Attila the Hun

NAME Attila the Hun. Called "Scourge of God" by the Romans, "Etzel" by the Germans, "Ethele" by the Hungarians and something unrepeatable by a lot of people.

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Attila the Hun is famous for being one of the most fearsome and successful military leaders of the ancient world. He led the Huns, a nomadic people from Central Asia, in a series of devastating campaigns across Europe during the 5th century AD, earning him the nickname "The Scourge of God."

BIRTH Attila the Hun was born around 406 AD, possibly in Pannonia, which is now part of modern-day Hungary.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Young Attila was a member of the ruling family of the Huns. His father was Mundzuk, and his uncle was Rugila, who preceded him as king of the Huns. Rugila was a major factor in the Huns' early victories over the Roman Empire

CHILDHOOD Not much is known about Attila's childhood, but it's likely he was raised within the warrior culture of the Huns, learning the skills necessary for leadership and warfare from a young age.

EDUCATION Attila's education would have been primarily focused on the traditions and strategies of Hunnic warfare, passed down through oral tradition within his tribe. Attila was illiterate.

CAREER RECORD Here's Attila's CV
434 Attila succeeded his father as joint chieftain. For a time he ruled jointly with his elder brother Bleda but murdered him in 445. Evidently Attila was not a great believer in family values.
451 Attila leads the Huns into Gaul but is defeated by the Roman and Visigoth forces.
452 Attila raids Italy and retreats to Hungary.

Monty Python summed up a typical working day for Attila as follows:
Mr's Attila the Hun: "Have a busy day at the office?"
Attila: "Not at all bad. Another merciless sweep across central Europe."

APPEARANCE The Huns were of Mongol origin and Attila would have been yellow faced, with a thin beard, long and plaited hair and heavy moustache and a face deliberately scarred in boyhood. 

Figure of Attila in a museum in Hungary By A.Berger - Own work, Wikipedia

Priscus, a historian who travelled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448 described Attila as a Hun but no hunk. He said he was: "Short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with grey; and he had a flat nose and a swarthy complexion, showing the evidences of his origin." 

According to an evidently bitter Roman, he was a "hideous dwarf who rolled his eyes fiercely."

FASHION It was customary for Germanic leaders of Attila's day to powder their hair and moustache with gold dust. Others used goats grease and beech timber ashes to give their hair a glowing red colour. Attila probably did this. 

Attila would have worn short fitted tunics and either short breeches or cross-gartered trousers and crude leather shoes. When cold, he would have covered himself in an animal skin.

Attila was not interested in jewellery himself unlike some of his chieftains.

The Romans complained how much Attila and his fellow Huns smelled. The Barbarians had not got into the Roman habit of bathing.

CHARACTER Attila is often depicted as a ruthless and ambitious leader, driven by a desire for conquest and power. He was known for his strategic brilliance on the battlefield and his ability to inspire loyalty among his followers.

The scourge of God was not necessarily overcharged in the meathead department. In short, he was a toughie but was kind to women and children. As the Huns were illiterate and his enemies wrote all the accounts of Attila he got a biased anti-Attila press.

So frightening was the the sound of Attila and his fellow Huns approaching that even Daleks would flee under the bed.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Not a fun Hun; given his reputation as a fierce warrior and conqueror, Attila is not commonly associated with a sense of humor. 

RELATIONSHIPS Despite being short, squat, ugly Attila had several wives and concubines. Among his beloveds was Honoria, the sister of the western emperor Valentinian Honoria, the sister of the western emperor Valentinian III. The story goes that in 450 Attila proclaimed his intent to attack the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse. Honoria appealed to him in despair to rescue her from an arranged marriage to an elderly Roman senator by marrying her himself. As a dowry he expected half of the western empire. When this was refused Attila stroppily invaded Gaul.

Attila's last wife was Ildico, a beautiful German. However he died on their wedding night. 

Attila's sons Ellak (his appointed successor), Dengizik, and Ernak fought over his legacy and, were defeated and scattered the following year in the battle of Nedao.

"I want you kids to get a head" Monty Python

MONEY AND FAME Attila lived in relative simplicity. However he regularly extorted vast sums in tribute from the Eastern Roman Empire and won a lot of plunder for his fellow Huns. For example the emperor of the Eastern empire promised to pay 700 pounds of gold each year to Attila and his hordes as payment for not attacking his empire. When the emperor missed some of his payments Attila invaded the region with some devastating consequences. The emperor was forced to increase his tribute.

FOOD AND DRINK As a nomadic leader, Attila likely consumed a diet consisting primarily of meat, dairy products, and grains. He may have also enjoyed fermented beverages such as mare's milk or mead.

According to the Romans the Huns drank blood. In fact Attila and his fellow Huns lived on the roots of such herbs as they could get or on the half-raw flesh of any animal which they merely warmed by rapidly placing it between their own thighs and the backs of their horses.

The historian Priscus was sent as emissary to Attila's encampment in 448. He reported that Attila ate off a wooden plate whilst his chieftains ate off silver plates. Said Priscus: "A luxurious meal, served on silver plate, had been made ready for us and the barbarian guests, but Attila ate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher. In everything else, too, he showed himself temperate; his cup was of wood, while to the guests were given goblets of gold and silver."

MUSIC AND ARTS Attila's hordes massacred and looted and burned their way across Europe. Then they reached the Roman empire. In Italy Attila occupied the Imperial Palace in Milan where he had all the paintings altered to show the Roman Emperor kneeling at his feet. So nah, he probably wasn't a culture vulture - they weren't called barbarians for nothing. 

Priscus reports that Attila and his Huns did enjoy a sing-song: "When evening began to draw in, torches were lighted, and two barbarians came forward in front of Attila and sang songs which they had composed, hymning his victories and his great deeds in war. And the banqueters gazed at them, and some were rejoiced at the songs, others became excited at heart when they remembered the wars, but others broke into tears—those whose bodies were weakened by time and whose spirit was compelled to be at rest."

LITERATURE Attila's life and exploits have been recorded in various historical texts, but he himself did not leave behind any written works.

NATURE Attila would have been intimately familiar with the natural landscapes of the Eurasian steppes, where the Huns roamed with their herds of horses and other livestock. Attila and his fellow Huns treated their swift steppe horses well.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Attila was a skilled archer. He and his fellow Huns shot their arrows from horseback at full gallop with unerring accuracy.

SCIENCE AND MATHS There is no evidence to suggest that Attila had any particular interest in science or mathematics.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY  Attila had a fairly superficial Arian Christian faith which at least helped him to maintain certain high standards of Christian morality. Most of the conquering Barbarian tribes were in fact Arian Christians, so much church property was left unransacked, as they had tremendous reference for Christian relics and treasures.

Attila was referred to as the “Scourge of God” by the Romans, as they believed that he was a punishment sent for sinful Christians by God.

In 451 when Attila was on the march in Gaul the French withdrew more and more inside their country until it seemed Paris would fall. However a Christian girl, Genevieve promised the Parisians that if they prayed to God and didn't flee Attila would not come. He didn't. He was defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne and was forced to retreat. The Parisians rejoiced and Genevieve was canonised.

Attila was an autocratic ruler. He planned his campaigns without the help of any others.

SCANDAL Attila's military campaigns were often brutal and merciless, resulting in widespread destruction and loss of life. However, within the context of the time, such actions were not necessarily considered scandalous.

On top of all that rampaging and destructing and being the "Scourge of God" Attila murdered his brother to gain sole control of the Hunnish empire.

MILITARY RECORD Being a Barbarian one pictures Attila being as brain empty as Mother Hubbard's cupboard but he was an astute military leader even though most of his victories were over weaker enemies. 

447 Advanced through Illyria and devastated the whole region between the Black and Mediterranean Seas tearing into the opposing armies like Edward Scissorhands. Constantinople was saved as the Huns were not interested in besieging great cities.

451 Attila and his Huns invaded Gaul but was defeated by the Roman and Visigoth armies at the plains of Châlons-sur-Marne, near Troyes in one of the most terrible, bloody battles in history.

