Bing Crosby

NAME Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby

WHAT FAMOUS FOR  Bing Crosby was an American singer and actor, often referred to as the "King of Crooners." He was renowned for his smooth baritone voice and relaxed singing style, which made him one of the most popular entertainers of the 20th century.

BIRTH Bing Crosby was born on May 3, 1903, in Spokane, Washington, to parents of Anglo-Irish heritage.

FAMILY BACKGROUND His father, Harry Lowe Crosby, was a bookkeeper, while his mother, Catherine Helen Harrigan, was of Irish descent. Bing grew up in a devout Catholic family as one of seven children.

CHILDHOOD Music filled the Crosby home. At just six years old, Bing received his first phonograph, igniting a lifelong love for music. Al Jolson's recordings became a particular favorite.  Around this time, he earned the nickname "Bing," inspired by the newspaper comic strip "The Bingville Bugle."

EDUCATION Crosby's education took place in Catholic schools, reflecting his mother's strong faith. He attended Gonzaga High School  and later enrolled in Gonzaga University's law program. Despite maintaining a solid B+ average, music's allure proved too strong.  Joining the local band, the Musicaladers, Crosby's passion for singing and drumming overshadowed his legal aspirations. This realization led him to trade in his law books for a microphone, permanently altering his path.

Though he never completed his bachelor's degree, Gonzaga remained a significant presence in Crosby's life. He received an honorary doctorate and generously donated to both the university and high school, crediting his success partly to the education he received there, especially his involvement in elocution, debate, and drama clubs.

CAREER RECORD Crosby's career spanned several decades. He began his career in the 1920s and achieved widespread fame in the 1930s and 1940s. His recordings, including "White Christmas" and "Silent Night," are among the best-selling singles of all time. He also starred in numerous films, such as Going My Way and White Christmas.

APPEARANCE Bing Crosby defied the Hollywood mold. Forget the chiseled features and sculpted physiques of the typical matinee idol. Crosby was an everyman, a relatable figure whose charm and talent radiated far brighter than his physical appearance.

Standing at a claimed (but likely exaggerated) 5'9", Crosby fell short of the towering heroes on screen. Evidence suggests he was closer to 5'7", a fact he occasionally compensated for with shoe lifts. His build was on the stockier side, with a tendency to carry weight around his midsection. Yet, his unassuming frame only served to make him more approachable.

Crosby's facial features weren't conventionally handsome. Prominent ears, thin lips, and a receding hairline (often hidden under hats or a toupee) wouldn't win any beauty contests. But his charm and charisma transcended physical limitations.

His relaxed stage presence and smooth vocal style, delivered in this unconventional package, resonated deeply with audiences. He proved that star power could shine through regardless of physical appearance, paving the way for a new generation of performers who valued personality over sculpted physiques. Crosby's success story became a testament to the power of talent, charm, and a good sense of self.

Bing Crosby circa 1940

FASHION Crosby's laid-back style became a defining part of his image. He embraced  casual comfort, favoring rumpled shirts, beat-up hats, and mismatched socks. This informality, coupled with his signature pipe and calm demeanor, projected an aura of effortless cool. It was a new kind of American individualism – approachable, self-assured, and undeniably appealing.

A pioneer of the Canadian Tuxedo, Crosby inspired the trend after being refused a hotel room for wearing jeans in 1951. Levis created a denim tuxedo jacket for him in response.

CHARACTER Known for his amiable nature,  Crosby  was a kind and gentle man who was loved by many. Along with that, Bing was both competitive and ambitious.  

Demonstrating his self-deprecating humor, Crosby stated: "Everyone knows I'm just a big, good-natured slob."

SENSE OF HUMOUR Crosby’s humor was often understated, delivered with the same easygoing charm that marked his performances. He often made light of his own talents and career and once quipped: "Honestly, I think I've stretched a talent which is so thin it's almost transparent over a quite unbelievable term of years"

Crosby also showed his wit when describing his comedic abilities: "Once or twice I've been described as a light comedian. I consider this the most accurate description of my abilities I've ever seen

RELATIONSHIPS Bing Crosby married twice. His first marriage, in 1930, was to actress Dixie Lee. Back then, Lee was arguably the bigger star. They tied the knot on September 29, 1930, at the Church of the Blessed Sacrament in Hollywood

However, the union faced hurdles from the start. Within a year, Lee announced plans for a divorce, citing mental cruelty, though they quickly reconciled. A larger issue became Lee's struggle with alcoholism, which put a strain on their relationship. Despite her initial support in curbing Crosby's own drinking, her problem intensified over time. Four sons were born during their marriage: Gary (1933), twins Dennis and Phillip (1934), and Lindsay (1938). Unfortunately, Dixie Lee tragically passed away from ovarian cancer in 1952, just shy of her 43rd birthday.

Five years later, Crosby married Kathryn Grant on October 24, 1957, when he was 54 years old and she was 23. The wedding took place in Las Vegas, Nevada. 

Kathryn Grant, born as Olive Kathryn Grandstaff, was an actress who had appeared in several films under the stage names Kathryn Grant and Kathryn Grandstaff before marrying Crosby. After their marriage, Kathryn largely curtailed her acting career, although she continued to appear with Crosby and their children in his Christmas television specials and in commercial

Together, they had three children: Harry (1958), Mary (1959), and Nathaniel (1961). Crosby's relationship with this family seemed closer and more positive. Harry spoke fondly of their bond, and Nathaniel highlighted the time Crosby dedicated to them, unlike his occasional distance from his first family.

Bing Crosby and Kathryn Grant in 1960 By ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv / Fotograf: Gerber, Hans

MONEY AND FAME Crosby was one of the highest-paid entertainers of his time. He amassed a great deal of wealth and fame.

Crosby was not just an entertainer but also a savvy businessman and innovator. He invested in and promoted the development of audio tape recording technology, which revolutionized the recording industry. He also ventured into television, buying TV stations and helping finance the development of videotape.

He loved money and insisted on being paid upfront and in cash.

Bing's wealth extended beyond entertainment. He owned 15% of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team from the 1940s to the 1960s and was involved in various business ventures.

FOOD AND DRINK Crosby struggled with alcoholism throughout his life, which affected his personal relationships, particularly with his first wife, Dixie Lee4. His drinking habits were not always healthy or moderate.

Crosby had a fondness for bourbon whiskey. He reportedly enjoyed a sip before performing, and kept a special bottle of Old Charter bourbon in his collection, which was made before Prohibition and bottled in 1929..

During a famous Pirates-Yankees World Series game, Crosby accidentally spilled scotch into a friend's fireplace when Bill Mazeroski hit the game-winning home run.

Crosby developed an appreciation for tequila, particularly Herradura. He advised drinking it neat with a Sangrita chaser (a non-alcoholic mix of hot sauce, salt, grenadine, and orange juice).

Crosby was an early shareholder and West Coast distributor of Minute Maid orange juice concentrate3.

His reported last words—"Let’s go get a Coke"—suggest a fondness for the beverage.

MUSIC AND ARTS  Bing Crosby, a name synonymous with velvety smooth vocals and Christmas carols, wasn't just another pretty warbler (though let's be honest, the man had a certain je ne sais quoi). Born Harry Lillis Crosby Jr. in 1903, Bing carved a unique path through the 20th-century entertainment landscape.

This wasn't your typical Hollywood heartthrob. Crosby was more the approachable everyman, the guy next door with a killer voice and a penchant for hats (lots of hats). But don't let the unassuming exterior fool you. Bing was a powerhouse. He sang, he acted, he produced radio shows, he even dabbled in television – and he did it all with a quiet confidence that left audiences swooning.

His influence on music is undeniable, he revolutionized music with his use of microphones to create an intimate crooning style. Think Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, even the King himself, Elvis Presley. They all owe a debt to Crosby's pioneering vocal style. And the hits? Well, let's just say his recording of "White Christmas" still holds the crown for best-selling single ever – that's right, folks, Bing could sell you snow in July (well, almost).

Crosby was a prolific actor, appearing in over 70 feature films He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Going My Way (1944) and was nominated again for The Bells of St. Mary's (1945). From 1944 to 1948, he was the number one box office attraction for five consecutive years

This man was a cultural phenomenon. One of the first true global superstars, he dominated the entertainment industry for over five decades. Awards galore rained down on him, including the first-ever Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

So, next time you hear that unmistakable voice crooning about a winter wonderland, remember Bing Crosby. The man who could melt hearts with a song, sell you the latest tech, and maybe, just maybe, convince you to buy a winter coat in the middle of summer.

LITERATURE  Crosby was widely read, with interests spanning various subjects. His second wife, Kathryn Grant, described him as intellectually curious and thoughtful.

NATURE Crosby had an appreciation for wildlife and objets d'art, showing his interest in nature and artistic expression.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Bing was an avid golfer, known to structure his life and career around his love for the game. He hosted the famous pro-am golf tournament, the "Crosby Clambake," which began in 1937 at the Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in California. This event later became the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am. Fittingly, Crosby passed away on October 14, 1977, after completing a round of golf at La Moraleja Golf Course in Madrid, Spain12.

