick pony. He could do it all. He could be a brooding, tragic figure in The Hill, a cunning villain in Murder on the Orient Express, or a wise, world-weary mentor in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. He was equally at home in highbrow dramas and popcorn blockbusters.

And let’s not forget his voice. That deep, gravelly rumble could turn a simple line of dialogue into a cinematic event. It was a voice that could soothe or intimidate, depending on the mood.

Connery was a true original, a man who left an indelible mark on the world of cinema. He was more than just an actor; he was a legend.

Connery had a lifelong interest in the arts, including music and painting, and his second wife, Micheline, is a painter.

LITERATURE Though he admitted to not fully understanding the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Connery held a love for literature, especially classic Scottish works. 

Later in life, concerned about his lack of education, Connery began reading classic literature, including works by Proust, Tolstoy, and Joyce

NATURE Connery maintained a deep connection to his Scottish heritage and countryside, which he celebrated in his tattoos reading “Scotland Forever” and “Mum and Dad.”

PETS Connery’s love for animals was expressed through various charitable efforts.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS In his youth, Connery was an avid bodybuilder and competed in the 1953 Mr. Universe competition. 

Before Hollywood came calling, he played football for Bonnyrigg Rose, a Scottish team. In fact, Manchester United's legendary manager, Matt Busby, offered him a contract, but Connery had other plans.

Golf became a lifelong passion, ignited by his role in Goldfinger. He took lessons, got hooked, and spent countless hours on the greens. Vancouver was a favorite golfing spot for him, with courses like Capilano, Furry Creek, Point Grey, and Shaughnessy seeing their fair share of his drives.

Tennis was another sport Connery followed closely. He was a regular at the U.S. Open, seen courtside in 2015 and 2017. 

Connery narrated the 1982 World Cup film.

Connery's dedication to fitness was evident throughout his life, which is perhaps why People magazine named him "sexiest man alive" in 1989, at the ripe old age of 59.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Connery's roles in spy films occasionally involved high-tech gadgets and scientific plotlines.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Connery valued loyalty and integrity and had strong personal convictions, shaped by his Scottish working-class roots and life experiences.

Connery was raised Catholic and took on roles that sometimes touched on religious themes, he did not publicly espouse a specific philosophical or theological stance. 

POLITICS Connery was a vocal advocate for Scottish independence and financially supported the Scottish National Party, reflecting his deep pride in his heritage.

SCANDAL Connery made controversial comments about slapping women, which were made in interviews in 1965 and 1987.

There were allegations of abuse from his first wife, Diane Cilento, which she wrote about in her 2006 

MILITARY RECORD Connery joined the Merchant Navy at 16 but had to leave due to stomach ulcers. He carried two tattoos from his time in the Navy, honoring Scotland and his parents.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Known for his fitness, Connery's muscular physique helped define the Bond character. In his later years, he suffered from dementia and ultimately passed away peacefully.

HOMES In his early years, he lived in Scotland, a place he always held dear. As his fame grew, he began spending time in the French Riviera, owning Villa Le Roc Fleuri on the Cap de Nice. This luxurious villa was his home for about 12 years during the 1970s and 1980s.

In the early 1980s, Connery relocated to Marbella, Spain, where he owned a stunning villa near the ocean. He enjoyed the Mediterranean lifestyle and the world-class golf courses in the area.

Eventually, Connery and his wife, Micheline Roquebrune, settled in the Bahamas full-time in the 1990s. They made their home in the exclusive Lyford Cay neighborhood on New Providence Island, where they remained until his passing in 2020.

Connery owned homes around the world, including a property in the Bahamas where he spent his final years.

TRAVEL Connery’s work took him worldwide, and he frequently traveled for film roles. He chose the Bahamas as his retirement sanctuary.

DEATH Connery passed away in his sleep on October 31, 2020, in Nassau, Bahamas. He had been struggling with dementia in his final years.

Connery's ashes were divided and scattered in two significant locations. A portion was scattered at sea near the Bahamas, where he spent his final years and passed away. The other portion was scattered in his native Scotland, fulfilling his final wish.

His widow, Micheline Roquebrune, expressed her intention to bring Connery back to Scotland, stating, "We are going to bring Sean back to Scotland. That was his final wish." The plan was to scatter his ashes near Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, where he was born. A memorial service was also planned for Scotland, to be held once coronavirus travel restrictions eased.

The scattering of ashes in Scotland reportedly took place in 2022, at various locations that Connery cherished.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Sean Connery’s portrayal of Bond influenced countless films and media portrayals of spies. He also inspired a unique media legacy, such as being pulled over by a British traffic officer named “Sergeant James Bond” and narrowly missing roles in The Silence of the Lambs and Skyfall.

ACHIEVEMENTS Connery won an Academy Award for The Untouchables (1987), along with two BAFTAs and three Golden Globes. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2000 and remains an icon in both Hollywood and his native Scotland.

Confucius

NAME Confucius, born K'ung Fu-Tsu (meaning "The Master"), was a Chinese philosopher and teacher whose Latinized name "Confucius" became widely known.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Confucius is best known for founding Confucianism, a philosophical system emphasizing moral values, family loyalty, and social harmony. His teachings influenced Chinese society deeply and continue to shape Eastern thought.

BIRTH Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BC, in the Lu state (modern-day Shandong Province), China.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Born into a once-noble but impoverished family, his father, Kong He, was seventy and a former military officer, while his mother, Yan Zhengzai, was only fifteen. His father had fled from the State of Song, and Confucius had nine older sisters and a disabled older brother. After his father died when Confucius was three, his mother raised him alone, despite being rejected by her husband's family and prohibited from attending his funeral.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in poverty, Confucius subsisted on a diet of rice and cabbage, with occasional pork and bean broth. He was a shy and lonely child, often playing with clay toys and flying kites. From a young age, he was drawn to rituals, arranging ritual vases on tables and showing respect for traditional practices.

EDUCATION Despite his humble origins, Confucius received an education in the Lu state, known for preserving Zhou dynasty traditions. This education laid the foundation for his lifelong devotion to the principles of governance, morality, and ritual.

CAREER RECORD At the age of 16, Confucius took on a minor administrative role, overseeing granaries. Confucius worked various government jobs in his early 20s, including as a bookkeeper and caretaker of sheep and horses

However, his true calling emerged at 22 when he established his own school, marking the beginning of his lifelong pursuit of knowledge and education.

Around 501 BC, at age 50, Confucius was appointed to the minor position of governor of a town in Lu state. He eventually rose to become Minister of Crime in Lu.  His effective governance, characterized by the suppression of crime and the promotion of morality, earned him recognition. However, political intrigue and jealousy led to his forced exile.

In 497 BC, at age 54, Confucius left his position and went into self-exile after a political disagreement. He traveled for about 12 years, seeking a ruler who would embrace his ideals and implement his vision for a just and harmonious society. Despite his tireless efforts, he was unable to find a leader who shared his commitment to virtue and good governance.

At age 68, Confucius returned to his home state of Lu at the invitation of the chief minister. In his later years, he sometimes acted as an advisor to government officials in Lu on matters of governance and crime

APPEARANCE Confucius, a towering figure in both philosophy and stature, was said to be exceptionally tall for his time. Ancient texts describe him as being 9 chi and 6 cun tall, which could translate to anywhere from 6'5" (1.9m) to 7'2" (2.2m). While these measurements may be exaggerated, they suggest a man of imposing physical presence.

Beyond his height, Confucius was reportedly quite strong physically. Some accounts claim he possessed extraordinary abilities, such as being able to lift heavy city gate bolts. This physical prowess, combined with his intellectual brilliance, made him a truly remarkable individual.

His distinctive appearance was marked by an unusually shaped head, with sides that rose higher than the center. He was also said to have large ears and wide eyes, features often associated with wisdom and insight in Chinese culture. In later life, he was depicted with a long beard, a symbol of age, experience, and wisdom.

Portrait by Qiu Ying (1494–1552), Ming dynasty

It's important to remember that most depictions of Confucius were created centuries after his death.  Therefore, artistic interpretations may not capture his exact appearance. However, these portrayals typically depict him as an older man with a beard, dressed in long scholarly robes, often holding a scroll or book. This image has come to represent wisdom and learning within Chinese culture.

FASHION As a boy, Confucius wore plain metal necklaces resembling a dog collar, a practice intended to fool evil spirits into leaving him unharmed.