Attila retreated to the Rhine then turned his attention to Italy where after devastating North Italy, Rome was threatened. Only the personal intervention of the charismatic Pope Leo I prevented the sacking of Rome. However Attila's little secret was that he had already made up his mind to withdraw due to epidemics in his army and widespread famine. The timely intervention of the Pope helped him to save face. Below Raphael's The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila depicts Leo, escorted by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, meeting with the Hun emperor outside Rome.

HOMES When not ravaging and pillaging Europe, Attila was based in a wooden palace in the tiny village of Tápiószentmárton in central Hungary.

TRAVEL Attila saw a lot of central Europe on horseback.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Attila would have been in excellent physical condition, as his lifestyle as a nomadic warrior would have required strength, endurance, and agility.

DEATH Attila died in 453 AD under mysterious circumstances on the night of his marriage to the beautiful German Ildico, whilst making plans to invade Constantinople. There are conflicting accounts that he was poisoned, had a severe nosebleed or according to the Roman Count Marcellinus "pierced by the hand and blade of his wife." 

When Attila died, his troops cut his hair and slashed their faces " to mourn with blood rather than tears." The unfortunate men who buried him and his treasures were put to death so that his burial place would remain unknown.

After the demise of Attila, the Huns were absorbed into the surrounding population. Indeed the Visigoths and Vandals had more permanent impact.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA 1. Attila was played by that most Hun-like actor Jack Palance in Sign of the Pagan 1954. The same year Anthony Quinn portrayed him in a Franco-Italian movie Attila, with Sophia Loren playing Honoria.
2. Verdi wrote an opera in 1846 called, yep, Attila.

ACHIEVEMENTS 1. Attila's most significant achievement was his successful expansion of the Huns' territory and influence, establishing himself as one of the most formidable rulers of his time.
2. Attila indirectly founded a great city. The story goes that families fleeing Attila and his hordes ended up in a series of mudbanks within a lagoon at the head of the Adriatic Sea. They stayed there, the settlement grew and it became Venice.
3. Attila is a national hero even today in Hungary where he is known as Ethele.
4. Margaret Thatcher used to be nicknamed Attila the Hen

Sources (1) Chronicle of the World
(2) 100 Great Kings and Queens and Rulers of the World
(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila

Charles Atlas

NAME: Charles Atlas

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Charles Atlas is famous for his iconic "Dynamic Tension" fitness method and for being one of the most renowned bodybuilders and fitness experts of the 20th century.

BIRTH: He was born, Angelo Siciliano, on October 30, 1892, in Acri, Calabria, Italy.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Atlas was born to a farming family in Italy. His family immigrated to America when he was a child, settling in Brooklyn, New York.

CHILDHOOD: As a child, Atlas experienced bullying due to his small and frail stature, which motivated him to pursue physical fitness.

EDUCATION: Atlas's formal education was limited, and he left school at a young age to work and help support his family.

CAREER RECORD: A pale, scrawny youth, Atlas found salvation – and a whole lot of muscle – in the unlikely haven of a Brooklyn YMCA gym.  There, young Angelo developed his system of "dynamic tension," basically pitting one muscle group against another in a silent, internal tug-of-war.  It worked. Angelo morphed from a scrawny sack into a Coney Island strongman, a testament to the power of self-inflicted muscle mitosis.

Atlas, partnered with Frederick Tilney and Charles P. Roman to market his program through mail-order and advertising. He launched a course in his unique brand of bodybuilding, forever immortalized by the iconic ad campaign: the scrawny 97-pound weakling getting sand kicked in his face (and presumably losing his girl) to a beach bully. It was emotional manipulation at its finest, and it  sold like Popeye after a spinach binge.

APPEARANCE: Atlas was known for his impressive muscular physique, often appearing in advertisements and promotional materials shirtless, showcasing his physique.

Charles Atlas  circa 1920.

FASHION: Atlas is primarily associated with the physique-revealing outfits he wore in his advertisements, such as swimming trunks.

CHARACTER: Atlas is often portrayed as a determined individual who overcame his physical limitations. He believed in the power of self-improvement and resilience.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: While not extensively documented, Atlas was known to have a good-natured and approachable demeanor, often using humor in his interactions.

RELATIONSHIPS: Atlas married Margaret Cassano in 1918, and they had two children: Hercules Atlas and Diana Atlas.

MONEY AND FAME: Atlas achieved significant wealth and fame through his fitness empire, which included merchandise, publications, and personal appearances.

Atlas's mail-order muscle empire wasn't just for couch potatoes.  Even heavyweight champs like Max Baer (king of the ring 1934-1935) and Rocky Marciano (the undisputed champ from 1952 to 1956) supposedly took a page (or maybe a whole magazine) out of his book. Joe Louis, heavyweight champ extraordinaire from 1937 to 1949, even peeked his interest in the Atlas method.

The reach of Atlas's influence went beyond boxing. British strongman David Prowse, the bodybuilder who brought Darth Vader to life on screen, reportedly trained with Atlas's program. Even King George VI and Mahatma Gandhi reportedly inquired about his mail-order course.

Comic book ad from 1949 featuring Atlas

Ditching the Italian-sounding Angelo Siciliano for the classically American Charles Atlas (inspired by the sky-holding Greek god, no less) in 1922 was a masterstroke in branding.

FOOD AND DRINK: As a fitness enthusiast, Atlas likely adhered to a balanced and nutritious diet to support his training regimen.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Atlas appreciated aesthetics, evident in his sculpted physique.

While photographs documented his rise to muscle-bound fame, Atlas left a more permanent mark – quite literally. He served as a model for numerous statues across the US, his physique forever frozen in bronze and marble, silently beckoning us all to join the ranks of the Atlasian supermen.

LITERATURE: Atlas focused more on practical literature related to fitness and health rather than literary pursuits.

NATURE: Although Atlas didn't extensively document his relationship with nature, his fitness method often emphasized exercises inspired by natural movements.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: His passion for physical fitness was his primary hobby, leading him to develop his bodybuilding program. In 1938, this man-mountain, still a featherweight at 178 pounds, managed to pull a 145,000-pound train a whole 122 feet.

Outside of bodybuilding and fitness, Atlas enjoyed activities such as swimming and hiking.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: Atlas's fitness method was rooted in principles of anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics, demonstrating his understanding of science.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Atlas believed in the potential for personal transformation through discipline, hard work, and self-belief, embodying a philosophy of self-improvement.

SCANDAL: There are no significant scandals associated with Charles Atlas.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Charles Atlas became a symbol of physical fitness through his own transformation and his bodybuilding program.

HOMES: Atlas lived primarily in New York City, where he established his fitness empire.

TRAVEL: While he traveled for promotional appearances and events, Atlas's life was primarily centered around New York City.

DEATH: Charles Atlas passed away on December 24, 1972, in Long Beach, New York, leaving behind a lasting legacy in the world of fitness and bodybuilding.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Atlas appeared in numerous advertisements, magazines, and promotional materials throughout his career, solidifying his status as a cultural icon of physical fitness. 

Atlas's most recognizable media presence wasn't himself, but the countless comic book ads depicting him as the solution to being a "scrawny weakling." These ads, masterfully crafted with Charles P. Roman, became a pop culture phenomenon.

His legacy continues to be referenced in popular culture, including appearances in films, television shows, and literature.

ACHIEVEMENTS:  Atlas's greatest achievement wasn't just his own physique, but the creation of a hugely successful mail-order fitness empire based on his "Dynamic-Tension" exercise program.

Through his innovative and persistent advertising campaigns, Atlas popularized the idea of physical fitness for the average person. He is credited with pioneering the use of mail-order fitness programs and shaping the modern fitness industry.

Rowan Atkinson

NAME Rowan Atkinson

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Rowan Atkinson is famous for his comedic talents, particularly for his iconic portrayal of the character Mr. Bean and for his role as Edmund Blackadder in the British television series Blackadder.

BIRTH Rowan Atkinson was born on January 6, 1955, in Consett, County Durham, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Rowan Atkinson was the youngest of four brothers born to Ella May and Eric Atkinson. His father was a farmer and company director, while his mother worked as a housewife. He grew up in a middle-class family environment.

CHILDHOOD Rowan Atkinson spent his childhood in Consett, where he attended primary and secondary schools. He showed an early interest in performing arts and comedy.

EDUCATION Rowan Atkinson attended Newcastle University, where he studied Electrical Engineering. He later pursued a Master's degree at The Queen's College, Oxford.