Crosby enjoyed fishing and hunting as recreational activities. These hobbies reflected his love for the outdoors and were common pastimes for him.

Crosby had a deep interest in horse racing and was involved in building the Del Mar Racetrack in San Diego, California. He was a co-founder of the track and even sang "Where the Turf Meets the Surf" on its opening day in 1937. He later sold his stake in Del Mar when he became part-owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team.

As a young man, Crosby played baseball at Gonzaga University, where he attended college for three years before pursuing his entertainment career. He remained a fan of the sport throughout his life

SCIENCE AND MATHS Crosby invested in technological advancements: Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) was at the forefront of audio and video recording innovation, creating the first video recorder in 1952.

He was the first to pre-record radio shows, revolutionizing how content was produced and delivered.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Raised a devout Catholic, Crosby often portrayed priests in films, notably Father O’Malley in Going My Way.

Beyond the smooth vocals and laid-back charm, Bing Crosby's life was informed by a distinct philosophy subtly woven into his actions and artistic choices. Though not a religious scholar, his Catholic upbringing and experiences as a performer left a clear imprint on his worldview.

Crosby championed the true meaning of Christmas. He famously stated, "Unless we make Christmas an occasion to share our blessings, all the snow in Alaska won't make it 'white.'" This quote underlines his belief that Christmas transcended materialistic celebrations, emphasizing the act of giving and the importance of compassion during this season.

Crosby's philosophy embraced a positive outlook. His rendition of "Count Your Blessings (Instead of Sheep)" embodied this spirit. The song, as Crosby interpreted it, offered a solution to worry: by focusing on the good things in life, anxieties can be calmed. Gratitude became a key to inner peace.

Crosby's perspective on human nature was nuanced. He believed in acknowledging human frailties, stating, "You'll never be a wonderful woman or even a wonderful human being until you learn to have some regard for human frailty." This quote underscored the importance of understanding our limitations and developing compassion for ourselves and others.

While not overtly theological, Crosby's Christmas performances conveyed a profound sense of faith and wonder. His rendition of "Silent Night," with its hushed reverence, instilled a sense of peace and reflected the quiet awe surrounding Jesus's birth.

Crosby valued intellectual curiosity and lifelong learning. His advice, "Oh, listen a lot and talk less. You can't learn anything when you're talking," spoke volumes about his philosophy. It emphasized openness to new ideas and the importance of active listening.

POLITICS Crosby was largely apolitical but supported causes he believed in, including U.S. war efforts during World War II.

SCANDAL Though widely beloved, Crosby’s parenting methods were criticized by his eldest son, Gary, in a controversial memoir.

MILITARY RECORD While Bing did not serve in the military, he entertained troops during World War II, earning widespread admiration from servicemen.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Crosby was a smoker and a drinker. and suffered from heart problems in his later years. He remained active in his later years, playing golf and traveling, but a massive heart attack eventually claimed his life.

HOMES Bing Crosby, the iconic crooner, had a penchant for luxurious homes, particularly in the sun-drenched landscapes of California. Here's a glimpse into some of his notable residences:

Palm Desert Estate: Nestled within the prestigious Ironwood Country Club (formerly Silver Spur Ranch), this expansive property boasted a three-bedroom main house, two guest casitas, and a saltwater pool. Spread across 2.5 acres, it offered ample space for relaxation and entertainment.

Rancho Mirage Residence: A mid-century modern gem, this 6,700-square-foot home in the Thunderbird Heights neighborhood featured six bedrooms and six bathrooms. Notably, it included the "JFK Wing," hinting at its storied past.

Palm Springs Home: One of Crosby's earlier desert homes, this property in Palm Springs offered a more classic style, reflecting his evolving tastes.

Hillsborough Property: This 9,845-square-foot home in the affluent Hillsborough neighborhood was shared with his wife Kathryn Grant and their three children. It represented a different side of Crosby's lifestyle, showcasing a more traditional style.

Crosby's choice of homes reflects his love for California's desert communities and upscale neighborhoods. These properties, often featuring spacious layouts, luxurious amenities, and close proximity to golf courses, aligned perfectly with his passion for the sport and his desire for a comfortable and stylish lifestyle.

TRAVEL Crosby traveled extensively for his career and leisure, particularly enjoying trips to Europe and Spain for golf.

DEATH Bing Crosby passed away unexpectedly of a heart attack on October 14, 1977, at the age of 73. His death occurred during a round of golf at the La Moraleja club near Madrid, Spain.

After completing 18 holes of golf, Crosby collapsed while walking towards the clubhouse. Despite immediate medical attention at the Red Cross Hospital in Madrid, he was pronounced dead upon arrival. A massive heart attack was determined to be the cause of death.

It was a sudden and shocking end for a man who had seemed so vibrant and full of life. His golfing partners recalled that he had been in good spirits, singing and enjoying the game, showing no signs of distress.

Crosby's final moments were peaceful. He and his partner, Manuel Pinero, had just won their match by a narrow margin. Tragically, he fell just a short distance from the clubhouse, suffering a minor head injury. There were no last words, no dramatic farewell.

Following a private funeral service at St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church in Los Angeles, Crosby was laid to rest at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California on October 18, 1977. His grave, marked with the inscription "BELOVED BY ALL," rests beside his first wife, Dixie Lee.

His wife, Kathryn, offered a poignant reflection on his passing: "I can't think of any better way for a golfer who sings for a living to finish the round." It was a fitting tribute to a man who had lived life to the fullest, finding joy in the simple pleasures of music and sport.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA  Crosby made numerous TV appearances, including his own specials.

His Christmas specials became a beloved tradition, often featuring duets with notable artists. His duet with David Bowie of "The Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" (1977) remains a classic.

He appeared on variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show.

ACHIEVEMENTS Crosby won numerous awards, including seven Academy Awards and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Thomas Cromwell

NAME Thomas Cromwell

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Thomas Cromwell was a powerful English statesman during the reign of King Henry VIII. He served as the King's chief minister and played a pivotal role in the English Reformation.

BIRTH Born around 1485 in Putney, London, Cromwell's exact birthdate remains uncertain.

FAMILY BACKGROUND He was the son of Walter Cromwell, a blacksmith, fuller, cloth merchant, and the owner of a hostelry and brewery. His mother, Katherine Meverell, was related to Nicholas Glossop, a figure from Wirksworth, Derbyshire. He had two older sisters: Katherine and Elizabeth, 

While often portrayed as coming from humble beginnings, Cromwell's background was more complex. His mother, Katherine Meverell, came from a gentry family in Staffordshire, which gave Thomas a slightly higher social standing than previously assumed.

CHILDHOOD Cromwell's childhood was likely challenging, as his father was known to be a hard drinker and frequently in trouble with the law Walter Cromwell appeared before the court 47 times in fifteen years for breaking the assize of ale. Despite this, recent research suggests that Cromwell's parents were not as cruel as sometimes portrayed.

Cromwell’s early years were humble and likely spent learning the trades associated with his father’s enterprises. His resourceful upbringing later informed his pragmatic approach to politics and governance.

EDUCATION Thomas Cromwell did not attend a university but acquired practical knowledge and skills through his travels in Europe.

At around the age of 18, in 1503, Cromwell left England for an extended period abroad. This time was crucial for his personal development. He briefly served as a mercenary in the French army before entering the household of Francesco Frescobaldi, a wealthy Florentine merchant. Living in Florence, one of the most culturally vibrant cities of the time, had a profound impact on Cromwell's character, beliefs, and interests.

By the time Cromwell returned to England around 1512, he had transformed from a poorly educated "ruffian" (his own description) into a cultured, well-connected, and successful man of business. His years on the continent provided him with valuable experience and contacts that would prove instrumental in his future career.

CAREER RECORD Early Career: Cromwell worked as a lawyer and merchant before entering royal service.

Rise to Power: He gained the favor of Cardinal Wolsey, the King's chief minister.

Chief Minister: After Wolsey's downfall, Cromwell became Henry VIII's principal advisor.

Reformation: He played a key role in the English Reformation, breaking ties with the Catholic Church and establishing the Church of England.

Downfall: Cromwell's influence waned, and he was eventually executed on charges of treason in 1540.

APPEARANCE Thomas Cromwell's appearance is primarily known through Hans Holbein's portrait, commissioned around 1532-1533. The portrait depicts Cromwell as a portly, middle-aged man with a puffy, bureaucratic appearance.

Physically, Cromwell was described as six feet tall and powerfully built. His portrait reveals a brutally honest appraisal of his appearance, showing him hard at work in his study rather than presenting a flattering image. The painting conveys a sense of Cromwell's personality, suggesting a closed-off demeanor, as if he were mentally elsewhere while being physically present.