Confucius believed that clothing played a vital role in social interactions. He championed the concept of proper attire, advocating for dress that reflected both your social status and the occasion . Put simply, he emphasized wearing clothes that were appropriate for your place in society and the event you were attending 

For everyday wear, Confucius likely donned the traditional scholarly robes of his time, known as hanfu. This ensemble likely comprised several layers:

Yi (衣): An open-fronted garment with a cross-collar 

Ru (襦): A shirt with a similar open cross-collar, worn underneath the yi 

Shan (衫): An open cross-collar jacket worn over the yi for added warmth 

Chang (裳): A type of skirt or lower garment that completed the outfit 

For more formal events, Confucius may have chosen a sim-ui, a long white ceremonial robe reaching his ankles . This specific garment symbolized his dedication to Confucian scholarship.

Confucius favored simplicity and practicality in his clothing choices. He preferred unadorned robes in basic colors like blue, yellow, red, white, and black. Flashier colors like purple were not his style. It's likely he wore a simple cloth cap on his head.

CHARACTER Confucius valued compassion and justice, believing that good governance required personal moral integrity. His teachings emphasized family bonds, loyalty, and moral rectitude. He was highly self-disciplined and attentive to rituals.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Confucius’ sense of humor was often subtle and rooted in wisdom. In one instance, he encountered a woman living in a tiger-prone area who said she preferred it to living under oppressive government. Confucius remarked to his disciples, “Remember that oppressive government is worse than a tiger.”

RELATIONSHIPS Confucius married at the age of 19 to a woman named Qiguan (亓官氏) or Qiguanshi. Together, they had three children: a son named Kong Li (孔鯉), also known as Boyu (12), and two daughters, one of whom likely passed away in childhood (1).

While specific details about their relationship are scarce, some sources suggest that their domestic life may not have been entirely harmonious. One possible bone of contention was that Confucius was particular about food presentation, which did not align with his wife’s cooking style. It's even speculated that Confucius and Qiguan may have eventually divorced, though this remains uncertain. Most scholars believe they did indeed separate at some point.

Beyond her surname, very little information is available about Qiguan's background or personal life (4).

Confucius valued strong interpersonal relationships and emphasized the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and loyalty to one's family and community.

MONEY AND FAME Despite his later fame, Confucius lived humbly and was never driven by wealth or personal gain. Instead, he sought to find a ruler who would implement his vision for a just society.

He accepted valuable aid from some of his students but he also welcomed students who could only afford to pay a small fee. 

FOOD AND DRINK Confucius was meticulous about food. He believed meat should be cut in square pieces, served with the correct sauce, and rice should be white and finely minced. These ideals reflected his emphasis on ritual and order.

Confucius and his disciples were parched from their journey. One of his followers stumbled upon a hidden puddle of rainwater and, filled with kindness, scooped some water into his rice bowl to offer to his revered teacher.  Confucius, ever the philosopher, declined the offering. He gently explained, "This small amount of water is insufficient for one, let alone for all of us. Let us continue our journey and trust that we will find sustenance."

MUSIC AND ARTS Confucius stressed the importance of music, for the Chinese music of this time had ceremonial and religious functions important in state functions and worship

Confucius collected and curated traditional Chinese songs, dances, and music as part of his dedication to preserving Chinese culture. His compilation included 300 songs, ceremonial pieces, love songs, and work songs.

LITERATURE Confucius was a prolific writer and editor.. He spent much of his life compiling and editing the ancient Chinese holy writings. His work with these texts helped preserve and pass down the history, poetry, and teachings of earlier eras. The Analects, is a collection of his sayings and teachings.

The Analects (of Confucius) vol.2 Hachi-itsu.

Modern books, such as Confucius Lives Next Door by T.R. Reid, explore how Confucian values still influence societies today, particularly in East Asia, underscoring the enduring relevance of his teachings in contemporary culture.

NATURE Confucius had a profound respect for nature and often drew inspiration from the natural world. He believed that humans should live in harmony with nature.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Flying kites was one of Confucius’ childhood pastimes. As an adult, he was dedicated to ritual practices and scholarly pursuits rather than leisure activities. However, he may have enjoyed traditional Chinese pastimes such as calligraphy, painting, and playing the guqin (a traditional Chinese plucked string instrument).

SCIENCE AND MATHS While Confucius was not a scientist or mathematician in the modern sense, he valued the importance of practical knowledge and empirical observation, which are key principles in mathematics and science.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Confucius positioned himself as a transmitter of ancient wisdom rather than an originator of new ideas. He developed his philosophy during a tumultuous period of Chinese history, the Warring States period (481-221 BC), characterized by political instability and social unrest.

As a dedicated teacher, Confucius gathered a group of devoted disciples who accompanied him on his travels. He sought a wise ruler who would implement his vision of a just and harmonious society. His teachings, rooted in reason rather than supernatural beliefs, emphasized the importance of ethical behavior, social harmony, and good governance. Confucius believed that leaders had a moral obligation to govern justly and fairly, treating their subjects with compassion and respect.

His philosophy is encapsulated in timeless sayings such as:

"What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."

"When you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal. When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self."

"The people may be made to follow a course of action, but they may not be made to understand it."

Confucius also stressed the importance of personal cultivation, advocating for five virtues: gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. These virtues, he believed, were essential for achieving a harmonious and virtuous life.

It's worth noting that during Confucius's lifetime, a significant event occurred in the history of Judaism: the return of the Jewish people from exile and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. While geographically distant, both Confucius and the Jewish people were seeking to restore moral and social order in their respective societies.

It's important to note that Confucianism is a dynamic philosophy that has evolved over time. Later scholars expanded upon Confucius' original ideas, and the philosophy has had a profound and lasting impact on East Asian cultures.

POLITICS Confucius believed in governance led by virtue and justice rather than by force or punishment. He sought a ruler who would adopt his model for ethical and humane governance, though he never succeeded in finding one willing to fully embrace his philosophy.

One day, Confucius encountered an elderly woman weeping bitterly beside a grave. Curious, he inquired about the reason for her sorrow. The woman explained that a ferocious tiger had claimed the lives of her husband, father-in-law, and most recently, her only son. Puzzled, Confucius asked, "Why, then, do you choose to live in such a dangerous place?" The woman replied, "Because there is no oppressive government here." Confucius turned to his disciples and said, "Remember this, my children..."

SCANDAL During his tenure as a high-ranking official in the state of Lu, Confucius issued a controversial order for the arrest and execution of Sau-Zhen-Mau, a respected figure. While the reasons cited were vague, this action raised concerns about the potential for abuse of power. It's worth noting, however, that some historians dispute this account, attributing it to later embellishments.

The King of Lu, disapproving of Confucius's actions, publicly snubbed him during a significant ritual, a clear sign of disapproval. This incident, along with other political factors, led to Confucius's forced exile from his homeland.

MILITARY RECORD Confucius came from the shi class, which traditionally served as warriors and minor aristocrats. However, by his time, many shi had become itinerant advisors and teachers rather than active military personnel

Confucius's teachings emphasized moral and ethical governance rather than military prowess. He focused on virtue, social harmony, and proper conduct as the basis for good rulership

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Confucius likely maintained a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and meditation.

Confucius was aware of various remedies and treated ailments with herbal medicine, using mulberry for inner ear issues, yam for fatigue, and buckbean root for the common cold.

HOMES  The actual residences where Confucius lived during his life are unknown. 

The most famous residence associated with Confucius is the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, Shandong Province. However, this mansion was not Confucius' personal home, but rather the historical residence of his direct descendants. The extant structures of the Kong Family Mansion mainly date from the Ming and Qing dynasties, long after Confucius' time. Today, the Kong Family Mansion is a museum and part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu". It comprises 152 buildings with 480 rooms, covering an area of 12,470 square metres.

TRAVEL Confucius, disillusioned with the political climate of his time, abandoned his political career in Lu at the age of fifty. He embarked on a twelve-year journey across China, seeking a ruler who would embrace his vision of a just and harmonious society. This period, known as "touring the kingdoms," was a challenging one. Confucius encountered mixed reactions from the various rulers he met. Some were indifferent to his teachings, while others outright rejected his ideas. Despite these setbacks, Confucius persevered, driven by his unwavering belief in the power of his philosophy to transform society.

DEATH Confucius's later years were marked by profound loss. He mourned the deaths of both his beloved son and several cherished disciples. He died in 479 BC aged 72, feeling he had failed to realize his vision for a just society.

Confucius was laid to rest on the banks of the Sishui River, north of Qufu City in Shandong Province. His initial burial site was a modest affair, consisting of an axe-shaped tomb and a brick platform for offerings. Over time, the reverence for Confucius grew, leading to the expansion of his burial site.