CAREER RECORD Rowan Atkinson's career began in comedy clubs while he was still a student at Oxford University. He gained widespread recognition for his performances in the sketch comedy show Not the Nine O'Clock News in the late 1970s. He then went on to create and star in the immensely popular sitcom Blackadder in the 1980s. His portrayal of the eccentric character Mr. Bean became a global phenomenon, leading to a successful television series and feature films.

APPEARANCE Rowan Atkinson is of average height with a distinctive facial appearance characterized by his expressive eyes and prominent eyebrows.

Rowan Atkinson 1987 Photo taken by Gerhard Heeke. Wikipedia

FASHION Rowan Atkinson's fashion sense tends towards classic and understated styles, often seen wearing suits for formal occasions. He doesn't shy away from using clothing for comedic effect in his characters

CHARACTER Rowan Atkinson is known for his intelligence, wit, and dedication to his craft. He is described as a private individual who values his personal life outside of the spotlight.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Rowan Atkinson's sense of humor is characterized by physical comedy, clever wordplay, and a talent for slapstick. He is known for his ability to deliver humor through facial expressions and body language. Atkinson often uses awkward silences and misunderstandings for humor

RELATIONSHIPS On the relationship front, things haven't always been smooth sailing. Rowan married makeup artist Sunetra Sastry in 1990, and they had two children, Lily and Benjamin, together. But in 2013, love took a detour, and at the age of 58, Atkinson began a relationship with 32-year-old comedian Louise Ford after they met while performing in a play together. Let's just say, there were some broken hearts and raised eyebrows all around.

MONEY AND FAME Rowan Atkinson's successful career in comedy has made him wealthy and internationally famous. He is one of the most recognizable and beloved comedic actors in the world.

FOOD AND DRINK Rowan Atkinson's personal preferences in food and drink are not extensively documented, but as a British individual, he likely enjoys traditional British cuisine and beverages.

MUSIC AND ARTS Rowan Atkinson enjoys attending theater productions and classical music concerts. 

From the conniving schemer Edmund Blackadder to the perpetually bewildered Mr. Bean, Rowan Atkinson has tickled funny bones around the world.

LITERATURE While Rowan Atkinson has not been directly involved in literature, his comedic work has undoubtedly influenced contemporary comedic writing and performance. He likely enjoys reading, but  his specific interests are unknown.

NATURE Rowan Atkinson has not been particularly vocal about his relationship with nature, but as a private individual, he may enjoy outdoor activities in his leisure time.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Rowan Atkinson has expressed a passion for cars and motorsports, particularly classic and sports cars. He has participated in various motorsport events and owns an impressive car collection.

Has also expressed interest in aviation, which came in handy on one occasion. In March 2001, while Atkinson was on a holiday trip to Kenya, the pilot of his private plane fainted. Atkinson managed to maintain the plane in the air until the pilot recovered, and was able to land the plane at Nairobi's Wilson Airport.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Rowan Atkinson's academic background in Electrical Engineering reflects an interest in science and mathematics, although he has not been notably involved in these fields outside of his studies.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Rowan Atkinson was raised Anglican, but his personal beliefs are not widely known's personal views on philosophy and theology are not extensively documented, but he has not been notably outspoken on these topics.

SCANDAL Apparently, Rowan's a bit of an electric car buzzkill. A February 2024 report by the House of Lords criticised a June 2023 comment piece by Atkinson in The Guardian that praised electric cars, then complained about battery woes and eco-guilt, which put a damper on electric vehicle sales in the UK.

Atkinson seems to have a thing for expensive spills as well. He holds the record for the priciest car repair bill EVER in the UK, thanks to a 2011 crash on the A605 near Haddon, Cambridgeshire that set the insurance company back a cool £900,000. 

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Rowan Atkinson has maintained good health throughout his life, although he suffered a a badly damaged shoulder in his 2011 car accident. He is known for his physical comedy, which requires a certain level of fitness and agility.

HOMES Rowan Atkinson owns several properties, including a country estate in England and a house in London.

TRAVEL As a successful actor and comedian, Rowan Atkinson has traveled extensively for work and leisure, attending events, filming locations, and car-related activities around the world.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Extensive filmography and television appearances

Also featured in commercials and video games

ACHIEVEMENTS One of Britain's most successful comedians

Won numerous awards for his acting and writing, including a BAFTA and a Laurence Olivier Award

His work has brought laughter to audiences worldwide.

Æthelstan

NAME Æthelstan

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Æthelstan, also known as Athelstan, is famous for being the first King of England, ruling from 924 to 939 AD. He is recognized for his military prowess, political acumen, and efforts in unifying Anglo-Saxon England.

BIRTH Æthelstan was born around 895 AD, likely in Wessex, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Æthelstan was the son of King Edward the Elder, who was the son of King Alfred the Great, and his first wife, Ecgwynn. His paternal grandfather, Alfred the Great, is renowned for his defense of England against Viking invasions and his efforts to promote education and justice.

CHILDHOOD Æthelstan grew up in the royal court of Wessex, surrounded by the influence of his grandfather Alfred the Great and his father Edward the Elder. His childhood was likely filled with exposure to the affairs of state and military training.

EDUCATION As a member of the royal family, Æthelstan would have received education suitable for a future ruler, which would have included training in languages, history, law, and warfare.

CAREER RECORD Æthelstan's career began as a military leader under his father's reign. After his father's death in 924 AD, Æthelstan ascended to the throne of Wessex. The coronation of Æthelstan took place on September 4, 925 at Kingston upon Thames, a place chosen perhaps because it straddled Wessex and Mercia like a lukewarm bath on the grout line between two counties. He then embarked on a campaign to unify the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, eventually becoming the first ruler to be recognized as King of England.

APPEARANCE Descriptions of Æthelstan's appearance are scarce in historical records. He was described by some chroniclers as being of "astonishing beauty and graceful manners."

Æthelstan in a fifteenth-century stained glass window in All Souls College Chapel, Oxford

FASHION As a king of the early 10th century, Æthelstan would have dressed in garments befitting his royal status, likely consisting of fine fabrics and jewelry.

Æthelstan's coronation involved a fancy new hat (a crown, for the history buffs) instead of the usual helmet. Big day for hats, apparently.

CHARACTER Æthelstan was described as a skilled diplomat, a shrewd strategist, and a devout Christian. He was known for his wisdom, fairness, and determination in pursuing his goals.

SENSE OF HUMOUR While specific anecdotes about Æthelstan's sense of humor are not well-documented, it is likely that he possessed a wit and charm befitting a skilled statesman and leader.

RELATIONSHIPS Æthelstan never married and had no children; 

He had a complex relationship with his half-brothers, including a power struggle with Ælfweard (who died shortly after their father).

Æthelstan played the diplomatic game like a champ. We're talking marrying off his four half-sisters to powerful European dudes to solidify his position. 

MONEY AND FAME As a king, Æthelstan would have had access to considerable wealth, derived from taxes, tributes, and royal estates. His fame spread throughout Europe due to his military successes and political achievements.

FOOD AND DRINK Æthelstan would have enjoyed a diet typical of the Anglo-Saxon nobility, consisting of meats, grains, fruits, and vegetables, supplemented by ale or mead.

MUSIC AND ARTS While there is little direct evidence of Æthelstan's personal interest in music and arts, he likely patronized poets, artists, and musicians at his court, as was customary for medieval kings.

LITERATURE Æthelstan supported the production of manuscripts and literature, fostering a cultural renaissance in Anglo-Saxon England. He commissioned translations of religious texts and promoted education among the clergy.

Below is the frontispiece of Bede's Life of St Cuthbert, showing King Æthelstan presenting a copy of the book to the saint himself.

NATURE Æthelstan, like many rulers of his time, would have had a practical understanding of nature, particularly in terms of agriculture and hunting, which were essential for the economy and recreation.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS As a king, Æthelstan may have participated in hunting, falconry, and other outdoor activities popular among the Anglo-Saxon nobility.

SCIENCE AND MATHS Æthelstan's education would have included basic knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, which were necessary for administration and timekeeping in medieval society.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Æthelstan was a devout Christian and supported the church's influence in his kingdom. He likely engaged with theological debates of his time and sought to promote religious unity and orthodoxy.