Portrait of Thomas Cromwell, Hans Holbein the Younger (1532–1533)

FASHION Cromwell’s attire reflected his status: understated yet refined, favoring dark, practical clothing typical of a Tudor statesman.

Holbein's portrait of Cromwell shows him wearing dark wool and furs, with a massive, hulking presence that seems to repel light. The portrait presents Cromwell as a man "easy in his skin," comfortable with who he was.

CHARACTER He was pragmatic, intelligent, and ruthless, qualities that helped him navigate the treacherous Tudor court.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Cromwell's quick-wittedness and irreverence appealed to King Henry VIII, setting him apart from the more formal courtiers. His direct and sometimes "rough" style of management, while upsetting to some nobles, seemed to amuse the king who was accustomed to sycophants and flatterers.

In a more subtle display of humor, when Cromwell's son was set to participate in a joust, Cromwell admitted to the king that he didn't really care how well his son performed, only that "he is not flattened." This dry comment even elicited a smile from Henry VIII.

RELATIONSHIPS Thomas Cromwell married Elizabeth Wyckes (née Wykys) around 1515, shortly after his return to England. Elizabeth was a wealthy widow, previously married to Thomas Williams, a Yeoman of the Guard. Their marriage took place in London, where they initially lived in Fenchurch, a popular area for merchants, before moving to Austin Friars.

By all accounts, it appears to have been a successful and harmonious marriage8. The couple had at least three children:

Gregory Cromwell (c. 1520-1551), who later became the 1st Baron Cromwell

Anne Cromwell (c. 1522 - October 1529)

Grace Cromwell (c. 1527 - October 1529)78

Tragically, Cromwell lost both his wife and daughters to the sweating sickness within the space of a year (1528/9). He never remarried after Elizabeth's death, instead focusing his affection on his surviving child, Gregory

MONEY AND FAME Thomas Cromwell, a self-made man of humble origins, ascended to extraordinary heights of wealth and influence during the reign of Henry VIII. By 1537, his annual income was estimated at a staggering £12,000, equivalent to approximately £3.5 million in today's currency.

This substantial fortune was derived from a combination of royal appointments, personal ventures, and the spoils of the monastic dissolutions. Henry VIII generously rewarded Cromwell with lucrative positions such as Master of the Jewels, Clerk of the Hanaper, and Chancellor of the Exchequer. Simultaneously, Cromwell continued to profit from his private business dealings. As the King's Vicar General, he played a pivotal role in the dissolution of monasteries, acquiring valuable grants and rewards in the process.

Cromwell's rise to power was meteoric. By 1534, he had secured the position of Henry VIII's principal secretary and chief minister, the pinnacle of his career. The Venetian ambassador marveled at Cromwell's ascent, noting that despite his humble beginnings, he had become the king's most trusted advisor and wielded supreme authority. 

To solidify his status, Henry bestowed upon Cromwell the prestigious title of Earl of Essex, one of the most ancient and honored in England. Furthermore, Cromwell received extensive monastic lands and was appointed to the esteemed position of Lord Great Chamberlain.

Despite his immense wealth, Cromwell was known for his charitable nature. He reportedly fed 200 people daily from his own kitchens and enacted laws to ensure that churches provided aid to the homeless and unemployed. 

FOOD AND DRINK Cromwell would have eaten a diet typical of the Tudor period, which included meat, fish, bread, and vegetables. Beer and wine were the common drinks.

MUSIC AND ARTS  Cromwell enthusiastically patronized Hans Holbein after the artist's first English patron, Thomas More, was executed. He commissioned a portrait of himself from Holbein, showcasing his interest in visual arts.

Cromwell possessed an extensive collection of secular and religious artworks, which was highly unusual for the time, even among noble-born courtiers. His collection included paintings of Lucretia Romana, the Battle of Pavia, the Nativity, and the Passion of Christ

LITERATURE He was well-read and a supporter of Protestant reformist texts.

As a shrewd politician aware of propaganda's effect, Cromwell commissioned various works, including anti-clerical woodcuts and the title page for Myles Coverdale's English translation of the Bible.

Cromwell gained significant attention in recent years through Hilary Mantel's critically acclaimed trilogy: Wolf Hall (2009), Bring Up the Bodies (2012), The Mirror and the Light (2020). These novels present Cromwell as a sympathetic and astute political operator, offering a nuanced portrayal of his life and motivations. Mantel's Cromwell is a sharp contrast to the villainous depictions often seen in earlier portrayals.

Both Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies won the Booker Prize, cementing Cromwell's cultural significance.

NATURE While Cromwell’s role in land redistribution reshaped England's countryside, there’s little evidence of personal interest in nature.

PETS Cromwell imported four beavers from the continent, possibly with the intention of breeding them. While there's no concrete evidence that he planned to release them into the wild, Hilary Mantel's fictional portrayal in The Mirror and the Light imagines Cromwell considering their potential for flood management and environmental benefits.

He kept a diverse collection of unusual animals, including: A cage of canaries, an elk and a strange beast that might have been a leopard.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cromwell's busy career likely left little time for hobbies. However, he may have enjoyed hunting or other outdoor pursuits.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Cromwell’s reforms were grounded in practical financial and administrative acumen, showing a keen grasp of economic principles.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Cromwell's religious journey was marked by a gradual shift from traditional Catholicism to a more Protestant perspective. In his youth, Cromwell adhered to the Catholic faith, as evidenced by his 1529 will, which invoked the intercession of the Virgin Mary and saints. However, by 1530, he had embraced Protestant ideas, smuggling and organizing the translation of Lutheran works, including Philipp Melanchthon's The Apology of the Augsburg Confession.

Cromwell worked closely with Thomas Cranmer to spearhead the Protestant Reformation in England. A key achievement was the introduction of the first English translation of the Bible, which he ordered to be placed in every parish church.

Cromwell's theological stance was primarily Protestant, emphasizing justification by faith alone. However, he also believed in a middle way between extremes, a concept that would later define the Church of England.

While some historians argue that Cromwell's religious beliefs were merely a facade for political expediency, others contend that he was genuinely committed to his Protestant convictions. His support for Protestant causes, such as promoting the Anne of Cleves marriage to maintain Protestant alliances, even during politically perilous times, suggests a sincere belief system.

POLITICS Cromwell was a master of statecraft, consolidating royal authority and executing the King’s controversial policies with precision.

Cromwell's political philosophy centered on the concept of a strong, sovereign national state. He advocated for the supremacy of Parliament and the establishment of a secular administration independent of the royal household. 

SCANDAL Cromwell was involved in several controversial actions, including the execution of Thomas More and the dissolution of the monasteries.

Thomas Cromwell's role in arranging the ill-fated marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves proved to be his undoing. Cromwell negotiated the marriage treaty with the German Protestant princess,, which was signed on October 4, 1539, hoping to strengthen England's alliance with Protestant states and secure a male heir for the king.

However, when Henry VIII met Anne in January 1540, he was deeply disappointed. Cromwell had exaggerated Anne's beauty, describing her as stunning, but the king found her physically unattractive. Despite Henry's misgivings, the marriage proceeded on January 6, 1540, largely due to Cromwell's insistence on maintaining the political alliance.

The marriage was a disaster, and Henry sought to annul it. This provided Cromwell's enemies with the perfect opportunity to strike. On June 10, 1540, Cromwell was arrested on charges of treason and heresy. His enemies, led by the Duke of Norfolk, publicly humiliated him, accusing him of treachery. Cromwell was executed, bringing an abrupt end to his powerful career.

MILITARY RECORD As a young man, Cromwell served as a soldier in Italy, where he fought in battles and gained valuable worldly experience.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS There are no detailed accounts of Cromwell's health, but his demanding career suggests robust physical and mental stamina.

HOMES Thomas Cromwell's residences mirrored his increasing wealth and status. His early life was spent in Putney, a suburb of London. Upon returning to the city, he settled on Fenchurch Street.

In the 1520s and 1530s, Cromwell resided in a 14-room townhouse within the precinct of the Austin Friars monastery. Later, in the mid-1530s, he constructed an opulent 58-room mansion adjacent to his previous home. This grand residence, with its luxurious furnishings and extensive gardens, served as both his primary residence and administrative center.

Cromwell also owned properties outside of London, including "Great Place" in Stepney, which functioned as a country retreat. Additionally, he had estates in Mortlake and Ewhurst.

Cromwell's Austin Friars mansion was particularly impressive, costing a substantial sum of money and featuring a multitude of rooms and lavish furnishings. It stood as a testament to his wealth and power, making it one of the largest private homes in London at the time.

TRAVEL His early travels in Europe—through Italy, France, and the Low Countries—shaped his cosmopolitan worldview.

DEATH Thomas Cromwell met a gruesome end on July 28, 1540, at Tower Hill. His execution was a brutal affair, requiring three blows of the axe to sever his head. The executioner, described as a "ragged and butcherly wretch," reportedly took up to half an hour to complete the grisly task.