Starting from the Han Dynasty, emperors began to expand the cemetery, transforming it into a vast complex. Today, the Cemetery of Confucius, or Kong Lin, spans over 183 hectares and houses the graves of more than 100,000 of Confucius' descendants. This sacred site has undergone numerous renovations and expansions, with its perimeter wall eventually reaching a length of 7.5 kilometers.

In recognition of its historical and cultural significance, the Cemetery of Confucius was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994, alongside the Temple of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Confucius’ life has been depicted in numerous books, films, and documentaries, illustrating his philosophical journey and his profound impact on Chinese culture. Here are a few ways Confucius has been represented in media:

1. Documentaries and Historical Dramas

Documentaries: Confucius appears in numerous documentaries focused on Eastern philosophy and Chinese history, such as Confucius: Words of Wisdom (2013) and Confucius Was a Foodie (2016), which explores Chinese culture and cuisine through the lens of Confucian values.

Historical Dramas: Confucius has been portrayed in historical films like Confucius (2010), starring Chow Yun-Fat, which dramatizes his life, his journey as a teacher, and the societal challenges he faced. This film blends fact with fiction to explore his philosophical journey and influence in ancient China.

2. Television Series and Educational Programs

Many educational shows, especially in China, have dedicated episodes to Confucian teachings, discussing concepts like ren (benevolence), li (ritual propriety), and xiao (filial piety). His teachings have been presented in children's programming and animated series, where the focus is on simplifying his ideas for a young audience.

In Western media, series on world religions and philosophy, like PBS’s Confucius and the Golden Rule, introduce Confucius and his values to viewers unfamiliar with his legacy.

3. Pop Culture References

Quotes and Parodies: Confucius’ aphorisms often appear in pop culture, sometimes humorously. His famous sayings are frequently quoted or paraphrased, sometimes in parody form (e.g., “Confucius say…” jokes).

Anime and Video Games: Confucius occasionally appears as a wise character or reference point in anime and video games, particularly in those featuring historical or mythological themes. Civilization VI includes Confucius as one of the "Great Philosophers" that players can recruit, showcasing his role as a cultural figure with unique bonuses for development.

ACHIEVEMENTS Confucius’ legacy endures through Confucianism, the state religion of China from 136 BC, and the guiding philosophy for millions for over 2,500 years. His teachings on ethics, family loyalty, and moral governance remain highly influential in China and beyond. 

His family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded pedigree chart in the world, with over 2 million descendants and a history preserved through 83 generations.

Sources Encarta Encyclopedia, Faber Book of Anecdotes

Commodus

NAME Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Commodus is famous for his rule as Roman Emperor, his obsession with gladiatorial combat, and his notoriety for cruelty and megalomania. His reign is often cited as the beginning of Rome’s decline.

BIRTH Commodus was born on August 31, 161, in Lanuvium, near Rome.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Commodus was the son of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, herself a descendant of Emperor Antoninus Pius. He was the first emperor to inherit the throne directly from his father in over a century, marking the succession on March 17, 180.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in a privileged imperial household, Commodus had early exposure to the responsibilities of rule. However, his youth foreshadowed his later cruelty and indulgence.

Commodus as a child

EDUCATION Despite being educated under the best tutors, Commodus is believed to have lacked the philosophical temperament his father hoped to instill in him. His interest leaned toward physical pursuits rather than scholarly ones.

CAREER RECORD 177-180 Co-Emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius 

180 Became sole emperor upon his father’s death and ruled until his assassination in 192.

APPEARANCE  Commodus was described as a handsome man with curly blonde hair. His face was long with protruding, hooded eyes and he was considered to be well-built and physically impressive.

FASHION His grooming, particularly the styling of his hair and beard, was meant to suggest civility with Roman citizens.

The emperor was fond of presenting himself as Hercules in public appearances, often dressing in a lion skin to emulate the mythical hero.

In the arena, Commodus often dressed as a gladiator, a style considered shocking and undignified for an emperor. He adorned himself extravagantly and expected his likeness to be revered as if he were a god.

Commodus' appearance seems to have been a significant aspect of his public persona. His good looks, combined with his physical prowess and carefully cultivated image, contributed to his reputation as a strong and virile emperor. However, it's worth noting that his focus on his appearance and physical exploits, particularly his gladiatorial performances, eventually became a source of ridicule and contributed to his unpopularity among the Roman elite. 

Commodus dressed as Hercules, c. 191Jofrey Rudel Marie-Lan Nguyen (Jastrow)

CHARACTER Commodus became increasingly tyrannical and megalomaniacal, renaming Rome and various institutions after himself. His brutal methods and capricious punishments reflected his sense of absolute power.

SENSE OF HUMOUR His sense of humor veered toward the cruel; he reportedly forced dwarfs, cripples, and other vulnerable people to fight to the death in the Colosseum for his amusement.

RELATIONSHIPS Commodus married Bruttia Crispina in 178 AD. Their marriage was arranged by their fathers, Marcus Aurelius and Gaius Bruttius Praesens. The marriage did not produce an heir, which led to a dynastic succession crisis.

Around 188 AD, Commodus accused Crispina of adultery, a charge likely fabricated to justify her banishment to the island of Capri. She was later executed, possibly in 191 AD.

Following his wife's demise, Commodus turned to Marcia, a woman with Christian sympathies. She had previously been the lover of Senator Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus. Marcia, though not officially Commodus' wife, held significant influence over him and is believed to have encouraged policies favorable to Christians. Ultimately, she was involved in the conspiracy that led to Commodus' assassination in 192 AD.

Beyond these relationships, Commodus was reputed to have a vast harem, consisting of 300 women and 300 boys, according to some historical accounts.

MONEY AND FAME Commodus was lavish in his expenditures on the games and personal indulgences. He relished his fame as a gladiatorial fighter, demanding that Rome and its people celebrate his glory.

FOOD AND DRINK While Commodus had access to the finest foods and drink available to Roman nobility, historical accounts suggest he was more interested in physical pursuits like gladiatorial combat than in culinary indulgences. However, his diet would have been rich and varied, befitting his status as emperor.

MUSIC AND ARTS While Commodus would have been exposed to music, arts, and literature as part of his education and Roman cultural life, there's no strong evidence suggesting he had a particular interest or talent in these areas. His documented interests and activities were primarily focused on physical pursuits, gladiatorial combat, and self-aggrandizement rather than intellectual or artistic endeavors.

LITERATURE Commodus likely had access to Rome’s finest literary works, but he does not seem to have had an active interest in literary pursuits.

Commodus has appeared in various historical novels, often as a colorful or menacing character. Robert Graves' Claudius the God and I, Claudius touch on his legacy indirectly. Additionally, the novel Empire by Steven Saylor portrays Commodus in a fictionalized yet historically inspired context, adding depth to the mythology surrounding him.

NATURE Commodus took an interest in hunting, using his skill with a bow to kill animals during the games. He devised new methods for killing animals in the arena, such as using crescent-shaped arrows to decapitate ostriches

PETS As emperor, Commodus had access to a wide variety of exotic animals that were used in spectacles and games. These included lions, bears, wild boars, leopards, elephants, tigers, and other large animals from Africa

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Sport was Commodus' chief interest, especially horse racing, chariot racing, and, above all, gladiatorial combat. He fought and won 1,301 battles in the arena, as his opponents were forced to submit to him.

Commodus was known for his beast hunts in the arena. In one instance, he reportedly rescued a condemned criminal from the jaws of a leopard during a bout. 

During one of his performances, Commodus is said to have killed one hundred bears in a single day. 

Commodus Leaving the Arena at the Head of the Gladiators by Edwin Blashfield (1848–1936)

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Unlike his philosophically inclined father, Commodus showed little interest in Stoicism or philosophical matters.

Commodus did cultivate a strong association with the cult of Hercules. However, this seems to have been more about self-aggrandizement than genuine theological interest. He presented himself as Hercules in iconography and even claimed to be a god himself .

There is evidence that Commodus was initiated into the mystery cult of Mithraism, but he reportedly "dishonoured the rites".

POLITICS Commodus ruled as an autocrat, centralizing power and suppressing dissent. His political decisions were heavily influenced by his whims and indulgences, ultimately leading to increasing resentment from the Roman Senate and populace.

REIGN Commodus, a Roman emperor with a bit of a flair for the dramatic, took the reins of the empire in 177 AD. For a few years, he shared the throne with his dad, Marcus Aurelius, a pretty decent fellow by all accounts. But once Marcus kicked the bucket in 180, Commodus was the boss, and things started to go a bit pear-shaped.