SCANDAL There are no significant scandals recorded in Æthelstan's reign, suggesting that he maintained a relatively stable and respectable rule.

MILITARY RECORD On July 12, 927, a treaty was signed at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria between Æthelstan and Constantine II, King of Scotland. This treaty, which prohibited Constantine from allying with Vikings, marked a significant step towards the unification of Great Britain as it was the first time an English king asserted authority over Scotland.

Æthelstan was a skilled military leader, winning several decisive battles against Viking invaders and Welsh princes. Most notably he defeated a combined Viking and Celtic army at the Battle of Brunanburh (937) His military successes laid the foundation for his political dominance in England.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS While details about Æthelstan's health are scarce, he would have likely maintained a level of physical fitness necessary for a medieval warrior and ruler.

HOMES Æthelstan would have resided in various royal residences throughout his kingdom, including Winchester, the traditional capital of Wessex, and other fortified sites.

TRAVEL As a king, Æthelstan would have traveled extensively within his kingdom to administer justice, collect taxes, and maintain control over his realm.

DEATH Æthelstan died on October 27, 939 AD, in Gloucester, England. He was buried at Malmesbury Abbey in Wiltshire. Æthelstan's choice reflected his devotion to the abbey and to the memory of its seventh-century abbot Saint Aldhelm. His remains were lost during the Reformation.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA Æthelstan has been depicted in various works of literature, historical fiction, and television dramas, notably in the TV series Vikings, where he is portrayed as a significant historical figure.

ACHIEVEMENTS United most of Anglo-Saxon England under his rule

Established himself as a powerful and respected king

Defended England against Viking invasions

Promoted Christianity and scholarship

Laid the groundwork for a unified English kingdom

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

NAME: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is famous for being the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. He is renowned for his leadership during the Turkish War of Independence and for his extensive reforms aimed at modernizing and secularizing Turkey.

BIRTH: He was born Mustafa Kemal in 1881 in the Ottoman city of Salonica (now Thessaloniki, Greece). The exact date is unknown, though some sources suggest it might have been May 19th

The Turkish Parliament granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Atatürk's father, Ali Rıza Efendi, was a customs official, and his mother, Zübeyde Hanım, was from a wealthy Turkish family. Atatürk had several siblings, but many of them died at a young age.

CHILDHOOD: Atatürk spent his childhood in Salonica, where he received a traditional Islamic education. His father passed away when he was young, leaving his family in financial difficulty.

Mustafa Kemal displayed a strong will and intelligence from a young age.

EDUCATION: Atatürk attended military secondary school in Salonica and later enrolled in the Ottoman Military Academy in Istanbul, where he received his military education.

CAREER RECORD:  A Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey.

Military Leader: Played a pivotal role in the Ottoman victories during the Balkan Wars (1912-13) and World War I (1914-18). Gained national recognition for his strategic brilliance and leadership.

National Hero: Led the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923) against Allied occupation and the crumbling Ottoman Empire. Achieved decisive victory and secured Turkish sovereignty.

Statesman: Founded the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923 and became its first president, serving until his death in 1938. Implemented sweeping social and political reforms to modernize the nation.

APPEARANCE: Tall and athletic, with piercing blue eyes and a strong jawline, Atatürk was known for his imposing presence.

A portrait of Atatürk from the 1930s. 

FASHION: Atatürk's style was characterized by simplicity and practicality. He often wore military-inspired attire, reflecting his background and leadership role.

Atatürk adopted Western-style clothing, promoting a more modern image for Turkey. He also encouraged the abandonment of traditional headwear like the fez.

CHARACTER: Atatürk was Strong-willed, decisive, and fiercely patriotic. He possessed a sharp intellect and a deep commitment to progress. He was a charismatic and influential figure who inspired loyalty and admiration among his followers.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Atatürk had a keen sense of humor and was known to use it to diffuse tension and connect with people on a personal level. He could be playful with close associates but also possessed a commanding presence.

RELATIONSHIPS: Atatürk's personal life was a bit of a rollercoaster.  On January 29, 1923 he married Lâtife Hanım, a woman who embodied the new, modern Turkish woman.  She even appeared in public with him, which was unheard of in those days. Sadly, their marriage fizzled out after a few years, ending in divorce on August 5, 1925. 

Atatürk adopted thirteen children, including Sabiha Gökçen, who became Turkey's (and the world's!) first female fighter pilot. . 

He had several close associates and allies who played key roles in his political and military endeavors.

MONEY AND FAME: Atatürk's fame as a national hero and statesman brought him widespread recognition and respect both within Turkey and internationally. He lived a modest lifestyle despite his position. He prioritized using state funds for development projects.

FOOD AND DRINK: Atatürk reportedly enjoyed traditional Turkish cuisine and was known to appreciate good food and drink.

Unfortunately, a fondness for the strong stuff caught up with Atatürk. A lifetime of heavy drinking led to liver and kidney problems in his later years.  

MUSIC AND ARTS: Atatürk appreciated Western classical music and supported the development of Turkish arts. He believed these elements played a role in national identity.

LITERATURE: Atatürk was a well-read individual with an interest in literature and poetry and valued literature for its role in education and cultural development. He encouraged the translation of Western classics into Turkish encouraged the development of Turkish literature and language. 

NATURE: Atatürk had a deep connection to the Turkish landscape and often expressed admiration for Turkey's natural beauty.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Atatürk was known to be an excellent horse rider and enjoyed swimming. He also played backgammon and billiards.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: Atatürk valued science and mathematics as essential tools for modernization. He emphasized STEM education during his reforms.

POLITICS Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's political ideology, often referred to as Kemalism or Atatürkism, was a complex blend of various principles. Central to his vision was the establishment of a modern, secular, and independent Turkish Republic.

Atatürk's republicanism was a cornerstone of his reforms. He abolished the Ottoman monarchy and declared Turkey a republic, shifting power from the monarchy to the people. Nationalism was another key principle, as he sought to foster a strong sense of Turkish national identity and unity. Populism was also a significant aspect of his approach, as he aimed to mobilize popular support and engage citizens in the creation of a new national culture.

Statism, or state intervention in the economy, was a key element of Atatürk's modernization efforts. The government took control of various sectors to drive economic development and industrialization. Secularism was a radical departure from the Ottoman past, as Atatürk implemented a series of reforms to separate religion from the state and public life. These reforms included abolishing religious courts and schools, adopting a secular family law code, and replacing the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. Additionally, he banned religious attire in public spaces.

Atatürk's modernization and Westernization efforts were aimed at aligning Turkey with European principles. He embraced positivism, rationalism, and Enlightenment ideals, seeking to transform Turkey into a modern, progressive nation. Women's rights were also a significant part of his agenda, as he granted women significant rights, including voting rights, which were progressive for the time.

Independence was a non-negotiable principle for Atatürk. He emphasized complete independence in all matters, including economic, financial, juridical, military, and cultural affairs. Pragmatism and realism guided his approach to governance, as he prioritized practical considerations over rigid ideological stances. Atatürk was also strongly anti-totalitarian, rejecting both communist and fascist ideologies and preventing their spread in Turkey.

While initially favoring direct parliamentary rule, Atatürk later shifted towards a more centralized government to facilitate the rapid implementation of his reforms. This centralization of power allowed him to overcome resistance and expedite the modernization process.

Kemalism, or Atatürkism, continues to shape Turkish politics and identity today. Its principles of republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, modernization, and independence remain influential, although their interpretation and application have evolved over time.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a secularist who believed in the separation of religion and state. He advocated for the modernization and westernization of Turkey's legal and political systems.

When he became President, Kemal wasn't one for tradition – well, not exactly. He was determined to drag Turkey, kicking and screaming if necessary, into the modern world. Think European suits replacing fezzes, women getting the vote (a shocking novelty at the time!), and Arabic script getting the boot in favor of the Latin alphabet. Talk about a makeover!  

In 1934, things got even more interesting. A new law required all Turks to have surnames. The national assembly, clearly fans of alliteration, bestowed upon their president the title "Atatürk," meaning "Father of the Turks." 

SCANDAL: Atatürk's leadership was not without controversy, particularly among conservative and religious groups who opposed his secularist reforms.