Following his execution, Cromwell's head was displayed on London Bridge, a common practice for those convicted of treason. His body, and later his head, was buried in the Chapel Royal of St Peter ad Vincula within the Tower of London. A plaque inside the chapel commemorates his final resting place, and a memorial stands at the site of his execution on Tower Hill. Ironically, Cromwell shares his final resting place with some of his former rivals, including Anne Boleyn and Thomas More.

The day of Cromwell's execution was also the day Henry VIII married Catherine Howard, a stark contrast to the somber event that had just concluded.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Thomas Cromwell has been a recurring figure in literature, film, and television due to his pivotal role in Tudor history and the English Reformation. His complex character—a mix of pragmatism, ambition, and ruthlessness—has made him a compelling subject for portrayal.

NOVELS

Hilary Mantel's Thomas Cromwell Trilogy

Cromwell gained significant attention in recent years through Hilary Mantel's critically acclaimed trilogy:

Wolf Hall (2009)

Bring Up the Bodies (2012)

The Mirror and the Light (2020)

These novels present Cromwell as a sympathetic and astute political operator, offering a nuanced portrayal of his life and motivations. Mantel's Cromwell is a sharp contrast to the villainous depictions often seen in earlier portrayals.

Both Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies won the Booker Prize, cementing Cromwell's cultural significance.

TELEVISION BBC's Wolf Hall (2015) The BBC and PBS brought Mantel's novels to life in a six-part miniseries starring Mark Rylance as Cromwell. Rylance's portrayal earned critical acclaim, highlighting Cromwell's intelligence, loyalty, and vulnerability. Damian Lewis played King Henry VIII, with Claire Foy as Anne Boleyn. The series won several awards, including a BAFTA.

BBC's Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light (2024) served as the second season of the series. Based on Hilary Mantel's final novel in her Thomas Cromwell trilogy, it covers the last four years of Cromwell's life. Mark Rylance returned as Thomas Cromwell, and Damian Lewis reprised his role as King Henry VIII. T

The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) and The Tudors (2007-2010) In these historical dramas, Cromwell is depicted as a calculating figure instrumental in Henry VIII’s break from Rome. James Frain’s portrayal of Cromwell in The Tudors emphasized his political machinations but leaned towards a more antagonistic representation.

FILM: A Man for All Seasons (1966) Cromwell is portrayed as an antagonist in this Oscar-winning film about Sir Thomas More’s refusal to endorse Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church. Played by Leo McKern, Cromwell is depicted as manipulative and ruthless, embodying the era's moral conflicts.

Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) Cromwell, played by John Colicos, is portrayed as a key architect in Anne Boleyn’s rise and fall.

THEATRE Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies The Royal Shakespeare Company adapted Mantel’s novels for the stage in 2014. Ben Miles starred as Cromwell, delivering a performance praised for its depth and subtlety.

ACHIEVEMENTS Played a key role in the English Reformation.

Strengthened the English monarchy.

Reformed the legal system.

Established a more efficient government.

Source Inkcap Journal

Oliver Cromwell

NAME Oliver Cromwell

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Oliver Cromwell is renowned as a military leader, statesman, and the Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, who played a key role in the English Civil War and the abolition of the monarchy.

BIRTH Born on April 25, 1599, in a modest house near Ermine Street, Huntingdon, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Cromwell was the only son of Robert Cromwell, a modest landowner who passed away in 1617, and Elizabeth Steward, who raised Oliver and his seven sisters in a simple yet disciplined household. He was distantly related to Thomas Cromwell, a minister of Henry VIII.

CHILDHOOD Cromwell’s upbringing was modest despite his family's modest affluence. His mother provided a strong moral foundation for her children.

EDUCATION Cromwell attended Huntingdon Grammar School, an institution that also educated Samuel Pepys. It now serves as the Cromwell Museum. He briefly studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he was known for gambling and pursuing romantic interests before returning home after his father’s death.

CAREER RECORD 1620 Returned to Huntingdon to manage his late father's estate

1628-1629 MP for Huntingdon 

1631 After 10 years as a farmer, Cromwell failed to establish himself. He sold most of his land at Huntingdon and rented grazing land at St Ives. 

1636 Inherits property in Ely from his wife’s family.

1640 Returned to Parliament as member for Cambridge.

1644 Made Lieutenant General again. Led the New Model Army to victory in the English Civil War

1653 Suspends Rump Parliament and replaces it with the Barebones Parliament. Becomes Lord Protector. 

APPEARANCE Red headed Oliver Cromwell's short, cropped, pudding basin haircut framed a face marked by a prominent wart between his chin and mouth and a fiery red hue. When sitting for his portrait by Peter Lely, Cromwell famously declared, "Mr. Lely, I desire you would use all your skill to paint my picture freely like me and not flatter me at all. But remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything else as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it." 

His striking red nose earned him various nicknames, including Ruby Nose, Nose Almighty, Copper Nose, and Nosey.

Cromwell's short, roundhead hairstyle inspired the nickname for Puritans.

Portrait by Samuel Cooper, 1656

FASHION He favored plain Puritan attire but was fond of an unusual Italian hat with a long feather, inspiring the "macaroni" reference in "Yankee Doodle."

In the early 1640s, he was described as wearing a plain cloth suit, likely tailored by a country artisan, and his linen was often simple and unkempt.

A staunch critic of the Cavaliers' extravagant fashion, Cromwell condemned their flowing hair, moustaches, and beards. He believed these were symbols of the bourgeois Cavalier class, and as a result, beards fell out of fashion in the mid-16th century.

Ironically, while he criticized the Cavaliers' style, Cromwell himself adopted a more regal appearance as Lord Protector. He was seen wearing opulent purple velvet and ermine robes, and sat upon a satin coronation chair during his official ceremony. This stark contrast between his earlier austere style and his later more extravagant attire highlights the complexities of his character and the changing political landscape of the time. Prince Rupert, Charles I's general, used the term "Ironside" sarcastically to refer to Cromwell and his Puritan supporters.

CHARACTER Cromwell was a devout Puritan, known for his strict moral code, yet pragmatic in leadership. He was unflinchingly direct and despised flattery. A rumbustious redhead with a manic temperament, yet was compassionate and tender. 

In early 1640s, his voice was "sharp and untuneable and his eloquence full of fervour." 

SENSE OF HUMOUR Despite his stern public image, Cromwell possessed a playful side that often surprised those who knew him. He enjoyed practical jokes, such as pillow fights, revealing a more lighthearted nature. Contemporary accounts suggest he had a penchant for "unseemly practical jokes," hinting at a mischievous streak.

Beyond physical humor, Cromwell also appreciated wordplay. According to History Today, he was known to indulge in "terrible puns," showcasing a fondness for witty, if sometimes groan-inducing, verbal humor.

This more playful side contrasts with the often dour image of Cromwell. Those who knew him personally described him as capable of deep emotion and enjoyment of various forms of entertainment. These facets of his personality offer a more nuanced understanding of the complex man behind the historical figure.

RELATIONSHIPS Oliver Cromwell married Elizabeth Bourchier on August 22, 1620, at St. Giles, Cripplegate, London. Their marriage was characterized by mutual affection and loyalty.

Evidence suggests a loving relationship between the couple. They exchanged tender love letters during Cromwell's military campaigns, highlighting the depth of their emotional connection. Oliver valued Elizabeth's unwavering loyalty, dedicated support, and ability to maintain a well-ordered household.

Three letters from 1650 and 1651 provide a glimpse into their intimate relationship. In one letter, Elizabeth poignantly wrote to Cromwell, "Truly my life is but half a life in your absence," underscoring the profound impact of his absence on her.

Portrait of Cromwell's wife Elizabeth Bourchier

Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth had nine children together, of whom eight reached adulthood, with only James dying in infancy. Five of their children survived both Oliver and Elizabeth

Their eldest son Richard succeeded his father in 1658 as Lord Protector and was totally incompetent. He was nicknamed "tumbledown dick" as he kept falling down. 

MONEY AND FAME Cromwell initially struggled with finances as a farmer but gained wealth and influence during his political and military rise.

He paid his newly formed Model Army a substantial wage of ten pence per day, a significant sum at the time. 

Cromwell declined the offer of the kingship, fearing it would lead to a military dictatorship. Instead, he relied on his personal prestige and charisma to maintain power. 

Some of his personal belongings are now preserved at Chequers, the official country residence of the British Prime Minister.

FOOD AND DRINK As Lord Protector, Cromwell imposed various social restrictions. He closed pubs, levied a tax on tea, and condemned Christmas pudding as "an abominable idolatrous thing to be avoided by Christians." He even went so far as to ban pie-eating, deeming it a pagan pleasure. This led to a decade-long underground pie culture, which persisted until the Restoration in 1660.

Despite his puritanical leanings, Cromwell had his own indulgences. While he abstained from alcohol, he was an avid tobacco user, a habit that drew criticism from some contemporaries. His family's breakfast typically consisted of a rich broth or "caudle," followed by a cup of small ale with toast and sugar.