This is where the Pax Romana, that golden age of peace and prosperity, started to tarnish. Instead of leading legions into battle like his dad, Commodus preferred the gladiator ring. He was quite the showman, prancing around the Colosseum, slaying lions and gladiators. It was a bit of a circus, really.

While he was busy playing hero, the empire was left in the hands of a bunch of palace officials – Saoterus, Perennis, and Cleander. They were the real power players, pulling the strings while Commodus was off chasing fame and glory.

SCANDAL Commodus’ reign was filled with scandal. He executed citizens, tortured servants, and appointed corrupt officials. By 190, he began renaming institutions after himself, an act that epitomized his detachment from reality.

MILITARY RECORD In 172 AD, when young Commodus was just a lad of 11, he joined his dad, Marcus Aurelius, on a military campaign in Carnuntum, a Roman outpost in modern-day Austria. This was during the Marcomannic Wars against a bunch of pesky Germanic tribes. The following year, in a show of support, Commodus was given the fancy title "Germanicus," signaling his involvement in the fighting.

A few years later, in 175-176 AD, Commodus, still just a teenager, accompanied his dad on a grand tour of the Eastern provinces. It was quite the adventure, no doubt.

From 178 AD until Marcus Aurelius' untimely demise in 180 CE, Commodus fought alongside his father on the Danube frontier. He was right there with the troops when the old man passed away.

After inheriting the empire, Commodus stuck around on the Danube for a bit, but he soon got tired of all the fighting. He decided to make peace with the local tribes and head back to Rome. From then on he showed little interest in Rome’s actual military affairs, instead focusing on personal indulgences and internal matters.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS When he was growing up, Commodus was looked after by his father's physician, Galen. Galen was tasked with ensuring that Commodus stayed healthy and well. Every illness was treated to ensure he remained strong and healthy.

Throughout his life, Commodus maintained excellent physical fitness, training for and participating in gladiatorial events, which he often showcased to the public.

HOMES As emperor, Commodus would have initially resided in the imperial palace on the Palatine Hill in Rome. This was the traditional residence of Roman emperors.

At some point during his reign, Commodus moved his residence from the Palace to the Aedes Vectilianae on the Caelian hill. He reportedly said he could not sleep in the Palace.

After having the Quintilii brothers executed in 182 AD, Commodus confiscated their villa for himself. This large and luxurious villa was located along the Via Appia Antica, just outside the traditional boundaries of Rome. Commodus apparently loved to live here for the tranquility of the countryside and the thermal baths

After attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium 

TRAVEL As emperor, Commodus would have had access to luxurious carriages (called carrucae) for travel on land. These were four-wheeled vehicles drawn by horses or mules, used for longer journeys with luggage.

For shorter distances, especially within the city, Commodus may have used litters carried by slaves. These were a common mode of transport for the wealthy and influential.

For military campaigns or faster travel, Commodus likely rode on horseback. We know he accompanied his father Marcus Aurelius on military campaigns, which would have involved horseback riding.

For longer journeys, especially across the Mediterranean, Commodus would have traveled by ship. The Roman Empire had an extensive network of sea routes and ports.

DEATH On December 31, 192, Commodus was assassinated by his wrestling partner Narcissus, who strangled him in his bath after high-ranking officials orchestrated the plot due to his increasingly erratic and tyrannical behavior.

Commodus was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, also known as Castel Sant'Angelo, in Rome. As was common for Roman emperors at the time, Commodus was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a cinerary urn within the mausoleum. Commodus' ashes were placed alongside those of other emperors and their family members, including Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Geta, and Caracalla.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA  Commodus has been depicted in various media over the years, often focusing on his tyrannical and erratic rule as well as his love for gladiatorial combat. Here are some notable portrayals:

1. Film: Gladiator (2000) Commodus is famously portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix in Ridley Scott's Gladiator, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Phoenix's performance as the power-hungry and unstable emperor brought a new dimension to Commodus' character, portraying him as a manipulative and insecure ruler who seeks approval but rules with cruelty. This film greatly contributed to the popular image of Commodus as a villainous figure.

2. Television: Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (2008) In this History Channel docudrama, Commodus is depicted in a more documentary-style narrative, emphasizing the real historical events and figures surrounding his life and reign. The show illustrates his descent into madness and the impact of his rule on the Roman Empire.

3. TV Series: Roman Empire (2016-2019) The Netflix series Roman Empire features Commodus prominently in its second season, titled Master of Rome. In this part-documentary, part-dramatized series, actor Aaron Jakubenko portrays Commodus. The show delves into his life and reign, presenting a detailed and somewhat dramatized look at his descent into megalomania and the effect his rule had on the empire.

4. Video Games In the game Ryse: Son of Rome (2013), inspired by Roman history, the character of Commodus appears as a villain. The game takes liberties with his character, but he is depicted as a brutal and corrupt ruler.

5. Comic Books and Graphic Novels Commodus occasionally appears in graphic novels and comics centered around Roman history, such as those by Valerio Manfredi. His character is often portrayed as corrupt and cruel, aligned with the historical accounts of his rule.

ACHIEVEMENTS Though his reign is often remembered negatively, Commodus' actions set the stage for future changes in the Roman Empire. However, his indulgence and neglect of state affairs have historically overshadowed any positive legacy, marking him as the catalyst for Rome’s eventual decline.

Christopher Columbus

NAME Christopher Columbus

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Columbus is famous for his transatlantic voyages under the Spanish crown, leading to European awareness and exploration of the Americas. His 1492 expedition, landing in the Bahamas, marked the first enduring connection between Europe and the Americas.

BIRTH Born in Genoa, Italy, sometime before October 31, 1451, Columbus’s birthplace is now a historic site.

FAMILY BACKGROUND He was the son of Domenico Colombo, a wool weaver and tavern owner, and Susanna Fontanarossa. Columbus had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and one sister, Bianchinetta. His family was modestly middle-class.

CHILDHOOD Growing up in Genoa, Columbus experienced a simple life, helping in his father’s businesses, which included wool weaving and running a cheese stand.

He developed an obsession with the sea from a young age. Columbus began his sailing career as a teenager, reportedly going to sea for the first time at the age of 14

EDUCATION Columbus's family was of limited means, which restricted his formal education. He likely received a basic education in Latin and mathematics until the age of 14. However, his true learning began after his teenage years when he embarked on his maritime career. 

After arriving in Portugal, Columbus learned to read and write, and he absorbed the latest navigational and trading techniques from the Portuguese. Between 1470 and 1474, he collaborated with his brother Bartolomeo to delve deeper into the study of cartography.

CAREER RECORD Columbus began sailing young, with his first documented voyage to the Island of Chios in the Aegean. 

After a shipwreck in Portugal in 1476, he swam to shore and settled in Lisbon. There he worked as a cartographer with his brother Bartholomew. 

Columbus’s historic voyages began in 1492 when Spain backed his westward journey to find a route to the Orient.

APPEARANCE Christopher Columbus was described as a man of imposing stature for his time. He was well-built with a long face and high cheekbones. His complexion was fair, often reddening, and he was known to have freckles. His eyes were light-colored, possibly blue, gray, hazel, or green. A distinctive feature was his aquiline nose.

In his youth, Columbus had fair or light-colored hair, which turned completely white by the age of 30. While some accounts mention him sporting a beard, others do not.

It's important to remember that no authentic contemporary portraits of Columbus exist. Our understanding of his appearance is based on written descriptions from those who knew him, such as his son Ferdinand and Bartolomé de las Casas. Many later depictions, including the famous portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, may not accurately reflect his true appearance.

Posthumous portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519

FASHION Columbus dressed in the practical attire of sailors,  a woolen or linen shirt, breeches, and a heavy coat. However, his portraits often idealize him in more formal or noble clothing.

CHARACTER Determined and ambitious, Columbus was a fervent believer in his mission and driven by both religious and financial motivations. He displayed a confident, sometimes stubborn, nature.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Columbus displayed cunning and resourcefulness, particularly in his dealings with indigenous peoples, as when he used his knowledge of an eclipse to obtain provisions from natives in Jamaica.

RELATIONSHIPS Christopher Columbus married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo in 1479 in Vila Baleira on Porto Santo Island, Madeira, Portugal. She was a Portuguese noblewoman from a family with maritime connections. Through this marriage, Columbus gained access to valuable navigational charts and knowledge. They had one son together: Diego Columbus. He became the 2nd Admiral of the Indies, 2nd Viceroy of the Indies, and 4th Governor of the Indies

Filipa Moniz Perestrelo died sometime between 1479 and 1484. After her death, Columbus moved to Spain and began a relationship with Beatriz Enríquez de Arana,  a woman of lower social standing. They had a son: Fernando Columbus (also known as Ferdinand), born on August 15, 1488, who became a bibliographer and cosmographer.