MILITARY RECORD:  Mustafa Kemal found himself in the thick of things during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya. Promotions came thick and fast, and by the time the Balkan Wars rolled around, he was organizing the defense of the Dardanelles like a boss.

But 1915 was the year that truly cemented Kemal's place in history. The Gallipoli campaign saw the Allied forces land on Ottoman soil, determined to knock the empire out of the war. Kemal, now a Colonel, wasn't having any of it. He pulled off a series of victories against the British, French, and ANZAC troops, basically pinning them to the beach like unwelcome sunbathers.  The invaders eventually slunk away in defeat in 1916, with Kemal emerging a national hero.

Atatürk's military career continued to be marked by his leadership during World War I and the Turkish War of Independence, where he played a pivotal role in securing Turkey's independence from foreign powers. 

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Atatürk maintained a disciplined lifestyle and placed importance on physical fitness and personal hygiene. However, he suffered from health problems later in life.

HOMES: Atatürk resided in several official residences throughout his presidency, including the Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul and the Çankaya Presidential Mansion in Ankara.

TRAVEL: Atatürk traveled extensively both within Turkey and abroad, forging diplomatic relations and promoting Turkey's interests on the international stage.

DEATH AND LEGACY: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk passed away on November 10, 1938, in Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul due to cirrhosis of the liver. 

His image is deeply ingrained in Turkish culture—statues, portraits, and memorials dedicated to him are present in cities and towns across the country, and his face appears on Turkish lira banknotes. Atatürk’s legacy is a central part of Turkish identity, and his contributions to the country are taught in schools, making him a well-known figure to every schoolchild.

Every November 10th, at exactly 9:05 am, the moment of his death, Turkey observes a minute of silence in his honor. Sirens sound across the country, and people stop what they’re doing to pay their respects, creating a moment of national unity and reflection on his contributions to Turkey.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Atatürk's life and legacy have been portrayed in various forms of media, including films, documentaries, and literature.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Led Turkey to independence and established the Republic of Turkey.

Implemented significant social and political reforms, including granting women's suffrage.

Modernized Turkey, transforming it from a crumbling empire to a secular nation-state.

Became a symbol of national pride and progress in Turkey and the wider region.

His legacy continues to shape Turkey's political, social, and cultural landscape to this day.

John Jacob Astor

NAME: John Jacob Astor

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Founding the American Fur Company; Being one of the wealthiest individuals in American history. Founding the Astor family dynasty

BIRTH: July 17, 1763, in Walldorf, Germany

FAMILY BACKGROUND: John Jacob Astor was born into a humble family of butchers in Germany.

CHILDHOOD: Astor likely had a modest upbringing in Walldorf, Germany, where he learned the trade of butchery from his father.

EDUCATION: Astor received basic education in Germany, primarily focused on practical skills and business acumen.

CAREER RECORD: Astor emigrated to the United States in 1784, where he began trading furs and establishing his business empire. He founded the American Fur Company and later invested in New York City real estate, becoming one of the wealthiest individuals in the nation. His resume reads

John Jacob Astor capitalized on the lucrative North American fur trade by founding the American Fur Company on April 6, 1808.

Built the American Fur Company into a monopoly

Invested heavily in New York City real estate, anticipating its growth

Involved in the China trade, including opium exports (considered controversial today)

APPEARANCE: Descriptions vary, but generally reported as short and stocky. Astor was also described as a reserved and serious-looking man, with a distinctive European demeanor. 

John Wesley Jarvis - John Jacob Astor - Google Art Project

FASHION: Astor dressed elegantly and in the style of a successful businessman of his time.

CHARACTER: Astor was known for his shrewd business sense, foresight, and ambition. He was ruthless in his pursuit of wealth but some accounts suggest a philanthropic side

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Astor was reportedly reserved and focused, with less emphasis on humor.

RELATIONSHIPS: When Astor arrived in the United States, fate intervened in the delightfully domestic form of his landlady, a widow named Sarah Cox Todd. Now, Astor wasn't one to let a good business opportunity – or a strategically located room – go to waste. He set his sights on her daughter, also Sarah (confusing, we know). The young couple married on September 19, 1785. 

This Sarah turned out to be a financial whiz in her own right. Forget a dowry of jewels and fancy carriages, Sarah brought Astor something far more valuable: a mind sharper than a butcher's cleaver and a frugal streak that would make a Yankee squirm. She became his partner in crime (the financial kind, of course), managing his affairs while he was off chasing furs and outsmarting competitors.

Together, John and Sarah were a match made in mercantile heaven. They churned out eight kids, though the real star of the show was William Backhouse Astor Sr. This chip off the old block inherited the family fortune and a healthy dose of his father's real estate obsession. Manhattan, it seemed, was his personal piggy bank. He piled his dough into city property, not just lining his own pockets but also greasing the wheels for the grand Astor Library (which eventually morphed into the New York Public Library, a haven for bookworms everywhere).

John Jacob Astor maintained business relationships with influential figures in America and Europe.

MONEY AND FAME: Astor's wealth and influence grew significantly throughout his life, making him one of the wealthiest individuals in American history.

In the twilight of the American Revolution, with the muskets finally cool and the redcoats sailing back across the pond, John Jacob Astor did what any ambitious gent with a nose for opportunity would do: he hopped on a leaky ship to the land of opportunity. Baltimore in 1784 wasn't exactly Paris, but for Astor, it was a smorgasbord of potential riches waiting to be gobbled up.

John Jacob Astor saw a goldmine in pelts where most folks saw just grumpy woodland creatures.  He wasn't the cuddling type, Astor. No sir. This guy was all business, and in 1808, he pounced on the North American fur trade like a mink on a field mouse.

The American Fur Company, his brainchild, was a fur-trapping juggernaut. It stretched westward like a particularly ambitious raccoon, setting up shop along the Great Lakes, the Missouri River Valley, heck, they even reached the Pacific Northwest!  Astor, with the ruthlessness of a wolverine and the political savvy of a well-fed fox, used a combination of smart trading, not-so-gentle competition, and a healthy dose of backroom deals to turn the American Fur Company into the undisputed king of the fur heap.

The money rolled in like beavers damming a river. Astor became a walking, talking dollar sign, possibly the very first American to snag the coveted "multi-millionaire" title. But fur wasn't his only trick. This guy diversified like a squirrel stocking up for winter. He sunk his teeth (metaphorically, of course) into real estate and other ventures, solidifying his position as a financial titan who made Scrooge McDuck look like a piker with a piggy bank full of acorns.

FOOD AND DRINK: Astor likely enjoyed fine dining and the culinary offerings of New York City's burgeoning restaurant scene.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Astor appreciated the arts and supported cultural institutions in New York City.

LITERATURE: Astor was a patron of literature and contributed to the development of libraries and educational institutions.

NATURE: Astor was intrigued by the natural resources of the American frontier, particularly fur-bearing animals.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Astor's primary focus was on business and investments rather than leisure pursuits.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: Astor applied mathematical and economic principles to his business ventures, demonstrating a keen understanding of finance.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Astor was primarily concerned with business and practical matters rather than philosophical or theological issues.

SCANDAL: Astor's business dealings were occasionally controversial, especially in relation to monopolistic practices in the fur trade. His involvement in the opium trade is considered controversial today.

MILITARY RECORD: Astor did not have a significant military career.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Astor maintained good health throughout much of his life, despite the stresses of business.

HOMES Astor amassed a significant real estate portfolio in New York City. His primary residence was likely a large house in lower Manhattan, but details are unclear.

He also owned a lavish country estate further north, possibly near what is now Central Park.

As his wealth grew, he likely owned additional properties, but specifics are not well documented.

TRAVEL John Jacob Astor traveled extensively for business purposes.

He journeyed throughout North America, visiting fur trading posts and securing deals with Native American trappers.

His travels extended to Europe, particularly London, where he initially established his fur trading business.

There are no documented accounts of leisure travel for pleasure.

DEATH John Jacob Astor passed away on March 29, 1848, in New York City at the age of 84. The cause of death is not definitively documented, but there are no reports of any major illnesses.

At the time of his death in 1848, Astor was the wealthiest person in the United States, leaving an estate estimated to be worth at least $20 million.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA John Jacob Astor is not a common figure in popular media, but he does occasionally appear in historical fiction novels or documentaries that explore the early American business world and the rise of New York City.