Cromwell's own perspective on food is captured in his quote: "Some people have food but no appetite; others have an appetite but no food. I have both, the Lord's name be praised." This reflects a sense of gratitude for the simple pleasures of life, including the ability to enjoy a good meal.

MUSIC AND ARTS Contrary to the common perception of Oliver Cromwell as a dour and joyless Puritan, evidence suggests a more nuanced character with an appreciation for music and certain forms of art. He delighted in listening to the organ, indicating a fondness for sacred music. Music was among his recreational pursuits, suggesting he enjoyed it as a pastime.

While Cromwell's relationship with the arts was complex, he did engage with it in some ways. He commissioned portraits by renowned artists like Sir Peter Lely and Robert Walker. 

However, it's important to note the contrast between his personal interests and the broader cultural climate he shaped. As Lord Protector, he implemented policies that banned public stage plays, aligning with the Puritan ethos of the time. This period is often characterized as a "war against fun," with restrictions on various forms of entertainment.

Despite these policies, Cromwell's personal enjoyment of music and certain arts reveals a more complex individual. His appreciation for these forms of expression existed alongside his strict Puritan beliefs, highlighting the multifaceted nature of his character and rule.

LITERATURE Cromwell valued religious texts and sought to make the Bible accessible to commoners.

Cromwell appears in numerous historical novels, often as a divisive figure. For example, he is a central character in Antonia Fraser’s Cromwell: Our Chief of Men, which portrays his life in detail.

NATURE He had a practical relationship with the land as a farmer but no noted affinity for nature.

PETS Cromwell, coming from a family of minor gentry, would have been familiar with farm animals. In fact, during a period of financial difficulty in the 1630s, Cromwell kept chickens and sheep, selling eggs and wool to support himself.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Cromwell was a man of action and enjoyed various physical activities. In his youth, he was enthusiastic about football, cudgelling, wrestling, and an early form of cricket. 

As he aged, his interests shifted towards hunting and horse racing. He was known to be an excellent judge of horses and owned racehorses, including the famous "Dun Arabian," which competed at Banstead Downs in 1654. Cromwell's passion for horses led him to invest significant time, money, and effort in establishing his own stud and importing valuable bloodlines from abroad. 

Additionally, he enjoyed the leisurely pastime of playing bowls.

SCIENCE AND MATHS When Cromwell attended Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge from April 1616, he reportedly did well in mathematics

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY A devout Calvinist, Cromwell sought to reform England’s spiritual landscape, supporting religious toleration for Protestants.

Oliver Cromwell's philosophy and theology were deeply intertwined, reflecting a complex blend of Puritan beliefs, democratic ideals, and a conviction in divine providence. His worldview evolved significantly throughout his life, shaping his political and military actions.

A pivotal moment in Cromwell's life came in 1635, when following a depressive illness, he underwent a profound religious conversion. This led to an intensely dedicated Puritan lifestyle, which became the cornerstone of his personal and public life.

Cromwell's religious zeal manifested in various ways:

Religious Reform: He supported public religious lectures and sought to replace the Church of England with a Calvinist-style system. He restricted Anglican and Catholic practices while promoting Puritan ideals.

Moral Legislation: As Lord Protector, he imposed strict moral codes, banning Christmas celebrations, closing pubs, and outlawing activities like cockfighting and public drunkenness.

Cromwell's belief in direct access to Scripture led to policies aimed at making the Bible accessible to the common people. In a radical move for the time, he allowed Jews to return to England in 1655, believing their conversion would hasten the Second Coming of Christ.

Cromwell's New Model Army embodied his religious and political ideals. This disciplined force of 21,000 soldiers saw their role as a divine calling, carrying Bibles and engaging in prayer before battles.

Cromwell's own words reveal the moral complexities of his position: "It's an odd thing, Mr Ireton. Every man who wages war believes God is on his side. I'll warrant God should often wonder who is on his." This quote reflects his awareness of the moral ambiguities inherent in his role as a leader.

In conclusion, Oliver Cromwell's philosophy and theology were a complex blend of Puritan faith, divine providence, and political pragmatism. His policies and actions, while often controversial, were driven by a deep-seated belief in his mission to shape England's future.

POLITICS Cromwell was instrumental in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republican government, though his rule resembled a military dictatorship.

Oliver Cromwell's political journey was marked by a radical transformation from a young man defending democratic ideals to a powerful leader who shaped the course of English history.

Initially, he championed radical causes, defending a democrat who advocated for universal male suffrage. His conversion to Puritanism in the 1630s led to a deep religious fervor and a desire to reform the Church of England. He supported the rise of independent preachers and sought to replace the established church with a more austere Calvinist model.

As Lord Protector, Cromwell implemented a series of social and religious reforms. He banned public celebrations like Christmas and cockfighting, and imposed strict laws against swearing and drunkenness. He also aimed to make the Bible accessible to the common people and restricted the practices of Anglicans and Catholics.

Cromwell's rule was characterized by a blend of religious zeal and political pragmatism. He dissolved Parliament multiple times and established a military dictatorship, dividing England into military districts. Yet, he also made significant strides in religious tolerance, inviting Jews to return to England after centuries of exile.

His New Model Army, a highly disciplined force, was driven by a strong sense of religious purpose. They saw their role in the Civil War as a divine mission to purify England.

Cromwell's foreign policy, marked by alliances with France and war with Spain, had mixed consequences for England's economy.

His legacy remains complex and controversial. While admired by some for his strong leadership and religious conviction, he is also criticized for his authoritarian tendencies and religious intolerance.

LORD PROTECTOR Oliver Cromwell took over after the whole Charles I debacle, and for nearly five years, he ran the show. It was a bit of a weird time, a sort of halfway house between monarchy and republic, a blip in history that we now call the Protectorate.

Cromwell's role as Lord Protector was established after the defeat and execution of King Charles I. As Lord Protector, Cromwell's position was akin to that of a monarch, involving "the chief magistracy and the administration of government". However, his power was not absolute, as he was required to obtain a majority vote from the Council of State to call or dissolve parliament, setting a precedent for the relationship between the monarchy and parliament that continues to this day.

During his tenure as Lord Protector, Cromwell, a strict Protestant and Puritan, implemented significant changes based on his religious beliefs. His rule was characterized by strict moral codes and religious reforms that shaped English society during this period.

But let's not forget the military side of things. Cromwell was a bit of a badass on the battlefield, leading his New Model Army to victory after victory. He was a tough cookie, a man who didn't mince words. He wasn't afraid to get his hands dirty, and he certainly wasn't afraid to chop off a few heads.

After Cromwell's death, his son, Richard, took over. But he was a bit of a wimp, really. He didn't have the same charisma or the same iron fist as his old man. So, the whole thing fell apart, and the monarchy was restored under Charles II.

SCANDAL While a pivotal figure in English history, Oliver Cromwell remains a controversial figure. Here are some of the criticisms leveled against him:

Regicide: While he initially sought reconciliation with the monarchy, he eventually signed the death warrant of King Charles I. This act of regicide has been condemned by many.

Oppressive Rule: Cromwell's rule was marked by authoritarian tendencies. He dissolved Parliament multiple times and imposed strict moral codes, including the banning of Christmas celebrations.

Religious Intolerance: His Puritan beliefs led to the persecution of Catholics and Anglicans.

Irish Massacres: The massacres at Drogheda and Wexford in Ireland, where thousands of Catholics were killed, remain a dark stain on his legacy. These actions have been condemned as acts of genocide.

Economic Policies: Some historians argue that his economic policies, particularly those related to Ireland, were detrimental to the long-term prosperity of both nations.

These criticisms highlight the complex and often contradictory nature of Cromwell's legacy. While he is celebrated by some as a champion of religious freedom and republicanism, others view him as a tyrant who used religion to justify violence and oppression.

MILITARY RECORD Despite having no formal military training, Oliver Cromwell proved to be a remarkably skilled military leader. His involvement in the English Civil War was significant, and he played a crucial role in shaping its outcome.

Cromwell's innovative approach to military strategy and tactics was instrumental in his successes. He formed the New Model Army, a disciplined and religiously motivated force that was far superior to the traditional armies of the time. He introduced basic training for his troops, a revolutionary concept at the time, and instilled in them a strong sense of purpose and discipline.

Some of his most significant military victories include:

Marston Moor (July 2. 1644): Cromwell's forces, though outnumbered, decisively defeated the Royalist army. This victory marked a turning point in the war and solidified Cromwell's reputation as a brilliant military commander.

Naseby (June 14, 1645): The New Model Army, under Cromwell's leadership, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Royalist forces.

Dunbar (September 3, 1650): This first major battle of the 1650 invasion of Scotland, was triggered by Scotland's acceptance of Charles II as king of Britain after the beheading of his father, Despite being outnumbered and trapped, Cromwell's strategic brilliance led to a decisive victory over the Scottish Covenanters.