Beatriz remained a significant figure in Columbus's life and was well-provided for in his will. Both Diego and Ferdinand would later play crucial roles in defending and promoting their father's legacy.

Ferdinand Columbus

MONEY AND FAME Columbus was driven by a combination of factors: a desire for wealth, fame, and the opportunity to expand the Christian faith. He proposed a daring plan to the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to find a westward route to the lucrative spice trade of the East Indies.

Initially, the monarchs were hesitant to invest in this risky venture. However, they eventually agreed to fund the expedition, providing Columbus with the necessary resources. The Spanish Crown's investment proved to be highly profitable, yielding significant returns in gold and other riches from the New World.

Columbus' first voyage in 1492 made him famous across Europe. News of his voyage spread rapidly, with printed versions of his letter about the journey appearing almost immediately after his return to Spain

Despite his initial successes, Columbus's later years were marked by misfortune and disappointment. The Spanish Crown stripped him of his governorship and confiscated his rights to the New World. He spent much of his remaining years in legal battles, fighting for recognition and financial compensation.

Although he died a relatively wealthy man, his legacy was tarnished by controversy and his final years were overshadowed by financial hardship and legal disputes.

FOOD AND DRINK Columbus's voyages were often plagued by food shortages and poor quality provisions. His crews subsisted on a diet of salted meat, fish stews, hard biscuits, and watered wine. On his fourth voyage, conditions deteriorated further, forcing the crew to resort to worm-infested biscuit porridge.

Columbus played a role in introducing several important crops to Europe and the Americas. He brought sugar cane to the West Indies, laying the foundation for the region's sugar industry. He also introduced tobacco, cocoa beans, and potatoes to Europe, although the latter two crops took centuries to gain widespread acceptance.

One of the most significant agricultural discoveries made by Columbus was maize, or corn. Native Americans introduced Columbus to this versatile grain, which would eventually become a staple food in many parts of the world.

Additionally, Columbus brought orange, lemon, and citron seeds to the Caribbean, contributing to the region's diverse agricultural landscape.

During his fourth voyage, Columbus faced a critical food shortage while stranded in Jamaica. He cleverly used his knowledge of an upcoming lunar eclipse to intimidate the local inhabitants into providing food and supplies.

His encounters with the indigenous populations of the Americas also exposed him to their culinary practices, including the use of chili peppers and the consumption of human flesh in certain rituals.

MUSIC AND ARTS As someone who had access to the Spanish royal court, Columbus would have been exposed to various forms of art and music that were popular among the nobility.

LITERATURE Columbus was a voracious reader, particularly interested in geographical and theological texts. His extensive reading likely influenced his belief in the possibility of a westward route to Asia.

To maintain morale among his crew during his first voyage, Columbus kept two sets of logs: one accurate log for his own records and another, more optimistic log to reassure his crew about their proximity to land. Despite these efforts, tensions arose among the sailors, who were growing increasingly anxious.

An account of Columbus's 1492 voyage was quickly published in Basel in 1493, generating significant interest and excitement.

A particularly important text in Columbus's library was Marco Polo's Book of the Wonders of the World. This 1485 Italian edition, filled with Columbus's personal notes and annotations, provided valuable geographical information that likely guided his expeditions. It is believed that Columbus may have carried this book with him on his voyages. He likely acquired the book as a gift from an English merchant in 1497 and consulted it extensively while preparing for his third voyage to the Americas.

Columbus's copy of The Travels of Marco Polo, with his handwritten notes in Latin written in the margins

Columbus's letters about his voyages became popular reading across Europe. 

Washington Irving’s 19th century biography later mythologized Columbus, portraying him as a hero who disproved the flat-earth theory.

NATURE Columbus’s voyages introduced Europe to the fauna and flora of the Americas. His explorers discovered maize in Cuba, which became a major staple worldwide.

During his first transatlantic voyage, Columbus employed a clever strategy inspired by the Portuguese discovery of the Azores. By observing the flight patterns of migrating birds, he hoped to follow a natural route across the ocean.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Sailing was both Columbus's career and passion, and he was always eager to explore new routes.

Columbus was deeply interested in navigation and map-making. He spent years studying navigation techniques and geographical knowledge of his time.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Columbus had a strong interest in astronomy, navigation, and cartography. He used his knowledge of these subjects to plan and execute his voyages.

During his fourth voyage, Columbus found himself stranded in Jamaica. With dwindling supplies and a hostile population unwilling to trade, he faced a desperate situation. However, Columbus possessed a secret weapon: knowledge.

Consulting his Zacuto almanac, he learned that a lunar eclipse would occur on February 29, 1504. Summoning the Jamaican chiefs, Columbus boldly declared that he could control the celestial bodies. He warned them that if they did not provide food and supplies, he would invoke his divine power to blot out the moon.

The chiefs, initially dismissive, were stunned when the eclipse began as predicted. Fear gripped the islanders as the moon darkened. Desperate to appease the mysterious white man, they agreed to provide the necessary provisions.

When the eclipse ended, Columbus emerged as a celestial deity, saving his crew from starvation and securing their survival on the island.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Christopher Columbus, a lay Franciscan monk, grounded his calculations for his 1492 voyage in Biblical scripture, particularly the books of Esdras from the Apocrypha. His religious faith was a significant driving force behind his exploration.

Upon landing on San Salvador, Columbus named it "Saint of Salvation" to express his gratitude for reaching land safely. This naming choice reflects his deep religious beliefs and his view of his journey as a divinely ordained mission.

Despite the widespread superstition that Friday was an unlucky day for seafaring, Columbus defied tradition and set sail on a Friday. His first voyage also concluded on a Friday, when he sighted land. This coincidence further solidified his belief in the divine favor guiding his expedition.

On January 6, 1494, Columbus and his crew landed at Isabela on the island of Haiti. They gathered in a makeshift church, where they attended the first mass ever celebrated on the American continent, led by Fray Buil.

Columbus's voyage was motivated by both religious and economic goals. He sought to spread Christianity to the pagan peoples of the East and to bring wealth to the Spanish crown. To aid in the conversion of these "Eastern" peoples, he included a converted Jew who spoke Arabic, mistakenly believing it to be similar to Chinese. Additionally, a group of Franciscan missionaries accompanied the expedition, quickly initiating the conversion of the Native American populations.

As Columbus aged, his religious fervor deepened. He claimed to hear divine voices, advocated for a new crusade to recapture Jerusalem, and often wore the Franciscan habit. He interpreted his discoveries as part of God's grand plan, believing they heralded the impending Last Judgment and the end of the world.

POLITICS  Columbus managed complex relationships with Spain’s royalty and navigated delicate treaties with Portugal. He served as governor of Hispaniola but was later removed for his harsh governance.

On his return voyage from his first journey, Columbus was forced to seek shelter in Lisbon due to severe weather. This allowed King John II of Portugal to learn of his discoveries before the King of Spain. The Portuguese immediately claimed rights to all lands west of Africa. The Pope, Alexander VI, a Spaniard, intervened and granted Spain dominion over all lands 300 miles west of the Azores, essentially claiming all of America. This decision, based on the disputed Donation of Constantine, sparked tensions between Spain and Portugal. To avoid conflict, the two nations eventually agreed to a revised treaty that gave Portugal the easternmost portion of America.

SCANDAL In his early career, Columbus engaged in piracy.

In 1495, Columbus led a group of 1,200 colonists to Hispaniola. However, he proved to be an ineffective governor. Disappointed by the lack of gold, he grew frustrated with the indigenous people, imposing a system of forced labor on the Taíno Indians to cultivate sugarcane. This brutal treatment, combined with the introduction of European diseases, led to a devastating decline in the indigenous population of Hispaniola. Between 1492 and 1510, the Taíno population plummeted from an estimated 300,000 to a mere 25,000.

Columbus faced scandal due to his brutal treatment of natives and governance on Hispaniola, resulting in his return to Spain in chains.

In recent decades, Columbus's legacy has been tarnished. He is often portrayed as a figure who brought disease and exploitation to the Americas. The devastating impact of European colonization, which led to the decimation of indigenous populations, is now widely recognized.

MILITARY RECORD Columbus was a naval mercenary in the service of Rene D'Anjou, king of Naples in 1472-73. 