These portrayals typically depict him as a shrewd and ruthless businessman focused on accumulating wealth.

ACHIEVEMENTS John Jacob Astor's most significant achievements lie in the realm of business:

Building the American Fur Company into a monopoly, revolutionizing the fur trade in North America.

Transforming himself into the first multi-millionaire in the United States.

Becoming a real estate mogul in New York City, his investments significantly contributing to the city's growth.

Founding the prominent Astor family, a dynasty of wealth and social influence that would impact American society for generations.

He played a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of early America.

Philip Astley

NAME Philip Astley

WHAT FAMOUS FOR Known as the "father of the modern circus," Astley created the first modern circus performance on January 9, 1768.

BIRTH Born on January 8, 1742, in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND Philip Astley came from a modest background. He was the son of Edward Astley, a cabinetmaker and veneer-cutter, who taught him the value of craftsmanship and hard work.

CHILDHOOD Astley's early life was marked by challenges, particularly in his relationship with his father. Edward Astley was known to have a "short fuse," which contributed to a strained relationship with Philip. At the age of nine, Philip began an apprenticeship with his father but was more passionate about horses than woodworking. This desire ultimately led him to seek opportunities beyond his father's trade.

In his youth, Philip lived in Lad Lane, Newcastle-under-Lyme, where he likely assisted his father in the family business. However, the environment was not conducive to his aspirations, prompting him to leave home at 17 after several disputes with his father.

EDUCATION Astley's education was informal and largely centered around practical skills rather than traditional academic learning. His early experiences with horses came from working alongside his father and later through military service. In 1759, he enlisted in the 15th Light Dragoons under Colonel Eliott. This military career provided him with extensive training in horsemanship and introduced him to professional equestrian techniques.

During his time in the military, Astley developed exceptional riding skills and learned from notable trainers like Domenico Angelo. His military service not only honed his equestrian abilities but also shaped his future career as an entertainer.

CAREER RECORD Astley served as a cavalry officer in the British Army, developing exceptional horse-riding skills. After his military career, he showcased equestrian acrobatics, which became the foundation of his circus.

1768: Founded Astley's Amphitheatre in London.

1770: Opened a second amphitheatre in Dublin.

Late 18th century: Toured extensively throughout Europe.

1794: Built a new amphitheatre on Westminster Bridge Road.

APPEARANCE Philip Astley was a physically striking figure for his time. Standing at six feet tall, he was notably taller than the average man of the 18th century, which made him stand out in any crowd. He also had a booming, stentorian voice that added to his commanding presence. These physical traits, combined with his military background and confident demeanor, contributed to his larger-than-life persona and ability to captivate audiences.

Astley's appearance and voice were key assets in his career as a performer and showman, helping him project authority and charisma both in the circus ring and in public life.

Philip Astley portrait

FASHION He often wore military-inspired attire, incorporating his cavalry background into his onstage persona.

CHARACTER Astley was ambitious, inventive, and charismatic, with a knack for captivating audiences and innovating in entertainment.

SENSE OF HUMOUR Astley introduced clowns to his circus to provide comic relief, demonstrating a keen understanding of humor's importance in entertainment.

RELATIONSHIPS Philip Astley married Patty Jones on July 8, 1766, in London. Patty, whose full name was Martha (or Mary) Jones, came from a notable family background, as her grandfather had been the 4th Baronet of Wolverton.

Patty actively participated in Astley's performances. In his first public show on Easter Monday, April 4, 1768, Patty provided musical accompaniment on a drum while Astley performed his equestrian tricks.

Philip and Patty had one son: John Philip Conway Astley, born in 1767. John followed in his father's footsteps and became a talented equestrian performer. He played a significant role in the family business, becoming the star of Astley's shows and even performing for Queen Marie-Antoinette at Versailles. John's success contributed to the expansion of Astley's circus empire, including the establishment of a permanent amphitheater in Paris.

MONEY AND FAME Philip Astley's innovative approach to circus entertainment and astute business sense led to considerable wealth and fame. His first Astley's Amphitheatre, opened in London in 1773, was a financial success. 

Interior View of Astley's Amphitheatre, 1777

The prosperity of his circus enabled him to rebuild quickly after fires destroyed his venues. By 1782, Astley had accumulated enough wealth to establish the first purpose-built circus in France, the Amphitheatre Anglais in Paris. His success allowed him to open the Olympic Pavilion in Westminster in 1806, utilizing profits from his amphitheatre.

Astley's reputation extended beyond England. He was invited to perform before Louis XV of France at Versailles in 1772, a testament to his international acclaim. He established 18 permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe, expanding his fame across the continent. Patronized by numerous royals, Astley further cemented his status. His "Royal Amphitheatre" remained famous throughout the 19th century, even after his death, and was mentioned by literary giants Charles Dickens and Jane Austen.

Astley's impact on entertainment is enduring. He is widely regarded as the "father of the modern circus," a title that has stood the test of time.

MUSIC AND ARTS Music played a significant role in Astley's circus performances. The amphitheatre featured live music, including bands and orchestras, to accompany the various acts.

In 1780, Astley published The Favorite airs for the violin, German flute, harp, or harpsichord.

Philip Astley's big idea was simple, yet brilliant: he invented the circus ring. Before him, circus acts were haphazard affairs, a jumble of unrelated tricks. Astley, however, saw the potential in a circular arena. A ring, he realized, would allow performers to use centrifugal force to their advantage, making their stunts more spectacular. And so, the 42-foot diameter ring was born, a standard that circuses still use today.

But the ring was just the beginning. Astley was a master showman, a genius at putting together a good show. He understood that variety was the spice of life, so he packed his performances with a dazzling array of acts: acrobats, clowns, jugglers, tightrope walkers, and, of course, horses. He even trained animals to perform, adding another layer of spectacle to his shows.

In 1770, Astley opened his own amphitheater in London, a grand stage for his groundbreaking performances. This venue, with its circular ring and diverse acts, became the blueprint for modern circuses.

Astley's legacy is undeniable. He took a disparate collection of performers and turned them into a cohesive, thrilling spectacle. He gave the world the circus as we know it. And for that, we should all be grateful.

Astley's Amphitheatre in London circa 1808.

LITERATURE Astley wrote several books on horsemanship, including The Modern Riding Master in 1775 and Astley's System of Equestrian Education in 1801.  However, Astley has been described by some as illiterate, so his publications were likely produced with assistance, focusing on his areas of expertise rather than literary pursuits.

Astley is the subject of several biographies and historical accounts, such as Philip Astley: Circus Genius by F. E. L. Priestley, which explores his life and the development of the modern circus.

Astley's Amphitheatre is mentioned in works by Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and William Makepeace Thackeray.

NATURE Astley's work with horses suggests a deep connection to the natural world. He had an intimate knowledge of horses, their nature, and behaviors. His unique training method, based on repetition and reward, showcased his patience and understanding of animal behavior. His performances centered around demonstrating the bond between horse and man.

Astley's early career involved outdoor performances in open fields, suggesting he was comfortable working in natural settings. However, his later work focused on creating indoor amphitheaters, moving away from natural environments.

PETS Although not traditionally considered pets, horses were undeniably a significant part of Astley's life. He developed a fascination with horses from an early age and possessed a natural ability that led to his career as a showman. Known as the "horse whisperer" of his day, he demonstrated a unique bond with these animals.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS Equestrian pursuits and acrobatic riding were not just his profession but also his passion.

Astley showed a keen interest in map-making. He published Astley's new, improved and correct Map of the Empire of Germany, Holland, etc. in 1800 and in 1808, he created A New map of Europe. 

Astley published Natural Magic or, physical amusements revealed in 1785, suggesting an interest in illusions and tricks

SCIENCE AND MATHS Astley’s innovation of the 42-foot diameter circus ring demonstrated an intuitive understanding of physics, optimizing centrifugal force for riders.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY Astley believed in bringing joy to people through entertainment, a philosophy that shaped his career.

POLITICS Although not overtly political, Astley's work often entertained people across social classes, bridging divides through shared enjoyment.

SCANDAL Philip Astley's military career played a pivotal role in shaping his future as a showman and circus innovator.