Worcester (September 3, 1651):  A Parliamentarian army of around 28,000 under Oliver Cromwell defeated a largely Scottish Royalist force of 16,000. This final defeat of the Royalist forces under Charles II secured Cromwell's dominance over Britain.

Cromwell's military acumen, combined with his unwavering religious faith, made him a formidable force on the battlefield. His legacy as a military leader continues to be admired and studied to this day.

Cromwell in the Battle of Naseby in 1645 as depicted in a portrait by Charles Landseer

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Oliver Cromwell's life was marked by both physical and mental health challenges. Physically, he suffered from kidney stone disease, which caused significant discomfort. Later in his life, malaria became a recurring issue, culminating in a severe bout of malarial fever and a urinary infection in 1658.

Cromwell also struggled with mental health issues, experiencing bouts of "melancholia," the 17th-century term for depression. In 1628, he sought treatment for various ailments, including depression. His letters reveal a deep sense of loneliness, a sentiment that resonates with many who have experienced mental health challenges.

Cromwell's spiritual journey was intertwined with his physical and mental health. He underwent a profound spiritual crisis in the late 1620s and early 1630s, which significantly impacted his well-being. This period of darkness was followed by a transformative religious experience that brought him out of his despair.

Despite his health challenges, Cromwell led an active life. His bouts of depression almost led him to emigrate to America in the 1630s, but he persevered and went on to become a prominent military and political figure.

HOMES Oliver Cromwell's residences reflected his evolving status and power.

Ely House: Cromwell's fortunes improved in 1636 when he inherited property in Ely from his uncle Thomas Steward, including a house near the cathedral. This became the Cromwell family home for over a decade and is now known as Oliver Cromwell's House:

As Cromwell's political career advanced, he moved his family to London. They first lived in Drury Lane after 1646. Later, upon becoming Lord Protector, they moved to lodgings within the Whitehall palace estate, in the converted Cockpit.

Hampton Court Palace served as a weekend retreat, providing a peaceful escape from the demands of governance. The Cromwell family lived in the lavish state apartments and used the palace for relaxation and entertainment.

These royal residences allowed Cromwell to project an image of authority and power, while also providing comfortable and prestigious living quarters for his family.

TRAVEL Cromwell traveled extensively across England and Ireland for military and political campaigns but never left the British Isles.

DEATH Oliver Cromwell died at Whitehall Palace on September 3, 1658. His death coincided with a violent storm that swept across England, leading to speculation about its significance. His final words, "it is not my design to drink or to sleep but my design is to make what haste I can to be gone," reflected a sense of urgency and spiritual readiness.

Cromwell's death at the age of 59 was likely due to a combination of factors, including septicemia from a urinary infection, complications from malaria, and the emotional toll of his daughter's recent death.

Following his death, Cromwell was initially buried in Westminster Abbey. However, after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1661, his body was exhumed, hanged, drawn, and quartered. His head was displayed on a pole outside Westminster Abbey for 24 years before it was eventually lost. The head changed hands several times, becoming a macabre relic and a source of fascination. It was eventually buried in secret at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, in 1960.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Oliver Cromwell's controversial legacy has made him a frequent subject of media portrayals, ranging from historical dramas to satirical works. These appearances often emphasize his complex character, highlighting his religious fervor, military prowess, and political ambition.

FILM AND TELEVISION Cromwell (1970) Richard Harris starred as Cromwell in this historical drama that focuses on his rise during the English Civil War and the trial of Charles I. The film portrays Cromwell as a principled, if austere, leader, though it takes historical liberties.

Winstanley (1975) This low-budget film explores Cromwell’s role in the suppression of radical political movements like the Diggers. It depicts him as a pragmatic and authoritarian figure.

To Kill a King (2003) Tim Roth played Cromwell in this dramatization of his relationship with Thomas Fairfax and their role in Charles I’s downfall. Roth’s portrayal leans into Cromwell’s more ruthless traits.

BBC Series The Devil's Whore (2008) Dominic West portrayed Cromwell in this drama about the English Civil War, showing him as a conflicted and morally complex leader.

Cromwell has been featured in numerous documentaries, such as BBC's The English Civil War and Channel 4's The Trial of the King Killers, which delve into his military campaigns, politics, and impact on British history.

SATIRE: Cromwell has been lampooned in satirical poetry and plays, particularly in the Restoration era, where writers mocked his Puritanical reforms and authoritarian rule.

Cromwell frequently appears in political cartoons, particularly in debates about republicanism and authoritarianism, symbolizing both virtue and tyranny.

ART AND VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS Cromwell famously insisted on realistic depictions in his portraits, saying to Peter Lely, “Paint me as I am—warts and all.” This phrase has since become synonymous with unflinching honesty in portrayals.

MUSIC Cromwell has been immortalized in traditional folk songs, often emphasizing his role in the Civil War and the execution of Charles I. Some songs, such as those from the Irish tradition, portray him negatively due to his actions in Ireland.

Monty Python's "Oliver Cromwell"  humorously narrates Cromwell’s life, poking fun at his strict morality and controversial decisions.

He is occasionally mentioned in American contexts, such as in the song "Yankee Doodle," which references his feathered hat.

VIDEO GAMES Cromwell has appeared in strategy games set during the English Civil War, such as Civilization or Europa Universalis, where players can interact with or emulate his policies.

ACHIEVEMENTS Cromwell abolished the monarchy, established the Commonwealth, and initiated military reforms that revolutionized England’s army. Here are some of his achievements:

1. Improved public morals

2. Briefly transformed England from a monarchy to a commonwealth

3 The key figure in establishing the world's first Parliamentary democracy

4. Gave Scotland and Ireland parliamentary representation

5. Reorganised the national church and under him the commonwealth became the head and champion of Protestant Europe

Sources History Today, Voice

Davy Crockett

NAME David "Davy" Crockett

WHAT FAMOUS FOR American frontiersman, soldier, and politician known as the "King of the Wild Frontier." Renowned for his wilderness skills, sharp wit, and bravery, he became a folk hero in American culture.

BIRTH Born on August 17, 1786, in Greene County, within the short-lived state of Franklin (later incorporated into Tennessee).

FAMILY BACKGROUND Davy was the fifth of nine children born to John and Rebecca Crockett, subsistence farmers of Scotch-Irish descent. His family faced financial hardships and moved frequently.

CHILDHOOD Crockett's early life was marked by financial hardship and frequent moves. His family relocated several times in search of economic stability. At the tender age of twelve, he was indentured to Jacob Siler to help alleviate the family's debt burden. This experience exposed him to the harsh realities of frontier life, as he worked as a cowboy on a grueling 400-mile cattle drive to Virginia. 

At the age of 13, Crockett attacked a school bully and, fearing his father's punishment, ran away. He spent two and a half years traveling through Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, learning essential woodsman skills. When he returned home, his family barely recognized him.

EDUCATION Crockett's formal education was extremely limited. He received only about one hundred days of tutoring from a neighbor and briefly attended school before leaving due to an altercation with a bully. 

His early years on the frontier provided him with practical knowledge of survival, hunting, and storytelling, which later defined his persona.

CAREER RECORD As a teenager, to support his family and gain independence, Crockett took on various jobs. He herded cattle and worked as a cowboy for Jacob Siler, apprenticed as a hatter under Elijah Griffith, and labored for farmers John Gray and John Canady to repay family debts.

Crockett was a skilled hunter and trapper, spending much of his early life exploring the American frontier.

He served as a scout in the Creek War under Andrew Jackson.  

Crockett later became a politician, serving in the Tennessee State Legislature and the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Tennessee.

Crockett fought in the Texas Revolution and died at the Battle of the Alamo.

APPEARANCE Crockett was described as an "uncommonly fine looking man" with an amiable expression and prominent, striking features. At age 15, he was nearly 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall and very strong

Portraits depict him as stocky and middle-aged, rather than resembling the tall, handsome Fess Parker who played him on television.

David Crockett by Chester Harding

FASHION He typically dressed more like a gentleman than a backwoodsman. 

He is famously associated with wearing a coonskin cap, though in reality, he rarely donned it, preferring practical attire suited for frontier life. Contemporary drawings show Crockett wearing a broad-brimmed felt hat, popular in the mid-19th century, rather than the iconic coonskin cap. The coonskin cap was likely a later addition to his image, first appearing in drawings after 1835.

CHARACTER Crockett was known for his courage, resilience, and sharp wit.  He was a strong advocate for the common man and often spoke out against corruption and injustice. His reputation as an honest and forthright individual made him beloved among his constituents.

SENSE OF HUMOUR He had a sharp sense of humor, often weaving self-deprecating humor and tall tales into his speeches and writings. For instance, when introducing himself to his new colleagues in Congress, he reportedly said: "I am that same Davy Crockett, fresh from the back woods, half-horse, half-alligator, a little touched with the snapping turtle...I can whip my weight in wildcats...and eat any man opposed to Jackson."