Columbus led expeditions to the Americas that included violent confrontations with indigenous groups, often in pursuit of wealth for Spain.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Columbus's voyages to the Americas inadvertently introduced a new disease to Europe: syphilis. This sexually transmitted infection is believed to have originated in the Caribbean and was spread by the sailors who returned from the New World.

In his later years, Columbus's health deteriorated. He suffered from severe arthritis and a debilitating illness, likely Reiter's syndrome, which caused joint pain, eye inflammation, and skin rashes.

HOMES After a shipwreck off the coast of Portugal, where a French ship sank his vessel, Columbus swam ashore, clinging to an oar. He was taken in by the local inhabitants and settled there in 1476.

During his return voyages from the Americas, Columbus often stayed in Los Palmas, in the Canary Islands, while his ships were being refitted. The house where he resided has been preserved as a museum.

Columbus spent his final years in a modest home in Valladolid, Spain.

TRAVEL Before embarking on his historic voyages, Columbus gained experience through various maritime endeavors. He visited England in 1477, where he likely heard tales of lands far to the west. He also explored Iceland in the 1480s and possibly West Africa in 1482.

A pivotal moment in Columbus's life occurred in 1476 when his ship was attacked by French privateers off the Cape of St. Vincent. After swimming six miles to shore, he experienced the perils of the open sea firsthand.

First Voyage (1492-1493): On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain, aboard the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Niña. After a perilous voyage, he landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12, dubbing it San Salvador. He became the first European to step foot on Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) on December 5, 1492, and explored both Hispaniola and the island of Cuba, mistakenly believing them to be part of Asia. The Santa Maria was shipwrecked, but Columbus returned to Spain on the Niña.

Second Voyage (1493-1496): Columbus led a larger expedition with 17 ships and over 1,500 people. He explored the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, which he first sighted on November 18, 1493, and Jamaica. Columbus established the first permanent European settlement in the New World, Isabella, on Hispaniola.

Third Voyage (1498-1500): Columbus sailed south, discovering the island of Trinidad and the South American mainland. Due to various challenges, including a mutiny, he was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains.

Fourth Voyage (1502-1504): Columbus explored the coast of Central America, reaching Honduras and Nicaragua. He was shipwrecked in Jamaica and endured a difficult year before being rescued.

Despite his significant contributions to exploration, Columbus's legacy is complex. He never actually reached mainland North America or set foot on South America until his third voyage. His belief that he had discovered a route to Asia led to numerous misconceptions about the geography of the New World.

DEATH Columbus died on May 20, 1506, in Valladolid, Spain. He had suffered from a long-term illness that first showed symptoms during his third voyage, eight years before his death.

While his son Fernando attributed the cause to "gout," recent research suggests it was likely Reiter's Syndrome, a rare tropical disease.

Columbus was initially buried in a small cemetery in Valladolid. Shortly after, his body was moved to Seville. Columbus's eldest son Diego was later buried beside his father in Seville. In 1537 both bodies were moved to the cathedral in Santo Domingo, Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic).

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Columbus's story has been retold in literature, films, and documentaries, with Washington Irving’s 19th-century writings elevating his myth. They include: 

1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992): Directed by Ridley Scott, this film portrays Columbus’s 1492 voyage to the Americas, starring Gérard Depardieu as Columbus. It captures the ambition and conflicts surrounding his journey, although it faced criticism for historical inaccuracies.

Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992): Another 1992 release, this film directed by John Glen and starring Georges Corraface as Columbus, was intended as a celebration of the 500th anniversary of his journey but received mixed reviews.

Columbus appears in various animated series like The Simpsons and South Park, usually satirically, critiquing or commenting on colonialism and its impacts.

Today, his role is examined critically, balancing exploration with impact on indigenous peoples. 

ACHIEVEMENTS Columbus’s most notable achievement was his 1492 journey, linking Europe and the Americas. He introduced new foods like maize to Europe, and his voyages changed global trade and geopolitics forever.

Columbus Day is celebrated on the second Monday of October in the United States. The first celebration of Columbus Day in the USA held in was held in New York on October 12, 1792.

Saint Columba

NAME Saint Columba, also known as Colum Cille, meaning “Dove of the Church.”

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Saint Columba is celebrated for his role in spreading Christianity to Scotland and founding the monastery at Iona, which became a significant center of learning, spirituality, and missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

BIRTH Columba was born on December 7, 521, in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, in what is now County Donegal, Ireland.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Columba, a descendant of Irish royalty, was born to Fedhlimidh and Eithne of the Uí Néill clan in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, Donegal. His father, a powerful Ulster warlord, was a kinsman of reigning Irish and Scottish princes. This lineage connected Columba to Niall of the Nine Hostages, a renowned fourth-century Irish king. 

CHILDHOOD As a youth, Columba was drawn to the Christian faith and displayed a deep sense of spirituality from an early age. Little is documented about his childhood, but he likely grew up surrounded by Gaelic traditions and the growing influence of the Christian faith.

EDUCATION As was customary for Irish aristocratic children, Columba was given to foster parents for his education. His foster parent and teacher was a priest named Cruithnechán (also spelled Crunathan), who also baptized him

When he was sufficiently advanced in his studies, Columba entered the monastic school of Movilla at Newtownards, under Saint Finnian. This occurred when he was about twenty years old and already a deacon,

After Movilla, Columba became a pupil at the monastic school at Clonard Abbey, situated on the River Boyne in modern County Meath. Clonard was one of the most significant centers of learning in 6th century Ireland, with an estimated 3,000 scholars under instruction. Clonard Abbey was governed at that time by Finnian of Clonard. Columba was one of twelve students of Finnian of Clonard who became known as the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.

Columba also studied under Mobhí Clárainech at his monastery in Glasnevin, which was frequented by other famous religious figures of the time.

It's worth noting that Columba's education wasn't limited to monasteries. He also studied under an aged bard named Gemman, where he likely learned about poetry and the bardic tradition. 

Columba's education provided him with a deep understanding of scripture, Latin, and Christian theology.

CAREER RECORD After completing his education, Columba founded several important monasteries in Ireland,

Around 563 AD, at the age of 42, Columba and twelve companions left Ireland and settled on the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland. He founded the monastery at Iona, which became both a base for Christian missionary work and a center of learning. This became the base for his missionary work among the Picts.

From Iona, Columba spread Christianity throughout Scotland, particularly among the Picts and the Gaels of Dál Riata. He is credited with converting many to Christianity and playing a significant role in the Christianization of Scotland.

Columba became an important figure in the politics of the region, often serving as a diplomat between various tribes. He was involved in the coronation of King Aidan of Dalriada and participated in the important Synod of Drumceatt in Ireland

Columba’s work had a lasting influence on Christianity in Scotland and Northern England, with many of his followers continuing his mission after his death.

APPEARANCE : According to Adamnan, Columba's biographer, he was "angelic in appearance, graceful in speech, holy in work. This description suggests he had a striking or charismatic presence.

According to tradition, Columba was described as tall and of dignified mien3. This aligns with the idea of him having a commanding presence.

Columba was said to have a strong, sweet, and sonorous voice that could be heard at great distances. This might imply he was a man of some physical stature.

Columba banging on the gate of Bridei, son of Maelchon, King of Fortriu.

FASHION Columba  wore the simple garments of a Celtic monk, which would have included a woolen robe and a hood, in keeping with the austere lifestyle he adopted.

As an Irish monk, Columba would have had the distinctive Celtic tonsure, a hairstyle that was different from the Roman tonsure

CHARACTER Columba was known for his courage, resilience, and profound faith. His personality was marked by a strong sense of duty and discipline, as well as a fiery temperament, which he learned to temper over time.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Stories of his encounters with locals and his pragmatic approach to leadership suggest he had a warm side, which endeared him to his followers.

One story recounts Columba was sitting around a table with some other monks, sharing stories and laughter. As the conversation turned to the miraculous tale of Findlugan, who had been protected by Columba's robe and spear, a monk inquired about the fate of Manus Dextera. Columba solemnly replied, "He is dead...as of this very moment."

RELATIONSHIPS Columba maintained close bonds with his fellow monks and followers. He had a respectful but complex relationship with secular rulers, including Brude, King of the Picts, whom he baptized.

MONEY AND FAME While Columba was born into a noble family, he renounced wealth, choosing instead a life of poverty in line with monastic principles. His fame as a holy man grew across the British Isles, attracting pilgrims to Iona.

FOOD AND DRINK Saint Columba's diet was a reflection of his austere lifestyle as a monk. The staple foods of his diet were simple and nourishing. Porridge, made from barley or oats, was a primary source of sustenance. Barley or oat cakes provided additional carbohydrates. Bread, often made from meal or flour mixed with water, was a common food. For a special treat, milk or honey might be added to the bread dough. However, these ingredients were considered luxuries.