MILITARY RECORD Enlisting in the 15th Light Dragoons aged 17 in 1759, Astley quickly distinguished himself as a skilled horseman, earning the role of regimental horsebreaker. Under the tutelage of Dominic Angelo, he learned advanced riding techniques that would later become the foundation of his circus performances.

During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), Astley saw active service, participating in several notable battles. He captured a French regimental standard at Emsdorf on July 16, 1760 and led a daring rescue of the Duke of Brunswick at Warburg later that year. Despite being wounded twice, Astley's bravery earned him a promotion to sergeant-major.

Upon his discharge in 1766, General George Eliott presented Astley with a fine charger named Gibraltar, a fitting reward for his military service.

Even in his later years, Astley's military spirit remained strong. In 1793, at the age of 50, he rejoined his old regiment to fight against France. He once again distinguished himself in action, contributing to his growing fame. His accounts of these military exploits captivated audiences and solidified his reputation as a skilled horseman and a man of action.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS His career demanded exceptional physical fitness, particularly as an equestrian performer.

HOMES Born and raised in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, Astley spent his youth living in Lad Lane in the town center.

London became the primary stage for Astley's career. He established his first riding school and amphitheater there, maintaining a significant presence throughout his life. Despite multiple fires that destroyed his venues, he rebuilt them, demonstrating his commitment to the city.

Astley's influence extended beyond England. He spent considerable time in Paris, where he established a permanent amphitheater and owned a home on Rue du Faubourg du Temple. 

TRAVEL Astley expanded his circus internationally, performing in cities across Europe, including Paris and Brussels.

DEATH Philip Astley died on October 20, 1814, at the age of 72 in Paris. His death was attributed to gout in the stomach, which caused stomach ailments in his final days.

Astley passed away in his Parisian home on Rue du Faubourg du Temple. Following his death, he was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, which was formerly known as the Mont-Louis Cemetery. Unfortunately, Astley's grave in Père Lachaise Cemetery is no longer visible today

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA British television networks, such as the BBC, have featured Astley in documentaries exploring the history of the circus. These programs often highlight his military background, his innovation of the 42-foot ring, and his contributions to entertainment.

Museums featuring the history of performance art and the circus, such as the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, have included exhibits that honor Astley's groundbreaking contributions.

ACHIEVEMENTS Invented the modern circus in 1768.

Innovated the 42-foot diameter ring for equestrian performances.

Pioneered the integration of clowns, acrobats, jugglers, and animal acts into circus shows.

Expanded the circus as a global phenomenon.

Fred Astaire

NAME: Fred Astaire

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: Fred Astaire was famous for his exceptional talent as a dancer, singer, and actor. He revolutionized the world of dance on stage and screen with his innovative choreography, impeccable sense of rhythm, and effortless style.

BIRTH: Fred Astaire was born on May 10, 1899, in Omaha, Nebraska, United States.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Astaire was born as Frederick Austerlitz Jr. His father, Frederick Austerlitz Sr., was an Austrian immigrant who worked as a brewer, and his mother, Johanna "Ann" Geilus, was of German descent.

CHILDHOOD: Fred Astaire began dancing at four, encouraged by his older sister Adele. By the time he was in short pants, he and his sister Adele were a vaudeville act with a name that could curdle milk: "Juvenile Artists Presenting an Electric Musical Toe-Dancing Novelty." 

EDUCATION: Astaire received formal education in Omaha, but his true education in the performing arts came from his experiences on stage with his sister Adele.

CAREER RECORD: Adele eventually waltzed off into married life, leaving Astaire to strike out on his own. Hollywood, in all its wisdom, decided this impeccably graceful fellow couldn't sing, couldn't act, and was "slightly balding." Can you imagine? Thankfully, that particular studio rejector is lost to the mists of time, while Astaire became synonymous with movie musicals.

Fred Astaire's career spanned over seven decades, during which he starred in numerous Broadway musicals and Hollywood films. 

Stage: Starred in over 10 Broadway and West End musicals, achieving fame with Funny Face and The Band Wagon.

Film: Made 31 musical films, most notably with Ginger Rogers in classics like Top Hat, Swing Time, and Shall We Dance.

Television: Appeared in four television specials showcasing his talents.

APPEARANCE: Fred Astaire was known for his elegant and refined appearance, often seen in tailored suits and bow ties. He was 5 foot 7 and wore 2-inch heels to heighten him to 5 foot 9. 

Studio publicity portrait for film You'll Never Get Rich (1941).

He had very large hands, which Astaire disguised by curling his middle two fingers while dancing.

FASHION: Onstage and in film, Astaire was synonymous with impeccable tailoring, favoring top hats, tails, and elegant suits that accentuated his movement. He was considered a fashion icon of his time, influencing men's fashion with his sophisticated style and attention to detail.

There's a delightful rumor that Astaire wore a necktie as a belt, a debonair affectation he supposedly picked up from his friend Douglas Fairbanks. The truth, which is somehow less amusing, is that he borrowed the idea. Still, it goes to show the man had style, 

Astaire wasn't a big fan of going bald, so he sported a toupee whenever he wasn't sporting a hat, which explains his rather enthusiastic millinery collection in his films.

CHARACTER: Astaire was known for his professionalism, dedication, and perfectionism in his craft. He was described as kind, charming, and hardworking by those who knew him.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Astaire had a dry wit and subtle humor often employing irony and playful barbs in his interactions.

RELATIONSHIPS: Astaire was married twice, first to New York socialite Phyllis Potter in 1933. She died tragically young from lung cancer in 1954 leaving him devastated. They had two children together.

He later found love again with a jockey named Robyn Smith, a woman some four and a half decades his junior. They met at the track, and Astaire was 81 when they married on June 24, 1980. She became his rock and a fierce protector of his legacy after his death in 1987.

MONEY AND FAME: Astaire achieved great wealth and fame throughout his career, becoming one of the most celebrated entertainers of the 20th century. He managed his money well and lived a comfortable life.  He was also very humble despite his fame.

Fred Astaire's legs were insured for one million dollars.

FOOD AND DRINK: Astaire enjoyed fine dining and was known to appreciate a good cocktail.

Astaire's signature "drunk" dance in Holiday Inn wasn't entirely an act. He supposedly fortified himself with a bourbon or two before each take, and by the seventh and final attempt, well, let's just say he was feeling the music – literally.

MUSIC AND ARTS: Astaire's performances were often accompanied by iconic musical scores, and he had a deep appreciation for various forms of art.

His big break came in 1932 with Ginger Rogers in Flying Down to Rio. The two of them set the screen ablaze, not just with their sizzling dance routines, but with their undeniable chemistry. They went on to make nine films together, a cinematic partnership that practically rewrote the rulebook on romantic musicals. 

Astaire even got to show off his under-appreciated piano skills in Roberta, tickling the ivories with a solo on "I Won't Dance." Turns out the man could do it all (except, apparently, sing according to Hollywood).

LITERATURE: Astaire was known to enjoy reading, although specifics about his literary preferences are not extensively documented.

NATURE: While not a central theme in his life, Astaire did enjoy spending time outdoors, particularly with his horses.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Astaire was a passionate golfer and enjoyed horse racing.  In 1946 his horse Triplicate won the prestigious Hollywood Gold Cup and San Juan Capistrano Handicap. His dedication to dance could also be considered a lifelong hobby.

Astaire took up skateboarding in his seventies (and promptly broke his wrist), proving you're never too old to learn a new trick (or break a bone).  

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While Astaire's career focused primarily on the arts, he had a keen intellect and likely appreciated the complexities of science and mathematics.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Astaire's personal beliefs and philosophies are not extensively documented, but he was known to have a deep sense of spirituality. According to reliable sources, Fred Astaire did convert to Episcopalianism in 1912.

SCANDAL: Astaire managed to maintain a relatively scandal-free public image throughout his life, focusing instead on his work and personal relationships.

MILITARY RECORD: Astaire served briefly in World War I, entertaining troops as part of the U.S. Army's entertainment division.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Astaire maintained remarkable physical fitness throughout his life, owing to his rigorous dance training and active lifestyle. He was known for his stamina and agility.

HOMES: Astaire owned several homes throughout his life, including properties in California and Switzerland.

TRAVEL: Astaire traveled extensively for his career, performing in theaters and studios around the world.