RELATIONSHIPS Davy Crockett married Mary "Polly" Finley on August 16, 1806, just one day before his 20th birthday. They had three children together: John Wesley, William and Margaret. Sadly, Polly Crockett died in 1815, leaving Crockett a widower with three young children.

Davy Crockett married Elizabeth Patton in 1815, shortly after Polly's death. Elizabeth was a widow with two small children of her own. Crockett and Elizabeth had three more children together: Rebecca Elvira, Robert Patton and Matilda.

His family life was marked by frequent moves as he sought new opportunities on the frontier, balancing his roles as a husband and father with his political career and adventurous spirit

MONEY AND FAME As an adult, Crockett attempted to establish himself financially. He built businesses on Beans Creek in Franklin County, Tennessee. However, a devastating flood in 1821, just two weeks after his election to the General Assembly, destroyed all his ventures. He received some land from his father-in-law, but he was forced to sell portions of it to pay off debts.

Crockett's political career provided some financial stability. He served in the Tennessee state legislature and later in the U.S. House of Representatives. His friend Marcus Winchester financed his early political career, but despite this support, Crockett often found himself outspent by his opponents.

While not wealthy in monetary terms, Crockett's fame grew exponentially. He became renowned for his skill as a bear hunter, famously claiming to have killed 105 bears in a single season. His reputation as a frontiersman and politician made him a popular figure. Books and plays about his life, often exaggerating his exploits, were written even during his lifetime. After his death at the Alamo, his legend grew to mythical proportions.

Crockett's legend had a significant economic impact after his death. The Crockett Almanac was a wildly popular magazine published between 1835 and 1856. In the 1950s, a Disney-inspired Crockett craze led to sales of approximately $300 million in Crockett-related merchandise. The book The Story of Davy Crockett saw a 30-fold increase in sales during this period.

FOOD AND DRINK Crockett was renowned for his hunting skills, particularly bear hunting. It's estimated that he killed over 105 bears in a single season. Bear meat likely formed a substantial part of his diet. Deer was another common source of food for frontier families like the Crocketts.

As a frontiersman, Crockett's diet included: Potatoes and other root vegetables, wild plants and foraged foods from the forest.

In one instance, Crockett and his fellow soldiers were reduced to eating potatoes found in a cellar after a battle, despite the tubers being contaminated with oil from burned Indian cabins.

Crockett was known to enjoy and provide alcoholic beverages. He referred to alcohol as "the creature." During his political campaigns, he would often buy drinks for potential voters. His friend Marcus Winchester even provided him with cash to purchase alcohol for his supporters.

MUSIC AND ARTS Contemporary accounts mention Crockett's ability to entertain fellow frontiersmen with his violin. Crockett's fiddling provided entertainment around campfires and at the Alamo, he and John McGregor reportedly used their instruments to drown out the Mexican troops' "song of death."

LITERATURE Crockett was a skilled storyteller and his autobiography A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett of the State of Tennessee (1834), became a bestseller and enhanced his mythical status.

Crockett was featured in numerous dime novels and tall tales during the 19th century, portraying him as a larger-than-life frontier hero capable of superhuman feats.

NATURE Crockett was deeply connected to the natural world. From a young age, he was drawn to the wilderness, learning to hunt, fish, and track game. The forest was his refuge, especially when political and personal stresses mounted. He approached nature as a science and hunting as an art, combining the two with excitement. Crockett considered the wilderness his "cathedral," finding solace and purpose in the outdoors.

Crockett frequently explored new hunting grounds, often hiking far into unexplored territories. He hunted various game, including turkeys, deer, feral hogs, and elk, but bears were his favorite.

PETS While not traditional pets, Crockett had a strong bond with his hunting dogs. He preferred mongrel hounds to purebred dogs for bear hunting. Some of his dogs' names included Soundwell, Old Rattler, Tiger, and Sport. His favorite hound was reportedly named Jolar, meaning "eagle-eyed" in ancient Gaelic-Scots. These stocky crossbred dogs were essential companions in Crockett's bear hunting adventures.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Hunting was both a necessity and a hobby. His legendary marksmanship contributed to his folk-hero status.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Crockett’s knowledge was practical and based on survival skills, with no formal engagement in scientific or mathematical pursuits.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY David Crockett's philosophy and theology were shaped by his frontier experiences and the cultural context of early 19th-century America. While not a formal theologian or philosopher, his views can be gleaned from his actions and recorded statements.

While not overtly religious, Crockett had some spiritual inclinations. He was raised in a Baptist family but did not formally join a church. His writings occasionally reference God, suggesting a belief in a higher power.

Crockett adhered to a personal moral code. He believed in honesty and integrity, as evidenced by his quote, "better to keep a good conscience with an empty purse, than to get a bad opinion of myself, with a full one." His actions often demonstrated a sense of fairness and justice, such as his opposition to the Indian Removal Act.

Crockett believed in individual freedom and often championed the rights of the common man, as demonstrated by his opposition to the Indian Removal Act.

POLITICS Crockett's political views were shaped by his frontier experiences. He advocated for the rights of common people over the wealthy. His famous quote, "Be sure you're right, then go ahead," encapsulates his approach to decision-making. He valued independence, stating, "I am at liberty to vote as my conscience and judgment dictates to be right, without the yoke of any party on me."

Crockett was a member of the National Republican Party and after 1833 the Whig Party. He was a staunch critic of Andrew Jackson, particularly opposing the forced removal of Native Americans.

SCANDAL Crockett’s public opposition to Jackson alienated him from his political base, leading to his loss of re-election to Congress.

MILITARY RECORD David Crockett's military career was primarily centered around his involvement in the Creek War and the Texas Revolution.

Crockett enlisted as a scout in the Tennessee militia in September 1813. He joined Francis Jones's Company of Mounted Riflemen for a 90-day term and served under Colonel John Coffee in the war against the Creek Indians. He participated in the massacre of Tallushatchee, Alabama, in November 1813.

Crockett re-enlisted as third sergeant for a six-month term with the Tennessee Mounted Gunmen under Captain John Cowan in September 1814. During this period, Crockett was known more for his hunting skills than his combat prowess. He often provided wild game for the soldiers and felt more suited to this role than fighting Creek warriors.

After the Creek War, Crockett continued his involvement with the militia. He was elected lieutenant colonel of the Fifty-seventh Regiment of Tennessee Militia in 1818 and served as colonel of the Fifty-seventh Militia Regiment of Lawrence County.

In early 1836, Crockett joined the Texas Revolution. He arrived in Texas in February 1836 and joined the Texas volunteers at San Antonio de Bexar. He participated in the defense of the Alamo against General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's forces and died at the Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836.

While Crockett's military career was relatively brief, his participation in the Creek War and his heroic death at the Alamo significantly contributed to his legendary status. His courage and frontier skills, combined with his political career, helped shape the image of Crockett as an American folk hero.

The Fall of the Alamo by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk below depicts Davy Crockett swinging his rifle at Mexican troops who have breached the south gate of the mission.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Years of frontier living kept Crockett physically fit, though the harsh conditions took their toll.

HOMES He lived in modest cabins throughout Tennessee, reflecting his frontier lifestyle.

TRAVEL Crockett traveled extensively during his early years, political career, and in his final move to Texas.

DEATH Crockett died on March 6, 1836, during the defense of the Alamo. Surviving the initial assault, he was reportedly bayoneted to death after Mexican forces overran the mission.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Crockett has been featured in countless books, movies, and television shows, 

The 1950s Davy Crockett television series, produced by Walt Disney and starring Fess Parker, was a cultural phenomenon. Key episodes included Davy Crockett: Indian Fighter (1954) and Davy Crockett at the Alamo (1955). These episodes were later compiled into a movie, Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier.

"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" was written by Thomas W. Blackburn and George Bruns for the Disney series. This catchy song became a chart-topping hit in 1955, immortalizing the refrain, "Born on a mountaintop in Tennessee..."

In the 1950s, the Disney series sparked a nationwide craze for coonskin caps and Davy Crockett-themed toys, cementing him as a pop culture icon.

The Alamo (1960): Portrayed by John Wayne, Crockett is depicted as a brave, patriotic defender during the Battle of the Alamo.

The Last Command (1955): Starring Arthur Hunnicutt as Crockett, this film also dramatized the events of the Alamo.

Statues depicting Crockett are scattered across the United States, particularly in Tennessee and Texas, where he is celebrated as a hero.

ACHIEVEMENTS Crockett’s legacy as a defender of the common man and a symbol of rugged American individualism endures. His opposition to the Indian Removal Act and his sacrifice at the Alamo are pivotal moments in American history.

Francis Crick

NAME Francis Harry Compton Crick

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Francis Crick is renowned for his co-discovery of the DNA double helix, a milestone in molecular biology.