To further demonstrate his commitment to a simple and disciplined life, Columba drank only water. He also practiced regular fasting, which was a common practice among monks of his time. His diet, therefore, was focused on sustenance rather than pleasure, aligning with his religious devotion and self-discipline.

MUSIC AND ARTS Saint Columba was a man of diverse interests, encompassing music and the arts.

Music was a significant aspect of Columba's life. His strong, melodious voice was renowned, and he likely played a role in cultivating musical traditions within the monastic communities he founded.

Columba’s life and work have inspired numerous other artistic and musical tributes over the centuries.

LITERATURE As a revered patron saint of poets, Columba is believed to have composed several poems, including two Latin hymns. While the exact number of his poems is uncertain, some sources attribute up to 300 to him. His poem "Altus Prosator" is particularly well-known.

Columba was deeply passionate about books and learning. He tirelessly sought to acquire and copy Psalters, Bibles, and other valuable manuscripts for his monks. In fact, it is estimated that he personally copied up to 300 manuscripts in his lifetime. The monasteries he established, particularly Iona, became important centers of literary production and preservation.

The scriptoria in these monasteries were renowned for producing beautifully illuminated manuscripts, although the Book of Kells, often associated with Columba's legacy, was likely completed after his death.

Columba was proficient in both Latin and Gaelic, composing works in both languages. He was also a strong advocate for education, encouraging the teaching of reading and writing in his monasteries.

At the assembly of Druim Cetta in 575, Columba defended poets who were facing criticism from the Irish ruling class, demonstrating his commitment to preserving artistic traditions. His early education under a bard exposed him to various aspects of Irish cultural knowledge, including poetry.

His legacy lives on in religious and historical texts, such as The Life of Saint Columba, written by  Adomnán, the ninth abbot of the Columban brotherhood at Iona (679–704). Life of Saint Columba (Latin: Vita Columbae) is the most comprehensive and revered biography of Saint Columba. It draws from the oral traditions and records of the monastery and provides a detailed portrayal of Columba's life, miracles, and spiritual achievements. 

NATURE Columba’s life and work were deeply tied to the rugged landscape of Iona. His connection to the natural world is evident in his respect for his surroundings and the stories of his journeys across Ireland and Scotland.

PETS Columba was described as "tender and kind even to animals that were attracted to him." He often spoke about the need to show kindness to animals. There are stories of Columba having an extraordinary rapport with various animals. For example, he is said to have calmed savage beasts like boars and serpents.

In one account, Columba received a vision that a wounded heron would land on the shore. When it arrived as predicted, Columba cared for it tenderly and released it back into the wild.

Columba's life is filled with tales of miracles attributed to his divine power, particularly during his mission to convert the Picts. One of the most famous stories involves an encounter with a mysterious creature, often linked to the legendary Loch Ness Monster.  On August 22, 565, Columba came across a group of Picts mourning a man who had been killed by the creature while swimming. As one of his followers, Lugne, dove into the water to retrieve a boat, he too was attacked by the beast. In response, Columba made the sign of the cross and commanded the creature to retreat in the name of God. The monster, terrified, immediately fled the scene. This story, while likely embellished, illustrates the belief that Columba had power over even the most fearsome creatures.

One of the most touching stories involves Columba's beloved horse. On the day Columba was going to die, his horse approached him, seeming to know his master was about to pass away. The horse began to weep, and they shared a moment of grief together. This story highlights the deep bond Columba had with animals.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Columba's interests were diverse, encompassing music and scholarship. He compiled a Hymnal for the Week and possessed a strong, melodious voice, suggesting his involvement in musical traditions. His intellectual curiosity led him to study Greek, chronology, and astronomy. As a skilled teacher, he imparted knowledge to his monks, shaping them into learned individuals.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Columba’s influence in science was indirect, as he helped establish Iona as a center for learning, where future monks studied various disciplines, including early mathematics and astronomy.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY In 563, at the age of 42, Columba, accompanied by twelve disciples, founded a community on the island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland.

The year following his arrival on Iona, Columba baptized Brude, the King of the Picts, converting him to Christianity. The stone altar used in this and numerous other ceremonies is believed to be the legendary Stone of Scone, the ancient coronation stone of Scottish monarchs. This stone remained a central part of Scottish coronation rituals for centuries and is now incorporated into the Coronation Chair used by British monarchs.

From this base, he embarked on a mission to convert the Pictish tribes inhabiting the region beyond the Grampian Mountains. His missionary efforts proved highly successful, with him and his disciples traveling extensively across the Pictish mainland (modern-day Scotland), the Hebrides, and the Orkneys, establishing numerous mission stations.

The Iona monastery served as the mother house, exercising authority over all the monasteries founded by Columba and his disciples, including those in northern England. Columba dedicated the last 34 years of his life to organizing and strengthening this ecclesiastical system in Scotland.

Columba established a unique ecclesiastical system, where bishops were subordinate to abbots, and Easter was celebrated on a different date than in Roman churches.

Columba’s teachings emphasized the Celtic Christian philosophy, which valued nature, community, and the continuity of the soul. His theology combined aspects of early Christian mysticism with a practical, missionary focus.

POLITICS Columba navigated a complex political landscape in both Ireland and Scotland. His influence extended into political realms, most notably when he anointed Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dalriada in 574 AD, marking the first recorded anointing of a king in Western Europe.

SCANDAL Columba once visited his former tutor, Finnian the Abbot, and was captivated by a magnificent manuscript, a Gospel not yet in his possession. Eager to study the text more closely, Columba requested permission to copy it. However, Finnian refused, claiming that the manuscript was unique and could not be replicated.

Undeterred, Columba secretly copied the manuscript night after night. When Finnian discovered his actions, he demanded the copy back, but Columba refused. The dispute escalated, and the case was brought before Diarmud, the High King. The King's judgment was that both manuscripts belonged to Finnian, citing a law that equated a copy of a book to its offspring.

Deeply disappointed and remorseful, Columba turned to his clan, the O'Neills, seeking to avenge the perceived injustice. This dispute ultimately led to the Battle of Cul Dremhne in 561, a conflict that resulted in significant casualties. Horrified by the bloodshed and realizing his responsibility, Columba swore to spend the rest of his life in prayer and penance. He also vowed never to return to Irish soil.

In fulfillment of his vow, Columba dedicated himself to founding churches and monasteries in the western regions of Scotland, leaving a lasting legacy of faith and learning.

A dispute over a manuscript led to the Battle of Cúl Drebene in 561, with Columba accused of inciting the conflict. Afterward, he was said to have taken up missionary work in Scotland as penance for his role in the incident.

MILITARY RECORD Although he was not a warrior, Columba’s influence over his noble clan could sway political and military decisions. His encounter with the Loch Ness Monster is a famed story that illustrates his bravery and protective nature.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Columba was active and strong, traveling frequently by foot and boat. His physical endurance reflected the rugged lifestyle of early Celtic monks.

HOMES Columba resided in simple, stone “beehive” huts on Iona, embracing the austere life of a monk in a monastery he founded.

TRAVEL Columba departed Ireland in 563 with twelve companions, setting sail in a simple wicker boat covered in hides. His destination was the northern tribes of Britain, where he intended to spread the Christian faith. Upon landing on the island of Iona, he symbolically buried his boat, ensuring that he would not be tempted to return to his homeland.

Columba later traveled extensively in Scotland to spread Christianity, even venturing to Inverness to meet the Pictish king.

DEATH On June 9, 597, Columba died at the age of 75. He passed away on the steps of his monastery’s altar, his face radiating joy, and was buried by his monks on Iona.

Many sources indicate that Columba was initially buried on the island of Iona, where he founded his famous monastery and spent the last years of his life.  Some traditions claim that Columba's remains were later moved and reburied in Downpatrick, County Down, Northern Ireland, alongside St. Patrick and St. Brigid 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Columba has been depicted in numerous artworks, religious hymns, and television programs celebrating Celtic saints. His story remains influential in media portraying early Christian history in Ireland and Scotland.

The Celtic band Iona released Open Sky in 2000, an album inspired by Celtic Christian themes. The track "Hinba" refers to the island retreat where Columba is said to have experienced profound visions of God’s glory. This mystical element of Columba’s story highlights his deep spiritual life and contemplative practices, and the song by Iona evokes the serene yet powerful spirituality associated with Columba’s time on Hinba, drawing listeners into the peaceful yet intense experience of Celtic monastic life.