In 1926, while in Britain, Astaire treated himself to his first Rolls-Royce boasting 20 horsepower and a top speed of nearly 60mph (97 km per hour). He loved the car so much, e took it back to Hollywood. There it had new "Playboy Roadster" coachwork built to give it the American millionaire look, before it was sold. 

DEATH: Fred Astaire passed away on June 22, 1987, at the age of 88, in Los Angeles, California, United States. He is interred at Oakwood Memorial Park, Chatsworth, California, USA, the same cemetery where long-time dancing partner, Ginger Rogers, is located.

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: There has never been a movie about Fred Astaire and there never will be. Astaire's will included a clause requesting that no such portrayal ever take place.

In 1975, a television movie titled The Amazing Dobermans featured characters loosely based on Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Additionally, there have been documentaries that have portrayed aspects of Astaire's life, though none may have been comprehensive biopics specifically focusing on him.

Robyn Smith wrote a book about their marriage, titled Fred Astaire: A Remembrance.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Fred Astaire received numerous accolades throughout his career, including multiple Academy Awards, Golden Globes, and Grammy Awards. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest entertainers of all time and has left an indelible mark on the world of dance and film.

H. H. Asquith

NAME: H.H. Asquith (Herbert Henry Asquith) He was known as "Herbert" or "Bertie" within the family

WHAT FAMOUS FOR: H.H. Asquith is primarily known for his role as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916, during which he led the country through a significant period including the early years of World War I.

He was known as H. H. Asquith to the nation. As biographer Roy Jenkins puts it, there haven't been many bigwigs whose first monikers were such a mystery to the public.

BIRTH: Herbert Henry Asquith was born on September 12, 1852, in Morley, Yorkshire, England.

FAMILY BACKGROUND: Asquith was born into a middle-class family. His father, Joseph Dixon Asquith, was a wool merchant and manufacturer, while his mother, Emily Willans, was from a prosperous industrial family.

CHILDHOOD: Asquith grew up in a comfortable and intellectually stimulating environment. He was raised in Morley and later in Huddersfield, where he attended Huddersfield College.

Asquith (left) with his sister Emily and elder brother William, c. 1857

EDUCATION: He and his brother were educated at home by their parents until 1860, when father died suddenly. His grandfather, William Willans took charge of the family, moved them to a house near his own, and arranged for the boys' schooling. After a year at Huddersfield College they were sent as boarders to Fulneck School, a Moravian Church school near Leeds. In 1863 William Willans died, and the family came under the care of Emily's brother, John Willans. The boys went to live with him in London; when he moved back to Yorkshire in 1864 for business reasons, they remained in London and were lodged with various families. 

Asquith received his later education at the City of London School and Balliol College, Oxford. He excelled academically and was awarded various scholarships during his time at Oxford.

CAREER RECORD: Asquith had a distinguished career in law and politics. 

After graduating from Oxford, Asquith donned the barrister's robes and even dabbled in writing for a magazine called The Spectator (quite the liberal rag back then). By 1886, he was knee-deep in politics, winning a seat for East Fife – a constituency he'd hold onto tighter than a bulldog with a bone for over three decades.

Asquith's star power really started shining when he defended Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell in a parliamentary investigation. Fast forward to 1892, and he'd become Home Secretary under Prime Minister William Gladstone. Fun fact: when Asquith took over the top job from Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1908, King Edward VII was busy holidaying in Biarritz. Refusing to come back for the official handover due to "health reasons" (wink wink), Asquith had to travel all the way to France to get his premiership sealed with a royal handshake. Talk about awkward!

As Prime Minister, Asquith, the Liberal leader, championed a string of domestic reforms. We're talking old age pensions, national insurance, and even clipping the wings of the House of Lords.

He led Britain into the murky waters of World War I, but by 1916, after a string of military and political headaches, Asquith hung up his Prime Ministerial hat on December 5, 1916 and David Lloyd George took the reins.

 His political resume is:

Member of Parliament (1886-1918, 1920-1924)

Home Secretary (1892-1895)

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1905-1908)

Prime Minister (1908-1916)

Secretary of State for War (1914)

Leader of the Opposition (1916-1918)

APPEARANCE: Asquith was tall with a distinguished and somewhat stern countenance.

H.H. Asquith

FASHION: Asquith was known for his conservative and traditional style of dress, typically wearing formal attire befitting his status as a statesman.

CHARACTER: Asquith was known for his intellect, eloquence, and pragmatism. He was considered a skilled orator and a masterful political strategist. He was a strong leader, but sometimes seen as aloof.

SENSE OF HUMOUR: Asquith had a dry wit and a sharp sense of humor, which he often displayed in his speeches and private conversations.

RELATIONSHIPS: Asquith was married twice. His first wife, Helen Melland, passed away in 1891. He later married Margot Tennant, with whom he had five children. Asquith's relationship with his second wife was often tumultuous but enduring.

MONEY AND FAME: Asquith enjoyed both wealth and fame during his political career, but he was not particularly ostentatious or extravagant in his personal life.

FOOD AND DRINK: Asquith enjoyed traditional British cuisine and was known to appreciate a good glass of wine or whiskey. Despite his liquid lunches, he still managed to pass some sobering legislation! 

MUSIC AND ARTS: Asquith had an appreciation for classical music and the arts, regularly attending concerts and cultural events in London.

LITERATURE: Asquith was a voracious reader and had a deep appreciation for literature, particularly poetry and historical works.

NATURE: Asquith enjoyed spending time outdoors, whether walking in the countryside or relaxing in his garden.

HOBBIES AND SPORTS: Asquith was an avid golfer and enjoyed playing tennis and cricket in his leisure time.

Asquith loved bridge and would often play long into the night even during the First World War.

SCIENCE AND MATHS: While Asquith's career was focused on law and politics, he maintained an interest in scientific and mathematical developments of his time.

PHILOSOPHY & THEOLOGY: Asquith was not particularly known for his philosophical or theological views, but he was a liberal in his political ideology and advocated for progressive social reforms.

SCANDAL: Asquith's career was marked by several scandals, including controversies surrounding his handling of military strategy during World War I and allegations of impropriety in his personal life.

Whispers swirled that Asquith enjoyed a tipple or two on the job. His political rival, Andrew Bonar Law, even quipped that "Asquith, when drunk, can make a better speech than any of us when sober." Ouch! They even gave him the rather unflattering nickname "Squiffy" because of his fondness for a drink.

MILITARY RECORD: The declaration of war on  August  4,1914 saw Asquith at the helm of a surprisingly unified Liberal Party. Even the opposition parties pledged cooperation. With the nation seemingly standing shoulder-to-shoulder, Asquith led Britain into the conflict, managing to avoid any major domestic unrest. It was a moment of national unity, and Asquith, the picture of stoic confidence, seemed the perfect man to guide them through the storm.

The war's early months saw Asquith's popularity surge. Past political squabbles faded into the background as the nation looked to their "steady, massive, self-reliant and unswerving" leader to secure victory. But Asquith, a master of navigating peacetime politics, wasn't quite prepared for the brutal realities of what would become known as total war. By war's end, he'd be out of office for good, and his party would never again hold a majority government. The Great War, it seemed, demanded a different kind of leadership than the one Asquith embodied.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL FITNESS: Asquith maintained good health for much of his life but experienced health issues later in his career, including heart trouble.

HOMES: Asquith lived in various residences throughout his life, including a family home in Huddersfield and 10 Downing Street during his tenure as Prime Minister.

TRAVEL: Asquith traveled extensively for diplomatic and political purposes during his time in office, both domestically and internationally.

DEATH: After suffering three strokes, H.H. Asquith passed away aged 75 on February 15, 1928 at The Wharf, a country house at Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire which he'd bought in 1912. Asquith was buried in the churchyard of All Saints' at Sutton Courtenay

Among his living descendants are his great-granddaughter, the actress Helena Bonham Carter (born 1966). 

APPEARANCES IN MEDIA: Asquith's life and political career have been the subject of numerous biographies, historical studies, and adaptations in film and television.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Led the Liberal Party to victory in three general elections

Oversaw social reforms like the National Insurance Act (1911)

Curtailed the House of Lords' power with the Parliament Act (1911)

Led Britain through the early years of World War I