BIRTH Born on June 8, 1916, in Northampton, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Francis Crick was the elder son of Harry and Annie Elizabeth Crick (née Wilkins.  His father and uncle ran a family boot and shoe factory. While Crick had a younger brother, A. F. who became a doctor, a more significant influence came from his grandfather, Walter Drawbridge Crick. An amateur naturalist, Walter nurtured Francis's scientific curiosity.

CHILDHOOD From a young age, Francis exhibited a strong interest in science. He devoured books on the subject and was fortunate to have his uncle Walter nearby. In a dedicated shed, Walter imparted various scientific skills to young Francis, including glass blowing, chemical experiments and making photographic prints. This early exposure to hands-on science undoubtedly shaped Crick's future path. Notably, by the age of 12, he had abandoned religious beliefs, preferring a scientific lens to understand the world.

EDUCATION Crick's formal education began at Northampton Grammar School, followed by a scholarship to the prestigious Mill Hill School in London at age 14. Here, he excelled in science subjects like mathematics, physics, and chemistry, even winning the Walter Knox Prize for Chemistry.

He continued his academic journey at University College London, obtaining a B.Sc. in physics in 1937.  While he initially started postgraduate research under Prof E. N. da C. Andrade, World War II intervened, forcing a temporary shift in his focus.

After the war, Crick transitioned to biology, pursuing his Ph.D. at Cambridge University's Caius College. He completed his doctorate in 1954, focusing on X-ray diffraction of polypeptides and proteins. This transition from physics to biology proved to be pivotal, laying the groundwork for his groundbreaking collaboration with James Watson on the structure of DNA.

CAREER RECORD During World War II, he worked for the British Admiralty,

In 1951, Crick began working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Their collaboration, along with contributions from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, led to the identification of DNA's helical structure.  Their pivotal work on DNA's structure was announced on February 28, 1953, in the Eagle pub near Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.

Crick and Watson's working style was characterized by candid communication, intense discussions, and a theoretical focus. They were not afraid to challenge each other's ideas, often engaging in heated debates both in their office and at the nearby Eagle pub. While they did not conduct experiments themselves, they excelled at interpreting and integrating the data of other researchers.

In 1977, Crick joined the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, as a research professor.

APPEARANCE See photo below

Francis Crick in his office. By Francis_Crick.png: Photo: Marc Liebermanderivative 

FASHION Crick was known to be always careful and well-groomed in his dress, usually wearing a colorful tie.

CHARACTER Crick was described as driven, intellectually curious, and highly competitive, with a youthful arrogance and impatience with sloppy thinking.

SENSE OF HUMOUR  Throughout his life, Crick maintained a balance between being a serious, committed scientist and someone with a playful, sometimes flippant personality. In the early 1970s, Peter Medawar suggested that Crick recast an essay he had written with Leslie Orgel about the origins of life for the fashion magazine Vogue. In response to this suggestion, Crick humorously quipped that they had originally considered Playboy magazine instead.

Crick’s sharp wit often shone in conversations. He once quipped that scientific breakthroughs require “ruthlessness” and “impatience with nonsense.”

RELATIONSHIPS Francis Crick was married twice. His first marriage was to Ruth Doreen Dodd whom he wed on February 18, 1940. They had one child together, Michael. The marriage ended in divorce on May 8, 1947.

On August 14, 1949, Crick married French artist Odile Speed. This marriage lasted until his death in 2004. With Odile, Crick had two daughters: Gabrielle and Jacqueline.

Odile, was an artist who famously drew the illustration of the double helix structure of DNA for Crick and Watson's groundbreaking paper in Nature in 1953. The Cricks were known for hosting lively parties in Cambridge and later in California, where they moved in the 1970s when Francis Crick became a professor at the Salk Institute.

Francis Crick and James Watson were drawn together by their shared fascination with DNA and the groundbreaking work of scientists like Linus Pauling. Their mutual intellectual curiosity formed the bedrock of their partnership.

Their collaboration was fueled by a blend of complementary traits: youthful arrogance, ruthlessness, and impatience with sloppy thinking. This combination of qualities allowed them to tackle the complex puzzle of DNA structure with unwavering determination.

MONEY AND FAME Crick received global recognition and numerous accolades, including a Nobel Prize in 1962, but remained focused on scientific discovery rather than wealth.

Below is a stained glass window in the dining hall of Caius College, in Cambridge, commemorating Francis Crick and representing the double helical structure of B-DNA. The stained glass was designed by Maria McClafferty and installed between 1992 and 1993

By Wikipedia user: Schutz

FOOD AND DRINK Crick was known to enjoy a hearty meal and often dined in the company of colleagues, discussing scientific theories.

Crick and his wife Odile enjoyed champagne on special occasions. When they learned about his Nobel Prize win, Odile rushed to get ice to cool champagne for a celebration.

The Cricks were renowned for their lively social gatherings. They hosted parties at their home, the Golden Helix, in Cambridge, which often featured champagne and entertaining conversations. Later, in the 1960s, their parties became more bohemian and wild.

MUSIC AND ARTS Crick appreciated Odile’s artistic talents and supported her creative pursuits, which included painting and teaching. While not an artist himself,  Crick had a fine sense of aesthetic elegance, reflected in his scientific discoveries and writing. He enjoyed the company of artists and creative individuals at their social gatherings

LITERATURE He enjoyed reading extensively, particularly scientific texts and philosophical works.

NATURE Crick was fascinated by the origins of life, even hypothesizing that life on Earth might have arrived via an unmanned rocket carrying microbial spores from an advanced civilization.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Crick enjoyed intellectual hobbies, including chess and philosophical debates.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Teaming up with a brash young American named Jim Watson, Crick and Watson set about unraveling one of life’s greatest mysteries: the structure of DNA. It was a bit like two kids in a candy store, tinkering away with models and theories until, bingo, they hit upon the double helix. It was a revelation as simple as it was profound.

Crick wasn’t content with just one groundbreaking discovery. He went on to propose the Central Dogma of molecular biology, a neat little theory about how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It was a bit like inventing the wheel, but for biology.

And then, like a cat chasing a laser pointer, he turned his attention to the brain. He wondered how consciousness arose, how thoughts materialized from a mass of gray matter. It was a question that had puzzled philosophers for centuries, and Crick, with his characteristic mix of audacity and intelligence, thought he might have a crack at it.

Sadly, before he could fully unravel the mysteries of the mind, Crick passed away in 2004. But his legacy lives on. His work has revolutionized biology, medicine, and our understanding of ourselves. So next time you look in the mirror, remember to thank the curious mind of Francis Crick.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY By the age of 12, Crick had abandoned religious beliefs, preferring a scientific lens to understand the world.

As an avowed atheist, Crick dismissed conventional religion, focusing instead on scientific explanations for life's origins.

POLITICS Crick was outspoken about the ethical implications of scientific discoveries but avoided overt political affiliations.

SCANDAL Crick’s atheism was considered controversial, particularly as he worked in the Cavendish Laboratory, which bore a biblical inscription: “Great are the works of the Lord.”

During a celebration of Crick's Nobel Prize win, there was an incident involving fireworks. A policeman arrived at Crick's home to investigate a complaint that the noise was disturbing a neighbor's greyhounds.

MILITARY RECORD During World War II, Crick worked for the Admiralty Research Laboratory, where he helped design an undetectable mine for the Royal Navy.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Crick remained active throughout his life, maintaining a sharp mind and keen energy for scientific work.

HOMES After joining the Medical Research Council Unit in 1949, Crick and his wife, Odile, settled in Cambridge. They initially made do with a small, austere flat, reflecting their modest circumstances. Later, they moved to a more comfortable home at 19 Portugal Place, affectionately known as "The Golden Helix." This house became renowned for the lively parties the Cricks hosted, drawing in a vibrant mix of scientists and intellectuals.

In the late 1970s, the Cricks embarked on a new chapter, relocating to California when Francis accepted a distinguished professorship at the Salk Institute. They divided their time between two homes: a suburban hilltop residence in La Jolla and a desert retreat.

TRAVEL Crick traveled widely, presenting lectures and collaborating with international researchers.

DEATH Francis Crick passed away on July 28, 2004, in San Diego, California, at the age of 88. His death came after he had been diagnosed with colon cancer.

Crick spent his last days at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Thornton Hospital in La Jolla, where he ultimately succumbed to his illness.

Following his death, Crick's body was cremated. In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean. This choice of final resting place reflects Crick's connection to California, where he had lived and worked for many years at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Crick and Watson's DNA discovery has been depicted in various documentaries, and films, cementing their legacy in popular culture.

The Race for the Double Helix (1987) is a BBC drama, starring Jeff Goldblum as James Watson and Tm Pigott-Smith as Francis Crick, portrays the events leading up to the discovery of the DNA structure. 

Crick occasionally participated in televised discussions and lectures, sharing his insights on genetics and the origins of life.

ACHIEVEMENTS Co-discovery of the DNA double helix.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962, shared with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins.

Major contributions to the understanding of genetic coding and molecular biology.