Benjamin Britten’s hymn, "A Hymn of St Columba," composed for the 1,400th anniversary of Columba’s voyage to Iona, is another notable musical tribute. Britten requested that it be sung “with fire,” capturing the intense passion and commitment that Columba demonstrated throughout his missionary life.

ACHIEVEMENTS Columba is revered for founding the Iona Abbey, converting the northern tribes of Scotland to Christianity, and establishing a precedent for anointing kings in the British Isles. His legacy endures in both religious and cultural contexts across Ireland and Scotland.

Saint Columba's feast day is June 9th, the day of his passing.

William Colgate

NAME William Colgate

WHAT FAMOUS FOR William Colgate is renowned for founding the company William Colgate & Company in 1806, which later became known as Colgate-Palmolive. This company introduced innovations like aromatic toothpaste in jars in 1873 and, in 1896, became the first to package toothpaste in collapsible tubes.

BIRTH Born on January 25, 1783, in Hollingbourne, Kent, England

FAMILY BACKGROUND Colgate was raised in a devout Baptist family that valued hard work and dedication. His parents were Robert and Mary (née Bowles) Colgate. William's father Robert was a farmer by trade and was known for his intelligence and strong political convictions

CHILDHOOD Growing up in a large family of modest means, Colgate experienced a strict upbringing with a focus on religious faith and moral discipline, instilling a work ethic that would guide his career.

Robert Colgate's outspoken support for the American colonies' struggle for independence and the French Revolution led to political persecution from British authorities1. When William was 15 years old, in 1798, the family was forced to flee England after receiving a warning that Robert faced potential imprisonment or execution if they remained.

The Colgate family boarded a ship in March 1798 and sailed for America, settling on a farm in Harford County, Maryland. This dramatic uprooting in his teenage years would have been a significant and formative experience for young William.

EDUCATION  Although formal schooling opportunities were limited, Colgate sought practical education through apprenticeships, especially in the soap and candle-making trades.

CAREER RECORD 1804: Apprenticed as a soap boiler in New York City.

1806: Founded William Colgate & Company, on Dutch Street in New York City, initially focusing on candle, starch, and soap production. 

By 1820, he expanded his operations across the Hudson River to Jersey City, marking the company's long-standing presence there. The business steadily grew, eventually leading to the company’s pioneering advancements in dental care products.

APPEARANCE Colgate was known to be a neatly dressed gentleman with an unassuming demeanor, reflecting his modest upbringing and values.

A depiction of Colgate in his later years, drawn in 1881

FASHION He preferred practical, simple attire suitable for an industrial businessman of the era, often seen in dark suits and plain shirts.

CHARACTER Colgate was reputed as honest, diligent, and deeply religious, with a strong sense of integrity that earned him respect among peers and employees.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Although not known for a boisterous sense of humor, Colgate had a warm, friendly demeanor and a wry wit that endeared him to friends and family.

RELATIONSHIPS William Colgate married Mary Gilbert on April 23, 1810. William and Mary had a harmonious and compatible relationship.

William and Mary had a large family together. They had nine children and Colgate was a devoted husband and father, sharing close bonds with his wife and children, who played active roles in the family business.

 The Colgates were known for their strong Christian faith, which was reflected in their family life. They attended church together, and read the family Bible.

MONEY AND FAME Although successful, Colgate was modest about his wealth, reinvesting profits back into the company and donating generously to causes close to his heart, particularly his church and educational institutions.

Throughout his life, Colgate adhered to the biblical principle of tithing, initially donating 10% of his income to charitable causes. As his business prospered, he increased his giving, eventually dedicating up to 50% of his income to philanthropic endeavors.

Colgate was a strong supporter of foreign missions and even chose to personally sponsor a missionary. He was also a regular contributor to the funds of the Baptist Missionary Union.

Colgate was a generous benefactor of educational institutions. He made substantial donations to Madison University (now Colgate University) in Hamilton, New York, significantly impacting the institution's growth and development.

Colgate's charitable giving was deeply rooted in his Christian faith and his belief in the principles taught in the Bible. His home was known for its hospitality, and he attributed his success in both business and spiritual life to his adherence to biblical principles.

Beyond his broader philanthropic efforts, Colgate demonstrated his compassion by providing financial support and purchasing a farmhouse for his aging parents.

His sons, particularly James and Samuel, continued his philanthropic legacy, becoming benefactors of Madison University and Theological Seminary.

FOOD AND DRINK As a wealthy American in the early to mid-19th century, Colgate likely had access to a variety of foods common to that era and social class.

Given his English background and the time period, tea was likely a common beverage. As a devout Baptist, he likely abstained from alcohol.

MUSIC AND ARTS While no records detail Colgate’s personal preferences in music or art, he supported community programs that included cultural and artistic initiatives.

LITERATURE A dedicated reader, Colgate favored religious texts and practical books on business and industry.

Colgate’s story appears in various business histories, including profiles on early American entrepreneurs and industrialists. Works on the history of Colgate-Palmolive often detail his life as the company’s founder, particularly in books about iconic American brands.

NATURE Colgate grew up in rural England and later lived on farms in Maryland and New York

PETS While not directly related to William Colgate himself, it's worth noting that the company he founded later expanded into pet nutrition. In the 1930s, long after William Colgate's death, Dr. Mark Morris developed a specialty dog food that eventually became part of the Colgate-Palmolive company as Hill's Pet Nutrition.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Colgate’s life centered largely on his work and faith, leaving little documented time for personal hobbies, though he enjoyed staying physically active through his daily routines.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Colgate had a keen understanding of chemistry as it related to soap-making, starch production, and other industrial processes.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Colgate was a devout Christian, specifically a Baptist. He was baptized in February 1808 at the First Baptist Church in New York 

He remained an active member of Baptist churches throughout his life, serving as a deacon and earning the affectionate title of "Deacon Colgate." Colgate was also a strong advocate for temperance within the church community.

Colgate appears to have held a strong belief in biblical authority. When considering joining a Presbyterian church, he sought a "thus saith the Lord" for each point of doctrine, including infant baptism. Unable to find biblical support for infant baptism, he ultimately joined a Baptist church instead.

As a committed Baptist, Colgate integrated his religious beliefs into every aspect of his life and business, emphasizing moral conduct and fairness in his practices. He was also a generous supporter of theological education.

Colgate played a crucial role in establishing the American Bible Society in 1816 and later contributed to the founding of the American and Foreign Bible Society. He also served on the board of the American Tract Society, an organization dedicated to distributing Christian literature.

POLITICS Although not publicly political, Colgate quietly supported causes that aligned with his faith and values, focusing his efforts on societal betterment through education and charity.

SCANDAL No known scandals are associated with Colgate; he maintained an unblemished reputation throughout his life.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Colgate was generally healthy, thanks to his disciplined lifestyle, and continued to work actively until his health began to decline later in life.

HOMES William Colgate spent his early years in Hollingbourne, Kent, England. At the age of six, his family relocated to a farm near Shoreham, Kent.

In 1798, at the age of 15, Colgate embarked on a journey with his family to the United States. They settled on a farm in Harford County, Maryland, where they resided for several years.

In 1804, at the age of 21, Colgate moved to New York City, a pivotal moment that would shape the course of his life. After a brief stay in Mamaroneck, he established himself in New York City. Over the years, he lived in various locations within the city, including a house on John Street, a house on Chambers Street, and ultimately a house on Madison Square, where he passed away.

TRAVEL While Colgate occasionally traveled for business, he largely remained in New York and Jersey City, where his business interests were concentrated.

DEATH William Colgate passed away on March 25, 1857, at the age of 74. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Colgate’s image and legacy primarily appear in industrial history and business retrospectives. His company’s products, however, became famous worldwide.

1. Business and Historical Documentaries: Colgate’s life and contributions to the soap and toothpaste industry are frequently referenced in documentaries exploring the history of American industry, personal hygiene products, or the evolution of major corporations.

2. Brand Advertisements and Marketing Campaigns: While Colgate’s image isn’t directly used, his name remains synonymous with the brand, which frequently emphasizes the company’s long-standing heritage. Occasionally, marketing campaigns refer back to the brand's origins in the early 1800s.

3. Museums and Historical Exhibits: Colgate’s legacy is recognized in museums focusing on American industrial history, like The Henry Ford Museum, where his company’s innovations, such as early toothpaste in collapsible tubes, are highlighted.

ACHIEVEMENTS  Founder of William Colgate & Company, which would become the globally recognized Colgate-Palmolive.

Contributed to the growth of the American economy.

Established a legacy of philanthropy and business ethics.